Effect of UVB solar irradiation on Laccase enzyme: evaluation of the photooxidation process and its impact over the enzymatic activity for pollutants bioremediation.

The multi-copper Laccase enzyme corresponds to one of the most investigated oxidoreductases for potential uses in xenobiotic bioremediation. In this work, we have investigated the photo-degradation process of Laccase from Trametesversicolor induced by UVB light and the influence on its activity over selected substrates. Laccase undergoes photo-degradation when irradiated with UVB light, and the process depends on the presence of oxygen in the medium. With the kinetic data obtained from stationary and time resolved measurements, a photo-degradation mechanism of auto-sensitization was proposed for the enzyme. Laccase generates singlet oxygen, by UVB light absorption, and this reactive oxygen species can trigger the photo-oxidation of susceptible amino acids residues present in the protein structure. The catalytic activity of Laccase was evaluated before and after UVB photolysis over hydroxy-aromatic compounds and substituted phenols which represent potential pollutants. The dye bromothymol blue, the antibiotic rifampicin and the model compound syringaldazine, were selected as substrates. The values of the kinetic parameters determined in our experiments indicate that the photo-oxidative process of Laccase has a very negative impact on its overall catalytic function. Despite this, we have not found evidence of structural damage by SDS-PAGE and circular dichroism experiments, which indicate that the enzyme retained its secondary structure. We believe that, given the importance of Laccase in environmental bioremediation, the information found about the stability of this kind of biomolecule exposed to UV solar irradiation may be relevant in the technological design and/or optimization of decontamination strategies.

Abiotic and biotic degradation of oxo-biodegradable plastic bags by Pleurotus ostreatus.

In this study, we evaluated the growth of Pleurotus ostreatus PLO6 using oxo-biodegradable plastics as a carbon and energy source. Oxo-biodegradable polymers contain pro-oxidants that accelerate their physical and biological degradation. These polymers were developed to decrease the accumulation of plastic waste in landfills. To study the degradation of the plastic polymers, oxo-biodegradable plastic bags were exposed to sunlight for up to 120 days, and fragments of these bags were used as substrates for P. ostreatus. We observed that physical treatment alone was not sufficient to initiate degradation. Instead, mechanical modifications and reduced titanium oxide (TiO2) concentrations caused by sunlight exposure triggered microbial degradation. The low specificity of lignocellulolytic enzymes and presence of endomycotic nitrogen-fixing microorganisms were also contributing factors in this process.

Biodegradación anaerobia de las aguas generadas en el despulpado del café / Anaerobic biodegradation of wastewater generated in the pulping of coffee

El cultivo y procesado del café es una de las actividades agroindustriales más importantes en varios países de Latinoamérica; sin embargo, dicha actividad conlleva grandes impactos ambientales, ya que genera aguas residuales con alta carga contaminante. La peligrosidad ecológica de estos vertidos ha potenciado la búsqueda de alternativas para su tratamiento y disposición final. En este trabajo se empleó una comunidad microbiana proveniente del fluido ruminal vacuno, para investigar la factibilidad de su empleo en la depuración de aguas residuales provenientes del despulpado del café, mediante la disminución de la carga orgánica expresada como DQO, además del volumen de metano generado. La cinética de degradación fue seguida en un reactor por lotes, anaerobio y mesofílico de dos litros de capacidad, bajo diferentes condiciones de temperatura (28 y 36 ºC) y pH (4,6; 7 y 8,5). Los resultados mostraron un índice volumétrico de lodos de 0,44 mL/g y actividad metanogénica específica de 0,0076 gDQO/gSST*d. En la mayoría de los casos, los resultados de remoción de DQO fueron superiores a la mitad del contenido orgánico inicial, llegando a 91,2% con pH de 4,6 y 28 ºC en 16 días. Los resultados muestran que el consorcio bajo estudio es capaz de adaptarse al sustrato y degradar la mayor parte de su carga orgánica, lo cual lo convierte en una interesante opción biotecnológica para el tratamiento de vertidos del despulpado de café.

The cultivation and processed of coffee, is one of the agro-industrial activities more important in several countries in Latin America; however this activity involves high environmental impacts, because generate wastewater with high pollution load. The danger ecological these discharges, has maximized the search for alternatives of treatment and disposal. In this work, was used a microbial community from fluid ruminal of cow, to investigate the feasibility of your employment in the depuration of wastewater generated in the pulping of the coffee, through the reduction of organic matter expressed as COD, in addition of volume of methane generated. The kinetic of degradation was followed in a reactor batch, anaerobic and mesophilic of two liters of capacity, under different conditions of temperature (28 and 36ºC) and pH (4.6, 7 and 8.5). The results showed a volume index of sludge of 0.44 ml/g and activity specific methanogenic of 0.0076 gDQO/gSST*d. In most cases, the results of removal of COD was more than half of the initial organic content, reaching 91.2% with pH of 4.6 and 28 ºC in 16 days. The results show that the consortium under study is able to adapt to the substrate and degrade greater part of organic load, which makes it an interesting option biotechnology for the treatment of wastewater of pulping of coffee.

Dual role of lignin in plant litter decomposition in terrestrial ecosystems.

Plant litter decomposition is a critical step in the formation of soil organic matter, the mineralization of organic nutrients, and the carbon balance in terrestrial ecosystems. Biotic decomposition in mesic ecosystems is generally negatively correlated with the concentration of lignin, a group of complex aromatic polymers present in plant cell walls that is recalcitrant to enzymatic degradation and serves as a structural barrier impeding microbial access to labile carbon compounds. Although photochemical mineralization of carbon has recently been shown to be important in semiarid ecosystems, litter chemistry controls on photodegradative losses are not understood. We evaluated the importance of litter chemistry on photodegradation of grass litter and cellulose substrates with varying levels of lignin [cellulose-lignin (CL) substrates] under field conditions. Using wavelength-specific light attenuation filters, we found that light-driven mass loss was promoted by both UV and visible radiation. The spectral dependence of photodegradation correlated with the absorption spectrum of lignin but not of cellulose. Field incubations demonstrated that increasing lignin concentration reduced biotic decomposition, as expected, but linearly increased photodegradation. In addition, lignin content in CL substrates consistently decreased in photodegradative incubations. We conclude that lignin has a dual role affecting litter decomposition, depending on the dominant driver (biotic or abiotic) controlling carbon turnover. Under photodegradative conditions, lignin is preferentially degraded because it acts as an effective light-absorbing compound over a wide range of wavelengths. This mechanistic understanding of the role of lignin in plant litter decomposition will allow for more accurate predictions of carbon dynamics in terrestrial ecosystems.

Continuous Cr(VI) removal by Scenedesmus incrassatulus in an airlift photobioreactor.

Cr(VI) removal by Scenedesmus incrassatulus was characterized in a continuous culture system using a split-cylinder internal-loop airlift photobioreactor fed continuously with a synthetic effluent containing 1.0mg Cr(VI) l(-1) at dilution rate (D) of 0.3d (-1). At steady state, there was a small increase (6%) on the dry biomass (DB) concentration of Cr(VI)-treated cultures compared with the control culture. 1.0mg Cr(VI) l(-1) reduced the photosynthetic pigments content and altered the cellular morphology, the gain in dry weight was not affected. At steady state, Cr(VI) removal efficiency was 43.5+/-1.0% and Cr(VI) uptake was 1.7+/-0.1 mg Cr(VI) g(-1) DB. The system reached a specific metal removal rate of 458 microg Cr(VI) g(-1) DB d(-1), and a volumetric removal rate of 132 microg Cr(VI) l(-1) d(-1).