Intracerebroventricular baclofen therapy improves function and quality of life in a child with severe cerebral palsy.

Limited therapies are available for severe cerebral palsy children (CP) with complex movement disorders, especially when both dystonia and spasticity are present. In this publication, we present the improvement of a child with severe CP after intracerebroventricular baclofen therapy. The treatment can impact not just the movement disorders but also on the quality of life of the child and caregivers. Global functional improvements can be observed on the 6-month follow-up.

Administración prolongada de morfina intratecal por bomba de infusión implantada, en un caso de dolor crónico no oncológico / Prolonged administration of intratecal morphine by infusion pump implanted in a case of non-oncological chronic pain / Administração prolongada de morfina intratecal por bomba de infusão implantada, em caso de dor crônica não oncológica

Introducción: Se describe la evolución de un paciente que recibe morfina intratecal mediante una bomba de infusión, que le fuera implantada hace 14 años para tratamiento de su dolor lumbar crónico post-laminectomía. Material y método: Requería la administración de 60 mg/día de morfina subcutánea que le provocaban efectos secundarios que no toleraba, y múltiples internaciones para control del dolor. Se le implantó una bomba de infusión continua (Isomed) conectada a un catéter subaracnoideo, que libera 1 ml/día, y requiere ser llenada cada 60 días. Resultados: Se observó una disminución del dolor promedio de 50% al año, y de 75% a los 6 y 14 años. Requirió un aumento progresivo de las dosis de llenado, que pasaron de 30 mg de morfina (0.5 mg/día) al inicio, a 40 mg de morfina (0.66 mg /día) al año, a 70 mg de morfina (1.16 mg/día) a los 6 años, a 140 mg (2.33 mg/día) a los 14 años. No se registraron complicaciones médicas graves. Mantuvo constipación y sudoración durante todo el período, e instaló un hipogonadismo secundario con trastornos de la libido y de la erección que fueron corregidos con la administración de testosterona. No requirió más internaciones por dolor. No se observaron complicaciones relacionadas con el funcionamiento o llenado de la bomba, ni vinculadas al catéter. El paciente manifestó estar satisfecho con el implante. Discusión: A pesar del aumento de las dosis de llenado, expresión del desarrollo de tolerancia, las dosis de morfina/día requeridas son francamente inferiores al límite recomendado. Conclusiones: El balance del riesgo-beneficio del implante resultó positivo, considerando el mejor control del dolor logrado, las menores dosis de morfina utilizadas, así como la ausencia de complicaciones graves y de internaciones para control del dolor.

Introduction: The evolution of a patient receiving intrathecal morphine through an infusion pump that was implanted 14 years ago for the treatment of chronic post-laminectomy low back pain is described. Material and method: It required the administration of 60 mg / day of subcutaneous morphine that caused side effects that did not tolerate, and multiple hospitalizations for pain control. He was implanted with a continuous infusion pump (Isomed) connected to a subarachnoid catheter, which releases 1 ml / day, and needs to be filled every 60 days. Results: An average pain decrease of 50% per year, and 75% at 6 and 12 years was observed. It required a progressive increase in filling doses, which went from 30 mg of morphine (0.5 mg / day) at the beginning, to 40 mg of morphine (0.66 mg / day at the first year, to 70 mg of morphine (1.16 mg / day) at the sixth year, at 140 mg (2.33 mg / day) at the fourteen year. No serious medical complications were recorded, he maintained constipation and sweating throughout the period, and installed secondary hypogonadism with libido and erection disorders, that were corrected with the administration of testosterone. No further hospitalizations were required due to pain. No complications were observed related to the operation or filling of the pump or linked to the catheter. The patient stated that he was satisfied with the implant. Discussion: Despite the increase in filling doses, expression of tolerance development, the required morphine / day doses are frankly below the recommended limit. Conclusions: The risk-benefit balance of the implant was positive, considering the best pain control, the lowest doses used, the absence of serious complications, and the lack of hospitalizations for pain control.

Introdução: Descreve-se a evolução de um paciente que recebeu morfina intratecal através de uma bomba de infusão, implantada há 14 anos para o tratamento de lombalgia crônica pós-laminectomia. Material e método: Necessitou de administração de 60 mg/dia de morfina por via subcutânea, que provocou efeitos colaterais intolerantes, e múltiplas internações para controle da dor. Foi implantada uma bomba de infusão contínua (Isomed) conectada a um cateter subaracnóideo, que libera 1 ml/dia, necessitando de reenchimento a cada 60 dias. Resultados: Observou-se redução média da dor de 50% em um ano e 75% em 6 e 14 anos. Foi necessário um aumento progressivo das doses de enchimento, que passaram de 30 mg de morfina (0,5 mg/dia) no início, para 40 mg de morfina (0,66 mg/dia) por ano, para 70 mg de morfina (1,16 mg/dia) dia) aos 6 anos, para 140 mg (2,33 mg/dia) aos 14 anos. Não foram registradas complicações médicas graves. Manteve constipação e sudorese durante todo o período e desenvolveu hipogonadismo secundário com distúrbios de libido e ereção que foram corrigidos com administração de testosterona. Ele não necessitou de mais hospitalizações por dor. Não foram observadas complicações relacionadas à operação ou enchimento da bomba, ou relacionadas ao cateter. O paciente afirmou estar satisfeito com o implante. Discussão: Apesar do aumento das doses de enchimento, expressão do desenvolvimento da tolerância, as doses necessárias de morfina/dia são francamente inferiores ao limite recomendado. Conclusões: A relação risco-benefício do implante foi positiva, considerando o melhor controle da dor alcançado, as menores doses de morfina utilizadas, bem como a ausência de complicações graves e internações para controle da dor.

Baclofen pump with pre-brainstem catheter tip placement: technical note and case series.

PURPOSE: This study aims to describe a new baclofen pump implantation technique with pre-brainstem catheter placement and to demonstrate the benefits that this procedure has in treating spasticity and dystonia. METHODS: We described a new technique to place a baclofen pump catheter anterior to the brainstem. To illustrate the technique, we presented five patients with both spasticity and dystonia in whom conventional treatment was not effective. They each received a baclofen pump with a pre-brainstem catheter. We evaluated the results using the Ashworth scale for spasticity, the Barry-Albright scale for dystonia, and the PedsQL for quality of life assessment. Each patient was evaluated before a surgery and after 6 months of follow-up. RESULTS: There were statistically significant differences in all the physical examination evaluated areas using the Barry-Albright and modified Ashworth scales between the preoperative and the postoperative period. The same applies to the results of the PedsQL quality of life scale. CONCLUSION: We presented an innovative baclofen pump implantation technique with pre-brainstem catheter placement that could be a therapeutic alternative in patients with dystonia and spastic quadriparesis for whom conventional therapy is not effective.

Efficacy, safety and quality of life in patients receiving subcutaneous IgG treatment: experience in Bogotá, Colombia.

AIM: Investigate efficacy, safety and quality of life of Gammanorm® 16.5% (subcutaneous immunoglobulin [SCIG]) in patients with primary immunodeficiencies (PIDs) and safety and to lesser extent efficacy in autoimmune diseases. PATIENTS & METHODS: Medical records were extracted from 31 pediatric and 12 adult patients who received SCIG as part of the Personalized Program at University Children's Hospital, Bogotá, Colombia. RESULTS: Mean SCIG dose was 28.7 g/month. Serious bacterial infections were observed in 7/33 patients in the PID group, most often bacterial pneumonia (3/33). There were no serious adverse events related to SCIG treatment. Drug-related adverse reactions were reported in 2/43 patients. CONCLUSION: Self-administration of SCIG provided effective protection, favorable tolerability and improved quality of life in patients with PIDs and autoimmune diseases from Colombia.

Automated blood glucose control in type 1 diabetes: A review of progress and challenges.

Since the 2000s, research teams worldwide have been working to develop closed-loop (CL) systems able to automatically control blood glucose (BG) levels in patients with type 1 diabetes. This emerging technology is known as artificial pancreas (AP), and its first commercial version just arrived in the market. The main objective of this paper is to present an extensive review of the clinical trials conducted since 2011, which tested various implementations of the AP for different durations under varying conditions. A comprehensive table that contains key information from the selected publications is provided, and the main challenges in AP development and the mitigation strategies used are discussed. The development timelines for different AP systems are also included, highlighting the main evolutions over the clinical trials for each system.

Maternal and perinatal outcomes in pregnant women with type 1 diabetes treated with continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion and real time continuous glucose monitoring in two specialized centers in Medellin, Colombia.

OBJECTIVE: We assessed maternal and perinatal outcomes in pregnant women with type 1 diabetes, treated with continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion and real time continuous glucose monitoring. METHODS: This is a retrospective study, analyzing the basal characteristics, glycemic control, maternal and perinatal outcomes of pregnant women with type 1 diabetes, who were on an insulin pump with continuous glucose monitoring between 2011 and 2015. RESULTS: Fourteen patients were included. The median age was 33 and disease duration 12 years. Indications for therapy were mainly poor glycemic control and severe hypoglycemia. The median A1c decrease was 1.02% between the first and third trimester. Pregnancies were associated with complications: 7.1% of the patients had diabetic ketoacidosis, 7.1% had an abortion, 28.5% gestational hypertension and 12.2% preeclampsia. The median gestational age at birth was 37 weeks and four days; the frequency of preterm birth was 7.1% and macrosomia 21.4%. There were no congenital malformations or perinatal death. CONCLUSIONS: Baseline characteristics and results of patients in this study were similar to those reported in the previous literature. Continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion with continuous glucose monitoring is an alternative treatment option for pregnant women with type 1 diabetes before or during pregnancy.

Bombas de infusión intratecal de opioides para dolor crónico oncológico y no oncológico / Intrathecal opioid infusion pump for chronic cancer and non-cancer pain

CONTEXTO CLÍNICO: El dolor crónico es considerado el tercer problema de salud a nivel mundial, con uma prevalencia de hasta 30% de la población general. Según el proyecto Carga Global de Enfermedad (GBD, su sigla del inglés Global Burden of Disease), el dolor lumbar y de cuello fue la primera causa de discapacidad entre adultos de 25 a 64 años durante el 2015 en la mayoría de los países latinoamericanos entre los que se encuentra la Argentina. El dolor crónico no oncológico, la causa más frecuente de dolor crónico, es definido como um dolor de más de seis meses de duración causado por patologías que no amenazan la vida del paciente. Afecta a aproximadamente el 20% de la población, reportando el 40% de ellos um control inadecuado. El tratamiento del dolor no oncológico es multidisciplinario, comprendiendo alternativas como los analgésicos, fisioterapia, asistencia psicológica, bloqueo nervioso y en algunos casos corrección quirúrgica de la causa. El tratamiento analgésico es habitualmente escalonado e incluye el uso de antiinflamatorios no esteroideos (AINES), paracetamol y/o opiáceos, con o sin medicación adyuvante. TECNOLOGÍA: La administración intratecal de opioides permite alcanzar los mismos niveles de analgesia usando dosis menores; la relación de las dosis de morfina requeridas para las vías oral-parenteral comparadas con las vías epidural-intratecal es de 300-100 a 10-1. Si bien al utilizar menores dosis, los efectos adversos dosis dependientes disminuyen, la administración intratecal trae aparejados eventos adversos específicos del dispositivo (malfuncionamiento, desplazamiento, rotura del catéter o la bomba) y de la vía de administración (meningitis química o infecciosa, alteraciones psiquiátricas, depresión respiratoria), lo que sumado a los altos costos hace que sea elegida sólo cuándo las otras vías han fallado. OBJETIVO: Evaluar la evidencia disponible acerca de la eficacia, seguridad y aspectos relacionados a las políticas de cobertura delas bombas de infusión intratecal de opioides para dolor crónico oncológico y no oncológico. MÉTODOS: Se realizó una búsqueda en las principales bases de datos bibliográficas (incluyendo Medline, Cochrane y CRD), en buscadores genéricos de Internet, agencias de evaluación de tecnologias sanitarias y financiadores de salud utilizando la siguiente estrategia: ((intrathecalpump*[tiab] OR IntrathecalDrugDeliverySystem*[tiab]) AND (chronicpain[tiab] OR cancerpain[tiab] OR noncancerpain[tiab])). Se priorizó la inclusión de revisiones sistemáticas (RS), ensayos clínicos controlados aleatorizados (ECAs), evaluaciones de tecnologías sanitarias (ETS) y económicas, guías de práctica clínica y políticas de cobertura de otros sistemas de salud cuando estaban disponibles. RESULTADOS: Para el siguiente informe se incluyeron dos revisiones sistemáticas realizadas por la agencia de ETS de Ontario (Canadá), que evaluaron la eficacia del uso de bombas implantables de administración intratecal de opioides para el tratamiento del dolor crónico oncológico y no oncológico. Para ambas, se buscaron estudios publicados entre enero de 1994 y marzo de 2014, seleccionando aquellos que hubieran comparado a las bombas con tratamiento estândar (farmacológico y no farmacológico) con 12 meses de seguimiento como mínimo para el dolor no oncológico y de tres meses para el oncológico. CONCLUSIONES: Escasa evidencia de moderada calidad metodológica sugiere que el uso de opioides intratecales en pacientes con dolor oncológico se asocia a menor toxicidad debido al uso de dosis menores, con similar control del dolor que el tratamiento médico convencional com opioides. Escasa evidencia de baja calidad metodológica sugiere que con el uso de opioides intratecales se alcanzaría una mayor reducción del dolor que con el tratamiento médico en pacientes con dolor no oncológico. Tanto las guías de prácticas clínicas como las políticas de cobertura relevadas contemplan este tratamiento para pacientes con dolor intratable o toxicidad inaceptable que han fallado a las alternativas convencionales y que han mostrado buena respuesta a la prueba de administración intratecal de opioides.

Clinical and economic benefits of integrated pump/CGM technology therapy in patients with type 1 diabetes in Colombia. / Beneficios clínicos y económicos de la terapia con bomba de insulina integrada a sistema de monitoreo continuo de glucosa en los pacientes diabéticos tipo 1 en Colombia.

OBJECTIVE: To assess the long-term clinical and economic impact of integrated pump/CGM technology therapy as compared to multiple daily injections (MDI), for the treatment of type 1 diabetes (T1D) in Colombia. METHODS: The CORE Diabetes Model was used to simulate a hypothetical cohort of patients with T1D. Mean baseline characteristics were taken from a clinical study conducted in Colombia and a healthcare payer perspective was adopted, with a 5% annual discount rate applied to both costs and outcomes. RESULTS: The integrated pump/CGM improved mean life expectancy by 3.51 years compared with MDI. A similar increase occurred in mean quality-adjusted life expectancy with an additional 3.81 quality-adjusted life years (QALYs). Onset of diabetes-related complications was also delayed as compared to MDI, and mean survival time free of complication increased by 1.74 years with integrated pump/CGM. Although this increased treatment costs of diabetes as compared to MDI, savings were achieved thanks to reduced expenditure on diabetes-related complications. The estimated incremental cost-effectiveness ratio (ICER) for SAP was Colombian Pesos (COP) 44,893,950 (approximately USD$23,200) per QALY gained. CONCLUSIONS: Improved blood glucose control associated to integrated pump/CGM results in a decreased incidence of diabetes-related complications and improves life expectancy as compared to MDI. Using recommended thresholds from the World Health Organization and previous coverage decisions about health technologies in Colombia, it is a cost-effective alternative to MDI for the treatment of type 1 diabetes in Colombia.

[Indications for the use of continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion in pediatric patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus]. / Indicaciones para el uso de microinfusora de insulina en pacientes pediátricos con diabetes mellitus tipo 1.

BACKGROUND: Diabetes is a serious health problem for pediatrics. In pediatric patients control depends on correct insulin administration. The most usual is subcutaneous administration according to the glycemic control. The aim was to analyze the indications for continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion (CSII) in type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) children and adolescents. METHODS: It was carried out a descriptive study in patients from 1 to 16 years with T1DM who underwent CSII therapy. The main cause to use this therapy was analyzed, and also if that cause was different regarding age, sex and disease progression. RESULTS: 61 patients underwent CSII therapy. The median age at the beginning of treatment was 9 years old; 43 patients (71.6 %) had more than one year of diagnosis. The main reasons to use CSII were: 42.6 % had to improve their quality of life, 34.4 % had to reduce the high glycemic variability, 13.1 % had to control severe recurrent hypoglycemia, and 9.8 % had to control their HbA1c. For children under 6 years of age (n = 14) the more frequent indication were recurrent hypoglycemia and to improve their quality of life; children from 6 to 12 years of age (n = 27) had to improve their quality of life, and in children over 12 years CSII was indicated for high glycemic variability and severe recurrent hypoglycemia. There was no different indication related between sexes. CONCLUSION: Improve their quality of life and reach a better glycemic control were the main reasons to start CSII in our patients.

Introducción: la diabetes es un problema serio de salud para la pediatría. En pacientes de ese grupo etario, el control depende de la adecuada administración de la insulina.Se buscó analizar las indicaciones para el uso de terapia de infusión continua subcutánea de insulina (ICSI) en niños y adolescentes con diabetes mellitus 1 (DM1). Métodos: estudio descriptivo en pacientes de 1 a 16 años con DM1, en quienes se propuso el inicio de la terapia con ICSI. Se analizó el motivo principal para justificar su inicio y si este fue diferente según edad, sexo y tiempo de evolución. Resultados: en 61 pacientes se aceptó el inicio de ICSI. La mediana de edad fue de 9 años al momento de la colocación y 43 pacientes (71.6 %) tuvieron más de un año de diagnóstico. Los motivos principales para su inicio fueron: 42.6 % (26 de 61) ante un deseo de mejorar su calidad de vida; 34.4 % (21 de 61) para reducir una variabilidad glucémica importante; 13.1 % (8 de 61) para controlar hipoglucemias recurrentes, y 9.8 % (6 de 61) para lograr metas de control en su valor de HbA1c. En los menores de 6 años (n = 14) se indicó más por hipoglucemias recurrentes y para mejorar su calidad de vida; para los de 6 a 12 años (n = 27) para mejorar su calidad de vida; y en los mayores de 12 años (n = 20) por variabilidad glucémica importante e hipoglucemias recurrentes. No hubo diferencias por sexos. Conclusión: los principales motivos que influyeron en la indicación de la ICSI en nuestros pacientes pediátricos fueron mejorar su calidad de vida y lograr un mejor control glucémico.

Tratamiento basado en la administración de insulina, a través de infusores subcutáneos continuos de insulina (bombas de insulina) para personas con diagnóstico de diabetes tipo 1 inestable severa / Treatment based on insulin administration through continuous subcutaneous infusions of insulin (insulin pumps) for people diagnosed with severe unstable type 1 diabetes

Proporcionar un marco común para el manejo clínico de infusores subcutáneos continuos de \r\ninsulina en personas con diabetes tipo 1 inestable severa. Estandarizar el diagnóstico en personas con diabetes tipo 1 inestable severa, que requieran infusores subcutáneos continuos de insulina con sensor de glucosa. Estandarizar el tratamiento en personas con diabetes tipo 1 inestable severa, que requieran infusores subcutáneos continuos de insulina con sensor de glucosa. Los ámbitos de la aplicación son dirigidos a equipos multidisciplinarios de salud, que atienden personas con infusores subcutáneos continuos de insulina como tratamiento para la diabetes tipo 1 inestable severa. Población Objetivo para personas con diabetes tipo 1, que requieren el uso de infusores subcutáneos continuos de insulina de acuerdo a los siguientes subgrupos: Subgrupo 1: Personas con diagnóstico de diabetes tipo 1, con requerimientos de micro dosis de insulina, y que a pesar de llevar una correcta adherencia al tratamiento no pueden lograr un control glicémico apropiado, presentando niveles de hemoglobina glicosilada, mayor o igual a 8,0%; múltiples episodios de hiperglicemias sobre 300mg/dl o de cetoacidosis o cetosis recurrente, todas de causa no precisada. Subgrupo 2: Personas con diagnóstico de diabetes tipo 1, que a pesar de llevar una correcta adherencia al tratamiento, no pueden lograr un control glicémico apropiado, y que han presentado episodios de hipoglicemias severas o inadvertidas, de causa no precisada. El tratamiento consta de la administración de insulina a través de un infusor subcutáneo continuo. Este dispositivo de uso médico será entregado al beneficiario junto a todos los insumos necesarios para su funcionamiento y de acuerdo a las características de cada paciente.

Numerical and clinical precision of continuous glucose monitoring in Colombian patients treated with insulin infusion pump with automated suspension in hypoglycemia.

OBJECTIVE: Insulin pump therapy associated with continuous glucose monitoring has shown a positive clinical impact on diabetes control and reduction of hypoglycemia episodes. There are descriptions of the performance of this device in other populations, but its precision and accuracy in Colombia and Latin America are unknown, especially in the routine outpatient setting. METHODS: Data from 33 type 1 and type 2 diabetes patients with sensor-augmented pump therapy with threshold suspend automation, MiniMed Paradigm® Veo™ (Medtronic, Northridge, California), managed at Hospital Universitario San Ignacio (Bogotá, Colombia) and receiving outpatient treatment, were analyzed. Simultaneous data from continuous glucose monitoring and capillary blood glucose were compared, and their precision and accuracy were calculating with different methods, including Clarke error grid. RESULTS: Analyses included 2,262 continuous glucose monitoring -reference paired glucose values. A mean absolute relative difference of 20.1% was found for all measurements, with a value higher than 23% for glucose levels ≤75mg/dL. Global compliance with the ISO criteria was 64.9%. It was higher for values >75mg/dl (68.3%, 1,308 of 1,916 readings), than for those ≤ 75mg/dl (49.4%, 171 of 346 readings). Clinical accuracy, as assessed by the Clarke error grid, showed that 91.77% of data were within the A and B zones (75.6% in hypoglycemia). CONCLUSIONS: A good numerical accuracy was found for continuous glucose monitoring in normo and hyperglycemia situations, with low precision in hypoglycemia. The clinical accuracy of the device was adequate, with no significant safety concerns for patients.

Neonatal Nicotine Exposure Leads to Hypothalamic Gliosis in Adult Overweight Rats.

Astrocytes and microglia, the immune competent cells of central nercous system, can be activated in response to metabolic signals such as obesity and hyperleptinaemia. In rats, maternal exposure to nicotine during lactation leads to central obesity, hyperleptinaemia, leptin resistance and alterations in hypothalamic neuropeptides in the offspring during adulthood. In the present study, we studied the activation of astrocytes and microglia, as well as the pattern of inflammatory mediators, in adult offspring of this experimental model. On postnatal day 2 (P2), osmotic minipumps releasing nicotine (NIC) (-6 mg/kg/day) or saline for 14 days were s.c. implanted in dams. Male offspring were killed on P180 and hypothalamic immunohistochemistry, retroperitoneal white adipose tissue (WAT) polymerase chain reaction analysis and multiplex analysis for plasma inflammatory mediators were carried out. At P180, NIC astrocyte cell number was higher in the arcuate nucleus (ARC) (medial: +82%; lateral: +110%), in the paraventricular nucleus (PVN) (+144%) and in the lateral hypothalamus (+121%). NIC glial fibrillary acidic protein fibre density was higher in the lateral ARC (+178%) and in the PVN (+183%). Interleukin-6 was not affected in the hypothalamus. NIC monocyte chemotactic protein 1 was only higher in the periventricular nucleus (+287%). NIC microglia (iba-1-positive) cell number was higher (+68%) only in the PVN, as was the chemokine (C-X3-C motif) receptor 1 density (+93%). NIC interleukin-10 was lower in the WAT (-58%) and plasma (-50%). Thus, offspring of mothers exposed to nicotine during lactation present hypothalamic astrogliosis at adulthood and microgliosis in the PVN.

Evaluation of three different techniques for insertion of totally implantable venous access device: A randomized clinical trial.

BACKGROUND: Although totally implantable venous access devices (TIVAD) are increasingly being used in oncology patients, more robust evidence about the best technique is lacking, especially regarding to ultrasound (US) guided puncture. METHODS: One hundred ten patients with indication of intravenous chemotherapy were randomly assigned to TIVAD implant through US-guided internal jugular vein (USG) puncture (39) or internal jugular vein blindly (IJB) (36) or subclavian vein blindly (SCB) (35). Procedure data and complications were prospectively recorded within 30 days of the procedure. RESULTS: All patients completed the follow up. Immediate complication rate was 5.1%, 13.9%, and 0% in the USG, IJB, and SCB groups, respectively (P = 0.05). First attempt success rate was 79.5% in the USG, 52.8% in the IJB and 47.2% in the SCB group (P = 0.012). Technique failure was observed in 2.6%, 22.2%, and 8.6% of the population in the USG, IJB, and SCB, respectively (P = 0.021). Early complication rate was 5.1% in USG group, 2.8% in the IJB, and 0% in the SCB (P = 0.401). CONCLUSION: The findings of our study suggest superiority of the USG approach in terms of first puncture success rate and technique failure, without increasing the procedure duration. Long-term follow-up results should help to further clarify the current debates.

Bombas de insulina (BI) / Insulin pumps (IP)

En la década pasada, el conocimiento sobre la historia natural y fisiopatogenia de la diabetes tipo 1 tuvo un importante crecimiento, particularmente en relación con predicción, heterogeneidad, patología pancreática y su epidemiología. Las mejoras tecnológicas específicamente en el desarrollo de bombas de insulina y sensores continuos de glucosa ayudan a los pacientes con diabetes tipo 1 en el desafío de la administración de insulina a largo plazo. A pesar de grandes inversiones sobre distintos aspectos de la enfermedad (financiación de proyectos, organizativos, educacionales, etc.) no existe hasta el momento la prevención ni la cura para la diabetes tipo 1, y sumado a esto la calidad sobre el manejo de la enfermedad es muy heterogéneo. Como el control glucémico mejora con un tratamiento intensificado (múltiples inyecciones de insulina), el número y frecuencia de eventos hipoglucémicos tienden a incrementarse. La hipoglucemia es generadora de cuadros de estrés, ansiedad y deterioro de la calidad de vida en los pacientes con diabetes. Una de las razones por las cuales existe gran dificultad de alcanzar los objetivos glucémicos en pacientes con diabetes tipo 1 es la variabilidad en la absorción de la insulina inyectada en forma subcutánea, la que conlleva mayor e impredecible variabilidad en la concentración glucémica y todo esto en general se relaciona con valores elevados de hemoglobina glicosilada e hipoglucemia. La terapia con bomba de insulina se inició hace más de 30 años con el objetivo de mejorar el control en pacientes con diabetes tipo 1. El objetivo de esta revisión es actualizar las herramientas tecnológicas en el tratamiento de la diabetes. (AU)

Over the past decade, knowledge of the pathogenesis and natural history of type 1 diabetes has grown substantially, particularly with regard to disease prediction and heterogeneity, pancreatic pathology, and epidemiology. Technological improvements in insulin pumps and continuous glucose monitors help patients with type 1 diabetes manage the challenge of lifelong insulin administration. Agents that show promise for averting debilitating disease-associated complications have also been identified. However, despite broad organisational, intellectual, and fiscal investments, no means for preventing or curing type 1 diabetes exists, and , globally, the quality of diabetes management remains uneven. As glycemic control improves with intensified insulin regimens, the frequency of hypoglycemia tends to increase. Hypoglycemia is the cause of considerable stress and anxiety, impaired well-being, and poor quality of life in patients with type diabetes. One reason for continued poor glycemic control in patients with type 1 diabetes is the erratic absorption and action of subcutaneously injected insulin, which lead to unpredictable swings in blood glucose concentrations, and those swings, in themselves, are associated with elevated glycated hemoglobin levels and hypoglycemia. Insulinpump therapy, or continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion, was introduced more than 30 years ago as a procedure for improving glycemic control in patients with type 1 diabetes. The primary goal is to perform an up date about the new technological tools in diabetes treatment. (AU)

Intrathecal morphine therapy in the management of status dystonicus in neurodegeneration brain iron accumulation type 1.

Neurodegeneration with brain iron accumulation type 1 (NBIA-1) is a rare disorder characterized by progressive extrapyramidal dysfunction and dementia. NBIA-1 encompasses typical iron brain accumulation, mostly in the globus pallidus with secondary dementia, spasticity, rigidity, dystonia, and choreoathetosis. Treatment remains mostly symptomatic and is challenging. We present the case of a 14-year-old boy diagnosed with NBIA-1, presenting intractable progressive generalized dystonia leading to unresponsive status dystonicus (SD). The patient received a SynchroMed II (model 8637) programmable system pump (Medtronic®, Inc.) implant with an Ascenda intrathecal catheter for intrathecal morphine therapy (IMT). The initial dose of morphine was 1.0 mg/day. Overall, we observed no complications with IMT treatment and important improvement of the patient's motor function with stabilization of his incapacitating dystonia and his quality of life. On the Global Dystonia Severity Rating Scale, he presented 52% improvement, 30% improvement on the Unified Dystonia Rating Scale, and 38% improvement on the Fahn-Marsden Rating Scale after 10 months, when the dose was 1.7 mg/day. IMT should be considered as a potential palliative treatment in the management of intractable dystonia and SD secondary to NBIA-1.

Impacto no sistema imunológico da utilização prolongada de morfina para tratamento da dor / Impact on the immune system of long-term morphine used through oral or spinal route in the treatment of neuropathic non-cancer pain

Introdução. Apesar das evidências dos efeitos imunomodulatórios da morfina, não há na literatura estudos que tenham comparado a interação entre citocinas, imunidade celular (linfócitos T, B e NK) e a administração prolongada de morfina administrada pelas vias oral ou intratecal em doentes com dor crônica neuropática não relacionada ao câncer. Foram avaliados de forma transversal e comparativa 50 doentes com diagnóstico de dor lombar crônica e com presença de radiculopatia (dor neuropática) previamente operados para tratar hérnia discal lombar (Síndrome Dolorosa Pós- Laminectomia), sendo 18 doentes tratados prolongadamente com infusão de morfina pela via intratecal com uso de sistema implantável no compartimento subaracnóideo (grupo intratecal); 17 doentes tratados prolongadamente com morfina pela via oral (n=17) e 15 doentes tratados com fármacos mas sem opióides (grupo sem opioide). Foram analisadas as concentração das citocinas IL-2, IL-4, IL-8, TNFalfa, IFNy, IL-5, GM-CSF, IL-6, IL-10 e IL-1beta no plasma e no líquido cefalorraquidiano; imunofenotipagem de linfócitos T, B e células NK e avaliados os Índice de Escalonamento de Opióide (em percentagem de opióide utilizada e em mg), dose cumulativa de morfina (mg), duração do tratamento em meses, dose final de morfina utilizada (em mg), e equivalente de morfina por via oral (em mg). Resultados. Não houve diferença estatisticamente significativa entre o número de linfócitos T, B e NK nos doentes com morfina administrada pelas vias IT, VO e os não usuários de morfina. Houve correlação positiva entre as concentrações de linfócitos T CD4 e o Índice de Escalonamento de Opióide (em % e mg) nos doentes tratados com morfina por via intratecal. Houve correlação negativa entre as concentrações de células NK (CD56+) e o Índice de Escalonamento de Opióide (em % e mg) nos doentes tratados com morfina por via intratecal. Houve correlação positiva entre o número de células NK (CD56+) e a dose cumulativa...

Objective: To analyze plasma and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) cytokine levels and cell-mediated immunity (T, B and NK cells) of chronic neuropathic pain patients under long-term morphine treatment administered through the oral or spinal routes. Design: Cross- sectional clinical and laboratory analysis. Subjects:Fifty ambulatory patients with diagnosis of chronic low back pain and presence of radiculopathy (neuropathic pain) previously operated to treat lumbar disc hernia (failed back surgery syndrome) receiving long term morphine treatment (minimum 180 days); 18 patients receiving long term morphine into the intrathecal space through a implanted pump ("spinal group"); 17 patients treated with long-term oral morphine ("oral group") and 15 patients treated with non-opioid analgesics ("without opioid group"). Methods: Were analyzed plasma and cerebrospinal fluid concentrations of 10 cytokines using a multiplex system (Luminex®) for the following cytokines: IL- 2, IL-4, IL-8, TNFalfa, IFNy, IL-5, GM-CSF, IL-6, IL-10 and IL-1beta; immunophenotyping of lymphocytes T, B and NK cells. Results: There were no significant group demographic differences. No significant T, B and NK cells differences were observed between the 3 groups. CD4 levels and Opioid Escalation Index (OEI) were positively correlated in spninal group. NK cells levels and OEI were negatively correlated in spinal group. NK cells levels and cumulative morphine dose were positively correlated in spninal and oral groups. CSF concentrations of IL-8 and IL-1beta were higher than plasma concentrations in all groups. CSF concentration of FNg were higher in oral and without opioid group. Plasma IL-5 concentrations were higher in the oral and spinal groups compared to without opioid group. CSF concentration of IL-5 was negatively correlated with pain intensity in the oral and spinal groups. CSF concentrations of IL-2 was positively correlated with pain intensity and negatively correlated with OEI and...

Fracture and migration into the coronary sinus of a totally implantable catheter introduced via the right internal jugular vein.

There has been an increase in the use of totally implantable devices. Catheter fractures are rare but known complications. This case report presents a rare migration site of the catheter fragment into the coronary sinus. The totally implantable catheter was introduced into the right internal jugular vein to deliver chemotherapy. Although it was an unusual site, the catheter fragment was removed without complications using loop-snare technique.

Risk factors associated to diabetes in Mexican population and phenotype of the individuals who will convert to diabetes / Factores de riesgo asociados con diabetes en la población mexicana y fenotipo de los individuos que desarrollarán diabetes

Objective. To describe risk factors associated to the incidence of type 2 diabetes (T2D) in Mexican population and to define phenotypic (clinical, anthropometric, metabolic) characteristics present in the individual who will convert to diabetes, regardless of time of onset. Materials and methods. The Mexico City Diabetes Study began in 1990, with 2 282 participants, and had three subsequent phases: 1994, 1998, and 2008. A systematic evaluation with an oral glucose tolerance test was performed in each phase. For diagnosis of T2D, American Diabetes Association criteria were used. Results. The population at risk was 1939 individuals. Subjects who were in the converter stage (initially non diabetic that eventually converted to T2D) had, at baseline, higher BMI (30 vs 27), systolic blood pressure (119 vs 116 mmHg), fasting glucose (90 vs 82mg/dl), triglycerides (239 vs 196mg/dl), and cholesterol (192 vs 190mg/dl), compared with subjects who remained non converters (p<0.05). Conclusion. The phenotype described represents a potentially identifiable phase and a target for preventive intervention.

Objetivo. Describir los factores de riesgo asociados con la incidencia de diabetes tipo 2 (T2D) en la población mexicana, así como el fenotipo de los sujetos que desarrollarán diabetes, independientemente del tiempo que lleve el desarrollo de esta nueva condición. Material y métodos. El Estudio de la Diabetes de la Ciudad de México inició en 1990 y tuvo un total de 2 282 participantes a los que se dio seguimiento en tres ocasiones: 1994, 1998 y 2008. Se realizó una curva de tolerancia a la glucosa para diagnosticar T2D, para lo cual se siguieron los criterios de la Asociación Americana de Diabetes. Resultados. La población en riesgo fue de 1939 sujetos. Los individuos en proceso de desarrollo (aquellos inicialmente no diabéticos que desarrollaron T2D) mostraron niveles más altos de IMC (30 vs 27), presión arterial sistólica (119 vs 116 mmHg), glucosa en ayuno (90 vs 82 mg/dl), triglicéridos (239 vs 196 mg/dl) y colesterol (192 vs 190 mg/dl), comparados con los sujetos que no desarrollaron T2D (p<0.05). Conclusiones. El estado de los individuos que se convertirán en diabéticos es discernible y representa una fase del padecimiento con potencial para la prevención.