Caracterización de los pacientes con enfermedades vasculares periféricas fallecidos en un período de cuatro años / Characterization of patients with peripheral vascular diseases who died in a period of four years

Introducción: Las enfermedades vasculares periféricas constituyen un problema de salud en el ámbito mundial por resultar causa importante de discapacidad y de invalidez. Objetivo: Caracterizar a los pacientes con enfermedades vasculares periféricas fallecidos en un período de cuatro años. Método: Se realizó un estudio descriptivo y analítico en los pacientes fallecidos entre enero de 2015 y diciembre de 2018. Se estudiaron variables sociodemográficas y clínicas. Se estimaron las frecuencias absolutas y relativas, así como la tasa de mortalidad. Se identificó la asociación entre las variables con la causa directa de muerte. Resultados: El 42,7 por ciento de los diabéticos fallecieron; de estos, el 57,5 por ciento estaban descompensados. La hipertensión arterial, el tabaquismo y la diabetes mellitus fueron los factores de riesgo más frecuentes. La tasa de mortalidad total resultó 0,171/1000 ingresos. Como enfermedades arteriales más frecuente aparecieron los AAA (28,1 por ciento ) y la angiopatía diabética (25 por ciento ); y, como parte de esta última, el pie (25,7 por ciento ). La aneurismectomía con injerto por sustitución representó la cirugía revascularizadora más realizada (58,8 por ciento ). El shock hipovolémico y el tromboembolismo pulmonar predominaron como complicaciones posquirúrgicas (15,7 por ciento ). El shock séptico (31,6 por ciento ) y la bronconeumonía bacteriana (25,7 por ciento) fueron las causas directas de muerte. Conclusiones: Se logró caracterizar a los pacientes con enfermedades vasculares periféricas fallecidos en los últimos cuatro años, por lo que estimaron la tasa de prevalencia y la tendencia anual de la mortalidad en el Instituto Nacional de Angiología y Cirugía Vascular en ese período; asimismo, las variables asociadas a las causas directas de muerte(AU)

Introduction: Peripheral vascular diseases are a global health problem because they are a major cause of disability. Objective: Characterize patients with peripheral vascular diseases who died over a period of four years. Method: A descriptive and analytical study was conducted in patients who died between January 2015 and December 2018. Socio-demographic and clinical variables were studied. Absolute and relative frequencies were estimated, as well as the mortality rate. The association between the variables with the direct cause of death was identified. Results: 42.7 percent of diabetic patients died; of these, 57.5 percent were decompensated. High blood pressure, smoking and diabetes mellitus were the most frequent risk factors. The total mortality rate was 0.171/1000 admissions. The most frequent arterial diseases were AAA (28.1 percent) and diabetic angiopathy (25 percent); and, as part of the latter, foot angiopathy (25.7 percent). Aneurysmectomy with graft substitution represented the most performed revascularizing surgery (58.8 percent). Hypovolemic shock and pulmonary thromboembolism predominated as post-surgical complications (15.7 percent). Septic shock (31.6 percent) and bacterial bronchopneumonia (25.7 percent) were the direct causes of death. Conclusions: It was possible to characterize patients with peripheral vascular diseases who died in the last four years, so they estimated the prevalence rate and the annual trend of mortality at the National Institute of Angiology and Vascular Surgery in that period; also, the variables associated with direct causes of death(AU)

Tasa de mortalidad de personas con pie diabético en La Habana durante el periodo 2010-2015 / Mortality for Diabetic Foot in People with Diabetes Mellitus in Havana during the 2010-2015 Period

Introducción: Se define como pie diabético toda infección, úlcera o destrucción tisular del pie asociada a neuropatía y/o enfermedad vascular periférica de miembros inferiores en personas con diabetes. Objetivo: Determinar la tasa de mortalidad en personas con pie diabético en La Habana durante el período 2010-2015, así como las causas y las variables sociodemográficas de los fallecidos. Método: Estudio observacional, descriptivo y retrospectivo. Se revisó el registro de fallecidos por diabetes mellitus en La Habana como causa básica de muerte de los años comprendidos del 2010 al 2015, Se analizaron las variables edad, sexo, causa básica de muerte, amputaciones y municipio de procedencia. Los resultados se expresaron en frecuencias absolutas, relativas y tasas por 100 000 habitantes. Resultados: La tasa de mortalidad en personas con pie diabético fue de 3,07/105 habitantes. El año de mayor mortalidad fue el 2010 (10,41 por ciento) y el de menor fue el 2011 (7,34 por ciento). Predominaron las mujeres (56 por ciento) y los mayores de 70 años (66,5 por ciento). En el 48,5 por ciento de los casos se reportaron amputaciones. Las causas directas de muerte más frecuente fueron: la sepsis (34,5 por ciento), el tromboembolismo pulmonar (32,2 por ciento) y la bronconeumonía (21,1 por ciento). Los municipios con menores tasas de fallecidos fueron La Habana Vieja y Arroyo Naranjo. Conclusiones: La tasa de mortalidad en personas con pie diabético en el período 2010-2015 tuvieron una tendencia a la disminución. Las cifras más elevadas se observaron en la edad y en el sexo femenino. Las infecciones, el tromboembolismo pulmonar y la bronconeumonía fueron las causas de muerte directa más importantes(AU)

Introduction: Mortality due to diabetes mellitus may rise due to an increase in its prevalence and the risk of chronic complications. Objective: To determine the mortality rate in people with diabetic foot in Havana during the 2010-2015 period, as well as the causes and sociodemographic variables of the deceased. Methods: Observational, descriptive and retrospective study. The registry of deaths from diabetes mellitus as the basic cause of death from 2010 to 2015 was reviewed. The variables age, sex, basic cause of death, amputations and municipality of origin were analyzed. The results were expressed in absolute and relative frequencies, as well as in rates per hundred thousand inhabitants. Results: The mortality rate in people with diabetic foot was 3.07/105 inhabitants. The year with the highest mortality was 2010 (10.41 percent) and the year with the lowest value was 2011 (7.34 percent). Women (56 percent) and those aged over seventy years (66.5 percent) predominated. In 48.5 percent of the cases accounted for amputations. The most frequent direct causes of death were sepsis (34.5 percent), pulmonary thromboembolism (32.2 percent) and bronchopneumonia (21.1 percent). The municipalities with the lowest death rates were La Habana Vieja and Arroyo Naranjo. Conclusions: Mortality rates in people with diabetic foot in the 2010-2015 period tended to decrease. The highest figures were observed in geriatric ages and among women. Infections, pulmonary embolism and bronchopneumonia were the most important direct causes of death(AU)

The 1918/19 Spanish Flu in Pisa (Tuscany, Italy): Clinical, Epidemiological and Autoptic Considerations

The Spanish flu pandemic spread in 1918-19 and infected about 500 million people, killing 50 to 100 million of them. People were suffering from severe poverty and malnutrition, especially in Europe, due to the First World War, and this contributed to the diffusion of the disease. In Italy, Spanish flu appeared in April 1918 with several cases of pulmonary congestion and bronchopneumonia; at the end of the epidemic, about 450.000 people died, causing one of the highest mortality rates in Europe. From the archive documents and the autoptic registers of the Hospital of Pisa, we can express some considerations on the impact of the pandemic on the population of the city and obtain some information about the deceased. In the original necroscopic registers, 43 autopsies were reported with the diagnosis of grippe (i.e. Spanish flu), of which the most occurred from September to December 1918. Most of the dead were young individuals, more than half were soldiers, and all of them showed confluent hemor agic lung bronchopneumonia, which was the typical feature of the pandemic flu. We believe that the study of the autopsy registers represents an incomparable instrument for the History of Medicine and a useful resource to understand the origin and the evolution of the diseases.

Leucoencefalopatía multifocal progresiva en un paciente inmunocompetente / Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy in an immunocompetent patient

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Novel insights into pasteurellosis in captive pinnipeds.

Pasteurella multocida is a heterogeneous bacterium, which has the capacity to cause disease in a wide range of host species and is also recognized as an important zoonotic pathogen. Two sequential deaths in captive fur seals occurred at Sea World, Australia during December 2017. A fibrinosuppurative bronchopneumonia in a Subantarctic fur seal (Arctocephalus tropicalis) resulted in death within 24 h of nonspecific signs of illness, whereas a septic peritonitis in a New Zealand fur seal (Arctocephalus forsteri) resulted in death within 12 h of clinical presentation. The cases happened within three days in two different pool locations, although both had previously been housed in the same area. A total of six Pasteurella multocida isolates were obtained from several internal organs at necropsy in both cases and were subjected to whole genome sequencing and phylogenomic analysis. In-silico typing of the isolates revealed that all belonged to Multi-Locus Sequence Type 7 and carried lipopolysaccharide outer core biosynthesis loci Type 3. Phylogenomic analysis of the isolates confirmed that the isolates were near identical at the core genome level, suggesting acquisition from a common source. The results also revealed the presence of within host and across animal diversity of P. multocida isolates for the first time even in a clearly connected outbreak.

Unintentional mortality associated with paracetamol and codeine preparations, with and without doxylamine, in Australia.

INTRODUCTION: Misuse of paracetamol, codeine and doxylamine combination analgesics may lead to addiction and mortality. This study aimed to (1) identify unintentional deaths in Australia associated with use of combination analgesic products containing paracetamol, codeine and doxylamine; (2) describe cases characteristics, including demographics and additional medication use; and (3) identify common factors associated with misuse and mortality of these medicines in Australia. DESIGN: This retrospective case series analysed National Coronial Information System data to identify cases of unintentional death attributable to paracetamol, codeine and doxylamine products between 2002 and 2012. SETTING: Three Eastern Australian states: New South Wales, Queensland, Victoria, comprising a population of approximately 18.6 million people. RESULTS: 441 unintentional deaths attributed to paracetamol/codeine products were identified; doxylamine was detected in 102 cases (23%). Overall unintentional death rates rose from 0.9-per-million in 2002 to 3.6-per-million in 2009, declining to 1.9-per-million in 2012. Median age at time of death was 48, half of all cases occurred between 35-54 years of age, and 57% were female. Concomitant medication use was detected in 79% of cases, including benzodiazepines, other opioids, psychiatric medications, alcohol and illicit drugs. Behaviours consistent with drug misuse including doctor/pharmacy shopping, excessive dosages and extended use, were identified in 24% of cases. CONCLUSIONS: This study identified 441 deaths associated with codeine-combination analgesic products across three Australian states; with an average of 40 deaths per year. Death commonly involved multiple substance use and abuse behaviours indicative of misuse and dependence.

Retrospective study of fatal pneumonia in racehorses.

Respiratory diseases have a major impact on racehorses in training and are often cited as the second most common reason of horses failing to perform. Cases were submitted by the California Horse Racing Board to the California Animal Health and Food Safety laboratory for postmortem examination between January 1, 2005 and December 31, 2014. We determined the demographics of racehorses with fatal pneumonia, characterized the pathologic findings in animals with a postmortem diagnosis of respiratory infection, and determined the most significant pathogens associated with lower respiratory tract disease. We analyzed autopsy reports from 83 horses with a diagnosis of pneumonia, bronchopneumonia, and/or pleuropneumonia. The most common presentation was pleuropneumonia (71% of cases), with extensive areas of lytic necrosis and abscesses of the pulmonary parenchyma. Streptococcus equi ssp. zooepidemicus, a normal mucosal commensal of the upper respiratory tract of healthy horses, was the most commonly isolated organism (72% of cases), either in pure culture or accompanied by other aerobic or anaerobic bacteria. Its presence in the pulmonary parenchyma is associated with severe and extensive damage to the lung. Furthermore, this agent has zoonotic potential, which stresses the importance of early detection and proper management of cases of pneumonia in racehorses.

Deaths in Unlicensed Alcohol Rehabilitation Facilities.

Non-English-speaking people do not always seek medical care through established institutions. This paper reports a series of deaths in unlicensed alcohol rehabilitation facilities serving Spanish-speaking men. These facilities are informal groups of alcohol abusing men who live together. New members receive various treatments, including administration of ethanol or isopropanol, restraint, and seclusion. We reviewed 42 deaths in unlicensed alcohol rehabilitation facilities in Los Angeles County during the years 2003-2014. Data gathered included age, length of time spent in the facility, blood alcohol and drugs at autopsy, and cause and manner of death. Causes of death included acute alcohol poisoning, alcohol withdrawal, and a variety of other causes. Three cases were considered homicides from restraint asphyxia. The Department of Medical Examiner-Coroner has worked with the police, district attorney, and State Department of Health Services to try to prevent additional deaths in unlicensed alcohol rehabilitation facilities. Nevertheless, prevention has been difficult.

Mortalidad por bronconeumonía en adultos mayores del Hospital General Docente Dr Agostinho Neto / Mortality due to bronchopneumonia in the older adult of General Teaching Hospital Dr Agostinho Neto

Se realizó un estudio descriptivo retrospectivo con el propósito de proponer acciones de enfermería en ancianos con bronconeumonía en el Hospital General Docente Dr Agostinho Neto, en el período agosto-diciembre de 2014. El universo y muestra del trabajo fueron los 330 fallecidos mayores de 60 años por esta patología. Los datos se recogieron de las historias clínicas y los protocolos de necropsia. Las variables estudiadas fueron: edad, sexo, antecedentes patológicos personales, síntomas respiratorios y extrarrespiratorios, y principales alteraciones anatomopatológicas. Se concluyó que la bronconeumonía en la mayoría de los casos fue diagnosticada antes de la muerte siendo más frecuente en las edades más tardías de la vida, con disnea, tos con expectoración, astenia y alteraciones neurológicas como síntomas predominantes. Las patologías asociadas más frecuentes fueron cardiopatías, accidente vascular encefálico y enfermedad pulmonar obstructiva crónica, además que la disnea constituyó un síntoma de gravedad asociado a complicaciones graves como: edema cerebral severo y tromboembolismo pulmonar(AU)

A descriptive retrospective study was carried out with the purpose of proposing nursing actions in the elderly with bronchopneumonia in the General Teaching Hospital Dr Agostinho Neto, period August - December 2014. The universe and sample of the work, were the 330 died majors 60 years by this pathology. Data were collected from medica records and necropsy protocols. The variables were studied: age, sex, personal pathological history, respiratory and extra-respiratory symptoms, main anatomopathological alterations. It was concluded that bronchopneumonia in 81.5% of the cases was diagnosed before death, being more frequent in the later ages of life, with dyspnea, cough with expectoration, asthenia and neurological alterations as predominant symptoms, the most associated pathologies frequent heart diseases, stroke and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), and dyspnea was a symptom of severity associated with severe complications such as: severe cerebral edema and pulmonary thromboembolism, nursing actions are proposed for better quality of life of the older adult with bronchopneumonia. The authors reached conclusions and recommendations

Impacto de los diferentes factores acerca de la sobrevida en pacientes con fractura de cadera / Impact of Different Factors on Survival in Patients with Hip Fracture

Introducción: la fractura de cadera puede generar deterioro funcional e incapacidad crónica para realizar las actividades de la vida diaria, condiciones que pueden permanecer durante años después de haberse producido. Objetivo: determinar la sobrevida a los 30 días y al año de los pacientes intervenidos por un diagnóstico de fractura de cadera en nuestra institución. Métodos: se realizó un estudio observacional, descriptivo, longitudinal, prospectivo, con los 353 pacientes ingresados con fractura de caderas, en el Hospital Universitario Dr. Gustavo Aldereguia Lima de Cienfuegos en el período enero-diciembre de 2014, en el cual se describió el comportamiento de las principales variables que caracterizaron al paciente desde el momento de la fractura hasta un año después de esta. Resultados: la edad promedio fue 81,69 años con una desviación estándar de 8,991 años, predominó el sexo femenino (66,6 por ciento), el 47,3 por ciento de los pacientes padecía una o más enfermedades asociadas, predominaron las fracturas extracapsulares (55,8 por ciento), se realizó tratamiento quirúrgico a 83,3 por ciento de los pacientes en las primeras 24 horas de su lesión. Hubo un 8,3 por ciento de complicaciones; se logró deambulación posoperatoria en 81,3 por ciento de los casos, y falleció el 18,4 por cietno de los pacientes; las bronconeumonías fueron la causa del mayor número de fallecimientos. El 5,1 por ciento de los pacientes no asistió a consultas. Conclusiones: la edad, las complicaciones, la demora quirúrgica y el seguimiento influyen en el resultado final y en la sobrevida del paciente(AU)

Introduction: Hip fracture can lead to functional impairment and chronic inability to perform activities of daily living, conditions that can last for years after this event. Objective: Determine the survival rate at 30 days and one year of patients undergoing surgery for a diagnosis of hip fracture at our institution. Methods: An observational, descriptive, longitudinal, prospective study was conducted in 353 patients admitted with hip fractures at Dr. Gustavo Lima Aldereguía University Hospital in Cienfuegos, from January to December 2014. This study describes the behavior of the main variables characterizing the patient from the time of fracture until one year after the event.Results: The mean age was 81.69 years with a standard deviation of 8.991 years, females predominated (66.6 percent), 47.3 percent of patients had one or more associated diseases, extracapsular fractures predominated (55, 8 percent), surgical treatment was performed at 83.3 percent of patients in the first 24 hours of their injury. There were 8.3 percent of complications; postoperative ambulation was achieved in 81.3 percent of cases, and died 18.4% of patients; bronchopneumonia was the cause of most deaths. 5.1 percent of patients did not attend consultations.Conclusions: Age, complications, surgical delay, and monitoring influence the final outcome and patient survival(AU)

Impacto de los diferentes factores acerca de la sobrevida en pacientes con fractura de cadera / Impact of different factors on survival in patients with hipf fracture

INTRODUCCIÓN: la fractura de cadera puede generar deterioro funcional e incapacidad crónica para realizar las actividades de la vida diaria, condiciones que pueden permanecer durante años después de haberse producido. OBJETIVO: determinar la sobrevida a los 30 días y al año de los pacientes intervenidos por un diagnóstico de fractura de cadera en nuestra institución. MÉTODOS: se realizó un estudio observacional, descriptivo, longitudinal, prospectivo, con los 353 pacientes ingresados con fractura de caderas, en el Hospital Universitario "Dr. Gustavo Aldereguia Lima" de Cienfuegos en el período enero-diciembre de 2014, en el cual se describió el comportamiento de las principales variables que caracterizaron al paciente desde el momento de la fractura hasta un año después de esta. RESULTADOS: la edad promedio fue 81,69 años con una desviación estándar de 8,991 años, predominó el sexo femenino (66,6 %), el 47,3 % de los pacientes padecía una o más enfermedades asociadas, predominaron las fracturas extracapsulares (55,8 %), se realizó tratamiento quirúrgico a 83,3 % de los pacientes en las primeras 24 horas de su lesión. Hubo un 8,3 % de complicaciones; se logró deambulación posoperatoria en 81,3 % de los casos, y falleció el 18,4 % de los pacientes; las bronconeumonías fueron la causa del mayor número de fallecimientos. El 5,1 % de los pacientes no asistió a consultas. CONCLUSIONES: la edad, las complicaciones, la demora quirúrgica y el seguimiento influyen en el resultado final y en la sobrevida del paciente.

INTRODUCTION: Hip fracture can lead to functional impairment and chronic inability to perform activities of daily living, conditions that can last for years after this event. OBJECTIVE: Determine the survival rate at 30 days and one year of patients undergoing surgery for a diagnosis of hip fracture at our institution. METHODS: An observational, descriptive, longitudinal, prospective study was conducted in 353 patients admitted with hip fractures at Dr. Gustavo Lima Aldereguía University Hospital in Cienfuegos, from January to December 2014. This study describes the behavior of the main variables characterizing the patient from the time of fracture until one year after the event. RESULTS: The mean age was 81.69 years with a standard deviation of 8.991 years, females predominated (66.6%), 47.3% of patients had one or more associated diseases, extracapsular fractures predominated (55, 8%), surgical treatment was performed at 83.3% of patients in the first 24 hours of their injury. There were 8.3% of complications; postoperative ambulation was achieved in 81.3% of cases, and died 18.4% of patients; bronchopneumonia was the cause of most deaths. 5.1% of patients did not attend consultations. CONCLUSIONS: Age, complications, surgical delay, and monitoring influence the final outcome and patient survival.

INTRODUCTION: La fracture de hanche peut causer une détérioration fonctionnelle et une incapacité chronique empêchant le patient, même pendant des années, à réaliser les activités de sa vie quotidienne. OBJECTIFS: Le but de ce travail est de déterminer au bout de 30 jours et d'un an la survie des patients traités chirurgicalement, dû à un diagnostic de fracture de hanche, dans notre institution. MÉTHODES: Une étude observationnelle, descriptive, longitudinale et prospective de 353 patients hospitalisés à cause d'une fracture de hanche a été réalisée dans la période de janvier à décembre 2014, à l'hôpital universitaire "Dr Gustavo Aldereguia Lima", à Cienfuegos, dans laquelle le comportement des principales variables caractérisant le patient au cours d'un an à partir du moment de la fracture est décrit. RÉSULTATS: Le moyen d'âge a été 81,69 ans (écart type = 8,991 ans). Le sexe féminin a prédominé (66,6 %). La moitié de patients (47,3 %) était atteinte d'une ou plusieurs maladies associées. Les fractures extra-capsulaires étaient en majorité (55,8 %). Dans 83,3 % des cas, on a effectué une chirurgie dans les premières 24 heures suivant la lésion. Le nombre de complications a été faible (8,3 %); la marche postopératoire est réussie dans 81,3 % des cas. Le pourcentage de décès a été 18,4, dont la plupart a été due aux bronchopneumonies. Un petit nombre de patients n'ont pas assisté aux consultations (5,1 %). CONCLUSIONS: L'âge, les complications, le retard chirurgical et l'étude de suivi influent sur le résultat final et sur la survie du patient.

Variables demográficas, clínicas y anatomopatológicas en fallecidos del servicio de Nefrología del Hospital "Dr. Luis Díaz Soto" entre 1974-2013 / Demographic, Clinical and Anatomical and Pathological Variables in Deaths of the Nephrology Department of Dr. Luis Díaz Soto Hospital (1974-2013)

Introducción: las enfermedades renales constituyen una causa frecuente de consulta médica, de ingreso hospitalario y de mortalidad. Objetivo: analizar algunas variables demográficas, clínicas y anatomopatológicas en fallecidos por estas enfermedades durante 40 años en un servicio de Nefrología. Métodos: estudio retrospectivo y observacional de variables demográficas, clínicas y anatomopatológicas en 272 fallecidos del servicio de nefrología del hospital Dr. Luis Díaz Soto, a los que se les practicó autopsia, ocurridas de 1974 al 2013. Resultados: predominaron los pacientes masculinos, de piel blanca y con edades de 35 a 64 años. La edad promedio se ha ido incrementando. Los principales diagnósticos clínicos de causa directa de muerte fueron bronconeumonía, infarto agudo de miocardio y shock. Como causa básica se plantearon la insuficiencia renal crónica, la hipertensión arterial y la diabetes mellitus. En los estudios anatomopatológicos fueron señaladas como más frecuentes causas directas de la muerte la bronconeumonía, el edema pulmonar, el shock y el infarto agudo de miocardio; mientras que en los principales diagnósticos de causa básica de muerte fueron registrados el riñón terminal, la cardiopatía hipertensiva, la diabetes mellitus y la aterosclerosis. Conclusiones: los indicadores de mortalidad, necropsia y correspondencia clínico patológica fueron adecuados. Se apreció un incremento, progresivo en el tiempo, de la edad de los pacientes fallecidos estudiados. La bronconeumonía y las cardiopatías fueron las principales causas de muerte. Los signos de aterosclerosis estuvieron presentes en la mayoría de los estudios realizados(AU)

Introduction: Renal diseases are a frequent cause of medical consultation, hospitalization and mortality. Objective: Analyze some demographic, clinical and anatomical and pathological variables in the deaths of renal diseases during 40 years in a Nephrology service. Methods: A retrospective and observational study was conducted of demographic, clinical and anatomical and pathological variables in 272 deaths of the nephrology service at Dr. Luis Díaz Soto hospital, who were autopsied, from 1974 to 2013. Results: There were predominantly male patients, white skin and aged 35 to 64 years. The average age has been increasing. The main clinical diagnoses of direct cause of death were bronchopneumonia, acute myocardial infarction and shock. As a basic cause, chronic renal failure, arterial hypertension and diabetes mellitus were considered. In anatomical and pathological studies, bronchopneumonia, pulmonary edema, shock and acute myocardial infarction were identified as more frequent causes of death; while in the main diagnoses of the basic cause of death, the terminal kidney, hypertensive heart disease, diabetes mellitus, and atherosclerosis were documented. Conclusions: Mortality, necropsy, and clinical pathological correspondence indicators were adequate. There was a progressive increase in the age of the deceased patients studied. Bronchopneumonia and heart disease were the main causes of death. Signs of atherosclerosis were present in most of the studies(AU)

Morbi - mortalidad del paciente adulto mayor en una sala de cuidados intensivos / Morbidity and mortality of the older patient in an intensive care unit

Introducción: en Cuba la población del adulto mayor ha aumentado, por lo cual una elevación del número de ingresos de estos en las unidades de cuidados intensivos es de esperar en los próximos años. Objetivos: describir aspectos de la morbilidad y la mortalidad de una serie de adultos mayores que ingresaron en una sala de cuidados intensivos. Métodos: se realizó un estudio observacional, descriptivo, longitudinal y retrospectivo, en la Unidad de Cuidados Intensivos del Hospital Dr. Carlos J. Finlay desde enero de 2011 hasta diciembre de 2014. De 1 179 pacientes ingresados en ese período la muestra quedó constituida por 485 pacientes. Los métodos estadísticos utilizados fueron las distribuciones de frecuencia absoluta y relativa, medidas de tendencia central, así como las pruebas del Chi-cuadrado y t. Se consideró como nivel de significación el 5 por ciento.Resultados: la muestra representó el 41,1 % de los ingresos. La edad media fue de 69,8 ± 6,5 años. Predominaron el sexo masculino (55,1 por ciento) y el grupo de edades de 60-69 años (51 por ciento). La proporción del sexo masculino/femenino fue de 1,2:1. Más de la mitad de los pacientes egresaron fallecidos (61,9 por ciento). La edad media de este grupo fue ligeramente superior a la de los egresados vivos (70 vs 69,5 años). El ingreso clínico se adjudicó el mayor número de ingresos (69,1 por ciento). La media del valor del APACHE II (Acute Physiology, Age, Chronic Health Evaluation) fue de 19,9; en los fallecidos fue superior que en los vivos (23,6 vs 13,9). El 71,5 por ciento de los pacientes recibieron ventilación mecánica. La principal causa de muerte fue la bronconeumonía bacteriana (27,6 por ciento). Conclusiones: el adulto mayor representó una parte significativa de los ingresos en la unidad de cuidados intensivos, un porcentaje alto requirió ventilación mecánica y la mortalidad fue elevada(AU)

Introduction: the elderly population has increased in Cuba, hence the number of admissions in the intensive care units is expected to rise in the next few years. Objectives: to describe some mortality and morbidity aspects in a series of older adults who were admitted to an intensive care unit. Methods: retrospective, longitudinal, observational and descriptive study conducted in the intensive care unit of Dr Carlos J. Finlay military hospital from January 2011 to December 2014. The final sample was 485 patients selected from 1179 admitted to the hospital in the period. The statistical methods for the study included absolute and relative frequency distributions, central tendency measures, Chi-square and Student´s t tests. The level of significance was set at 5 percent. Results: the sample accounted for 41.1percent of the admissions. The average age was 69.8 ± 6.5 years. Males (55.1 percent) and the 60-69 y age group (51 percent) predominated. The ratio of men/women was 1.2:1. Over half of the patients died on discharge 61.9 percent). The average age of this group was slightly higher than that of the live patients on discharge (70 vs 69.5 years). The clinical admission showed the highest number of hospitalized people (69,1 percent). The mean of APACHE (Acute Physiology, Age, Chronic Health Evaluation) was 19.9, being higher in dead patients than in the ones alive. In the sample, 71.5 percent of patients were mechanically ventilated. The main cause of death was bacterial bronchial pneumonia (27.6 percent). Conclusions: the older adult represented a significant part of the admissions to the intensive care unit, a high percentage of them required mechanical ventilation and the mortality rate was high(AU)

Morbi - mortalidad del paciente adulto mayor en una sala de cuidados intensivos / Morbidity and mortality of the older patient in an intensive care unit

INTRODUCCIÓN: en Cuba la población del adulto mayor ha aumentado, por lo cual una elevación del número de ingresos de estos en las unidades de cuidados intensivos es de esperar en los próximos años. OBJETIVOS: describir aspectos de la morbilidad y la mortalidad de una serie de adultos mayores que ingresaron en una sala de cuidados intensivos. MÉTODOS: se realizó un estudio observacional, descriptivo, longitudinal y retrospectivo, en la Unidad de Cuidados Intensivos del Hospital "Dr. Carlos J. Finlay" desde enero de 2011 hasta diciembre de 2014. De 1 179 pacientes ingresados en ese período la muestra quedó constituida por 485 pacientes. Los métodos estadísticos utilizados fueron las distribuciones de frecuencia absoluta y relativa, medidas de tendencia central, así como las pruebas del Chi-cuadrado y t. Se consideró como nivel de significación el 5 %. RESULTADOS: la muestra representó el 41,1 % de los ingresos. La edad media fue de 69,8 ± 6,5 años. Predominaron el sexo masculino (55,1 %) y el grupo de edades de 60-69 años (51 %). La proporción del sexo masculino/femenino fue de 1,2:1. Más de la mitad de los pacientes egresaron fallecidos (61,9 %). La edad media de este grupo fue ligeramente superior a la de los egresados vivos (70 vs 69,5 años). El ingreso clínico se adjudicó el mayor número de ingresos (69,1 %). La media del valor del APACHE II (Acute Physiology, Age, Chronic Health Evaluation) fue de 19,9; en los fallecidos fue superior que en los vivos (23,6 vs 13,9). El 71,5 % de los pacientes recibieron ventilación mecánica. La principal causa de muerte fue la bronconeumonía bacteriana (27,6 %). CONCLUSIONES: el adulto mayor representó una parte significativa de los ingresos en la unidad de cuidados intensivos, un porcentaje alto requirió ventilación mecánica y la mortalidad fue elevada.

INTRODUCTION: the elderly population has increased in Cuba, hence the number of admissions in the intensive care units is expected to rise in the next few years. OBJECTIVES: to describe some mortality and morbidity aspects in a series of older adults who were admitted to an intensive care unit. METHODS: retrospective, longitudinal, observational and descriptive study conducted in the intensive care unit of ¨Dr Carlos J. Finlay¨ military hospital from January 2011 to December 2014. The final sample was 485 patients selected from 1179 admitted to the hospital in the period. The statistical methods for the study included absolute and relative frequency distributions, central tendency measures, Chi-square and Student´s t tests. The level of significance was set at 5%. RESULTS: the sample accounted for 41.1% of the admissions. The average age was 69.8 ± 6.5 years. Males (55.1%) and the 60-69 y age group (51%) predominated. The ratio of men/women was 1.2:1. Over half of the patients died on discharge 61.9%). The average age of this group was slightly higher than that of the live patients on discharge (70 vs 69.5 years). The clinical admission showed the highest number of hospitalized people (69,1%). The mean of APACHE (Acute Physiology, Age, Chronic Health Evaluation) was 19.9, being higher in dead patients than in the ones alive. In the sample, 71.5% of patients were mechanically ventilated. The main cause of death was bacterial bronchial pneumonia (27.6%). CONCLUSIONS: the older adult represented a significant part of the admissions to the intensive care unit, a high percentage of them required mechanical ventilation and the mortality rate was high.

Ajudar os bebés a respirar: bordagem do processo em Moçambique / Helping babies breathe: process approach in mozambique

Em Moçambique, o Programa Integrado de Saúde Materna e Infantil (MCHIP) em parceria com parceiros de cooperação do MISAU prestam assistência na extenção para 122 maternidades da Iniciativa Maternidades Modelo (IMM). No período 2011-2014, o programa adaptou e implementou a abordagem Ajudar Bebés a Resperirar (ABR), através de um processo de formação para a melhoria da qualidade para aqueles que cuidam de bebés ao nacimento, para que os cuidados de saúde estejem a um elevado nível de qualidade, obedecendo a padrões existentes baseados nesta métodogia. A abordagem ABR, centra-se em capacitar os técnicos de saúde em habilidades de ressuscitação dos recém nascidos (RN) nos primeiros minutos, designado "o minuto dorado" quando a estimulação para respirar e a ventilação com balão e máscara podem salvar uma vida e, preconiza que pelo menos uma pessoa qualificada em ABR deve estar presente em todos nascimentos.

Epidemiology of viral-associated acute lower respiratory tract infection among children <5 years of age in a high HIV prevalence setting, South Africa, 2009-2012.

BACKGROUND: Data on the epidemiology of viral-associated acute lower respiratory tract infection (LRTI) from high HIV prevalence settings are limited. We aimed to describe LRTI hospitalizations among South African children aged <5 years. METHODS: We prospectively enrolled hospitalized children with physician-diagnosed LRTI from 5 sites in 4 provinces from 2009 to 2012. Using polymerase chain reaction (PCR), nasopharyngeal aspirates were tested for 10 viruses and blood for pneumococcal DNA. Incidence was estimated at 1 site with available population denominators. RESULTS: We enrolled 8723 children aged <5 years with LRTI, including 64% <12 months. The case-fatality ratio was 2% (150/8512). HIV prevalence among tested children was 12% (705/5964). The overall prevalence of respiratory viruses identified was 78% (6517/8393), including 37% rhinovirus, 26% respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), 7% influenza and 5% human metapneumovirus. Four percent (253/6612) tested positive for pneumococcus. The annual incidence of LRTI hospitalization ranged from 2530 to 3173/100,000 population and was highest in infants (8446-10532/100,000). LRTI incidence was 1.1 to 3.0-fold greater in HIV-infected than HIV-uninfected children. In multivariable analysis, compared to HIV-uninfected children, HIV-infected children were more likely to require supplemental-oxygen [odds ratio (OR): 1.3, 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.1-1.7)], be hospitalized >7 days (OR: 3.8, 95% CI: 2.8-5.0) and had a higher case-fatality ratio (OR: 4.2, 95% CI: 2.6-6.8). In multivariable analysis, HIV-infection (OR: 3.7, 95% CI: 2.2-6.1), pneumococcal coinfection (OR: 2.4, 95% CI: 1.1-5.6), mechanical ventilation (OR: 6.9, 95% CI: 2.7-17.6) and receipt of supplemental-oxygen (OR: 27.3, 95% CI: 13.2-55.9) were associated with death. CONCLUSIONS: HIV-infection was associated with an increased risk of LRTI hospitalization and death. A viral pathogen, commonly RSV, was identified in a high proportion of LRTI cases.

Acute die-off of chamois (Rupicapra rupicapra) in the Eastern Austrian Alps due to bacterial bronchopneumonia with Pasteurellaceae.

Monitoring circulating pathogens in wildlife populations is important in evaluating causes and sources of disease as well as understanding transmission between wild and domestic animals. In spring 2010, a sudden die-off in a chamois (Rupicapra rupicapra) population sharing habitat with livestock occurred in northeastern Austria. Nineteen animals were submitted for examination. Necropsy and pathohistologic and bacteriologic results yielded lesions associated with Pasteurellaceae species. Additional testing included enterobacterial repetitive intergenic consensus and random amplification of polymorphic DNA PCR analysis to evaluate the circulating strains. The isolated strains were most closely related to Mannheimia glucosida and Bibersteinia trehalosi. Reports of mass mortalities in chamois due to pneumonia have been reported previously in the northern Alpine area of Italy. To the authors' knowledge, this is the first report of acute mortality due to strains of Mannheimia and Bibersteinia in Austrian chamois.

More codeine fatalities after tonsillectomy in North American children.

In 2009 we reported the fatal case of a toddler who had received codeine after adenotonsillectomy for obstructive sleep apnea syndrome. The child was an ultra-rapid metabolizer of cytochrome P4502D6 (CYP2D6). We now report 3 additional fatal or life-threatening cases from North America. In the 2 fatal cases, functional gene duplications encoding for CYP2D6 caused a significantly greater production of potent morphine from its parent drug, codeine. A severe case of respiratory depression in an extensive metabolizer is also noted. These cases demonstrate that analgesia with codeine or other opioids that use the CYP2D6 pathway after adenotonsillectomy may not be safe in young children with obstructive sleep apnea syndrome.