Constrictive bronchiolitis obliterans with a presumptive etiology of preceding feline herpesvirus infection in a cat.

BACKGROUND: Bronchiolar disorders are rarely recognized in cats. Constrictive bronchiolitis obliterans is characterized by concentric peribronchiolar fibrosis and inflammation of the bronchioles, but the underlying causes remain poorly understood in current small animal medicine. CASE PRESENTATION: A 9-year-old cat presented with paroxysmal tachypnea, infrequent cough and persistent labor breathing. Thoracic radiography showed lung hyperinflation and bronchointerstitial pattern, and pulmonary function assessment revealed flow limitation in the late-expiratory phase and poor response to short-acting bronchodilator. Dorsally distributed subpleural ground glass opacities with distinct margin and tree-in-bud opacities were observed on lung high-resolution computed tomography. The cat underwent bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) and showed severe neutrophilic inflammation. Feline herpesvirus was the only pathogen detected in the BAL fluid. Multiple therapeutic attempts were unsuccessful and the cat died 8 weeks after the initial presentation. Necropsy revealed the infiltration of inflammatory cells, obstruction of the bronchiolar lumen, and submucosal concentric fibrosis suggesting constrictive bronchiolitis obliterans. Combining the pre- and post-mortem findings, as well as the time from symptom onset or BAL to necropsy, constrictive bronchiolitis obliterans was possibly triggered by a preceding feline herpesvirus infection in this case. CONCLUSIONS: The history of nonvaccinated status, lower airway neutrophilic inflammation, and presence of feline herpesvirus in the BAL fluid without coexistence of other pathogens led to the presumption that constrictive bronchiolitis obliterans was induced by a preceding feline herpesvirus infection in this cat. The pathological changes of bronchiolitis obliterans induced by a preceding feline herpesvirus infection could be different from that of cats with acute herpesvirus pneumonia, such as intranuclear inclusions would disappear over time and were no longer found 7-10 days after inoculation. The presence of patchy distribution of subpleural ground glass opacities on lung high-resolution computed tomography should raise the suspicion of peribronchiolar fibrosis. Clinical awareness of bronchiolar disorders as a differential diagnosis is important in cats with lung hyperinflation and labored breathing who show poor reversibility to bronchodilator.

Constrictive Bronchiolitis Obliterans in a Dog.

A 2 yr old, neutered male rottweiler was evaluated for a chronic cough that had acutely worsened. Computed tomographic examination revealed a diffuse alveolar pattern in the right, middle, and left cranial lung lobes. Aerated parenchymal tissue was not observed in the left cranial lung lobe, and both lobes were markedly decreased in volume. Lobectomy of the right middle and left cranial lung lobes was performed. Histopathologic examination of both lungs identified alveolar collapse associated with marked chronic bronchial and bronchiolar luminal concentric fibrosis leading to reduced airway lumen diameter and bronchiolar destruction. The clinical signs and airway pathology were consistent with constrictive bronchiolitis obliterans. The dog remained stable for over 2 yr with glucocorticoid therapy and intermittent antimicrobics. Although the polypoid form of bronchiolitis obliterans has been described in cattle and occasionally in dogs, constrictive bronchiolitis obliterans has not been reported previously in veterinary species.

Repeated blood instillation into the airway of the horse does not cause pulmonary fibrosis.

REASONS FOR PERFORMING THE STUDY: Exercise-induced pulmonary haemorrhage (EIPH) occurs in nearly all strenuously exercising horses. Recent studies have attempted to identify the role of free blood within the airspaces, in the lung fibrosis that develops within the lungs of EIPH horses. HYPOTHESIS: Repeated exposure of the equine lung to autologous blood results in lung fibrosis similar to that observed in spontaneous EIPH. METHODS: Forty ml of autologous blood from the jugular vein was instilled into preselected lung regions of 6 horses one, 2, 3, 4 or 5 times at 2 week intervals, with 40 ml of saline instilled into the contralateral lung serving as a control. The time interval between instillation of the first blood and euthanasia ranged from 2-10 weeks. The lung from each instillation site was harvested, and the histopathology was scored from each region based upon the presence and abundance of blood, haemosiderin and interstitial collagen. Consequently, at the time of euthanasia, the time since instillation of the first blood ranged from 2-10 weeks. RESULTS: Beyond retention of blood, and the accumulation of haemosiderin, there was no visible increase in perivascular and interstitial collagen within the blood-instilled lung sites. In a small number of regions, there were foci of bronchiolitis obliterans organising pneumonia with collagen accumulation within these foci, but no collagen accumulation with the characteristic perivascular and interstitial histological distribution seen in EIPH. CONCLUSIONS: Free blood within the airways of horses does not result in a qualitative increase in the amount of interstitial collagen within 8-10 weeks, and is therefore an unlikely aetiological factor in the lung collagen accumulation that occurs in EIPH. POTENTIAL RELEVANCE: This study emphasises the efficiency of the equine lung in clearing blood from the airspaces. Further, it suggests that the aetiopathogenesis of EIPH is not driven by events within the airspace lumen, but rather emanates from within the vasculature and lung interstitium.

Circovirose suína / Porcine circovirosis: a review

Por meio de revisão da literatura pertinente foram coligidos e são apresentados os principais dados relativos aos aspectos epidemiológicos, clínicos, anátomo e histopatológicos observados na infecção por Circovírus Porcino tipo 2 (PCV-2) em suínos. São abordados a Síndrome Definhante Multissistêmica dos Suínos Desmamados (SDMDS), o Tremor Congênito Suíno (TCS), a Síndrome da Nefropatia e Dermatite Porcina (SNDP), bem como outras enfermidades associadas ou correlatas, a Síndrome Respiratória e Reprodutiva Porcina (SRRP), a Pneumonia Necrotizante Proliferativa (PNP) e as falhas reprodutivas. Uma vez que a SDMSD já foi registrada na Região Sul do Brasil e no Estado do Rio de Janeiro esse estudo objetiva chamar a atenção para o especial significado dessa virose para a suinocultura brasileira, em função dos prejuízos econômicos por ela determinados.

Circovirose suína / Porcine circovirosis: a review

Por meio de revisão da literatura pertinente foram coligidos e são apresentados os principais dados relativos aos aspectos epidemiológicos, clínicos, anátomo e histopatológicos observados na infecção por Circovírus Porcino tipo 2 (PCV-2) em suínos. São abordados a Síndrome Definhante Multissistêmica dos Suínos Desmamados (SDMDS), o Tremor Congênito Suíno (TCS), a Síndrome da Nefropatia e Dermatite Porcina (SNDP), bem como outras enfermidades associadas ou correlatas, a Síndrome Respiratória e Reprodutiva Porcina (SRRP), a Pneumonia Necrotizante Proliferativa (PNP) e as falhas reprodutivas. Uma vez que a SDMSD já foi registrada na Região Sul do Brasil e no Estado do Rio de Janeiro esse estudo objetiva chamar a atenção para o especial significado dessa virose para a suinocultura brasileira, em função dos prejuízos econômicos por ela determinados.

The literature of Porcine Circovirosis, including the main data on epidemiology and clinical, macroscopic and microscopic alterations of the infection of swine by Porcine Circovirus type 2 (PCV-2), is reviewed. There are various forms of infection: the [Porcine] Postweaning Multisystemic Wasting Syndrome (PMWS), Porcine Congenital Tremor, Porcine Dermatitis and Nephropathy Syndrome, and other associated or correlated diseases as the Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome, Proliferative Necrotizing Pneumonia, and reproductive disorders. As PMWS already has been reported from southern Brazil and from the state of Rio de Janeiro, the objective of this review is to draw attention to the implications of this virosis for swine production in Brazil and its economical importance.

Association of Pasteurella haemolytica, Pasteurella multocida and Haemophilus somnus with pneumonia in calves.

Pathological and bacteriological observations were made on 100 (0.98%) pneumonic lungs of 10140 slaughtered beef calves during March 1995-June 1996 period. Gross lesions were mainly lobular and occasionally lobar pattern and, were frequently observed in the pars cranialis of lobus cranialis dexter. In histological examination, proliferative-exudative pneumonia was observed in 79 cases, and proliferative pneumonia alone in 21 cases. In bacteriological examination, Pasteurella haemolytica. Pasteurella multocida and Haemophilus somnus were isolated from 42.8 and 10 of pneumonic lungs respectively. In 7 cases, P. haemolytica and H. somnus were isolated from the same sample P. haemolytica and P. multocida were also found in the same sample in 2 cases. There was a close relation among these organisms and exudative inflammation (P < 0.01).