Immunorehabilitating effect of ultrahigh frequency electromagnetic fields in immunocompromised animals.

We observed immunorehabilitation effects of ultrahigh frequency electromagnetic fields (microwaves) in immunocompromised animals. It was shown that microwave irradiation of the thyroid gland area could abolish actinomycin D- and colchicine-induced immunosuppression and did not affect immunosuppression caused by 5-fluorouracil. These findings suggest that changes in the hormonal profile of the organism during microwave exposure can stimulate the processes of transcription and mitotic activity of lymphoid cells.

[Effect of radiation-induced bystander chemosignals of mice on the humoral immune response in spleen and lymph nodes of intact recipients].

The ability of post-radiation (4 Gy) bystander chemosignals (the volatile components of mouse urine) to distantly modulate the humoral immune response to the sheep red blood cells in the spleen and popliteal lymph nodes of intact recipients has been investigated. It was shown that the exposure of animals to chemosignals before antigen injection resulted in the decrease and increase of the immune response in the spleen and lymph nodes, respectively. When animals were exposed to chemosignals after the antigenic stimulus, an increased immune response was observed in both spleen and lymph nodes. The contribution of radiation-induced bystander signaling in the response of socially organized animals to the effect of ionizing irradiation is discussed.

Protective antiviral antibody responses in a mouse model of influenza virus infection require TACI.

Antiviral Abs, for example those produced in response to influenza virus infection, are critical for virus neutralization and defense against secondary infection. While the half-life of Abs is short, Ab titers can last a lifetime due to a subset of the Ab-secreting cells (ASCs) that is long lived. However, the mechanisms governing ASC longevity are poorly understood. Here, we have identified a critical role for extrinsic cytokine signals in the survival of respiratory tract ASCs in a mouse model of influenza infection. Irradiation of mice at various time points after influenza virus infection markedly diminished numbers of lung ASCs, suggesting that they are short-lived and require extrinsic factors in order to persist. Neutralization of the TNF superfamily cytokines B lymphocyte stimulator (BLyS; also known as BAFF) and a proliferation-inducing ligand (APRIL) reduced numbers of antiviral ASCs in the lungs and bone marrow, whereas ASCs in the spleen and lung-draining lymph node were surprisingly unaffected. Mice deficient in transmembrane activator and calcium-modulator and cyclophilin ligand interactor (TACI), a receptor for BLyS and APRIL, mounted an initial antiviral B cell response similar to that generated in WT mice but failed to sustain protective Ab titers in the airways and serum, leading to increased susceptibility to secondary viral challenge. These studies highlight the importance of TACI signaling for the maintenance of ASCs and protection against influenza virus infection.

[The influence of postradiation chemical signals of mice on the humoral immune response in recipients in different time relative to antigenic stimulus].

The influence of volatile urine chemosignals of irradiated (4 Gy) mice on the primary humoral immune response to sheep red blood cells in intact recipients was investigated. It was demonstrated that the direction of immunomodulatory effect is dependent upon the time at which the postradiation chemosignals was initially applied. The antibody response to antigen was markedly suppressed in mice that were exposed before antigen injection. When chemosignals applied immediately following inoculation of antigen the antibody response was unaffected. The immune response was increased when chemosignals was loadeded for 1-10 days after immunization. The possible mechanisms of immunomodulation are considered.

[The combined effect of ionizing radiation and benzene on immunoreactivity indices in the spleen and lymph nodes]. / Sochetannyi éffekt ioniziruiushchego izlucheniia i benzola na nekotorye pokazateli immunoreaktivnosti v selezenke i limfaticheskikh uzlakh.

Under the influence of the combined action of gamma irradiation (1 Gy, 1,15 Gy/min) and benzene the synergistic reduction of proportion and absolute content of B-cells and less expressed reduction of absolute content T-cells in spleen and lymph nodes was observed. In spleen the thymus-dependent humoral immune response was resistant to combined effect of irradiation and benzene, while in lymph nodes it was highly sensitive. The profound suppression of antibody formation in lymph nodes was characterized by synergism. It was accompanied by the block of specific recruitment of antigen sensitive cells within drained lymph nodes from migrating stream. The suppression of local immune response resulting from the combined effect of radiation and toxicants may be the cause of protective immunity disturbance.

[The effect of sodium nucleinate on the precursors of antigen-dependent suppressors following irradiation]. / Vliianie nukleinata natriia na predshestvenniki antigenzavisimykh supressorov posle oblucheniia.

Sodium nucleinate was administered perorally to mice in the dose of 30 mg/kg. After the treatment the suppression activity of spleen cells decreased. The decrease was more pronounced in mice exposed to the doses of 0.5 and 1 Gy than in intact mice. The dose of 240 mg/kg did not affect suppression activity.

[The combined action of ionizing radiation and stress on antibody formation in mice]. / Sochetannoe vozdeistvie ioniziruiushchei radiatsii i stressa na antitelogenez u myshei.

Disturbances in humoral immune response to sheep erythrocytes after separate and combined effect of ionizing radiation (2 and 4 Gy) and stress (swimming for 10 of 60 min) was studied in mice. The increase in sensitivity to stress was found in irradiated mice. Superposition of undulating dynamics of post-stress immunosuppression on dynamics of post-radiation disorder was revealed. This is due to the different mechanisms of disturbances: redistribution of precursors of immunocompetent cells between immune organs in the first case and destruction of cells in the second case.

Effect on the immune system of mice exposed chronically to 50 Hz amplitude-modulated 2.45 GHz microwaves.

The effect of continuous (CW; 2.45 GHz carrier frequency) or amplitude-modulated (AM; 50 Hz square wave) microwave radiation on the immune response was tested. CW exposures (6 days, 3 h/day) induced elevations of the number of antibody-producing cells in the spleen of male Balb/c mice (+37%). AM microwave exposure induced elevation of the spleen index (+15%) and antibody-producing cell number (+55%) in the spleen of male mice. No changes were observed in female mice. It is concluded that both types of exposure conditions induced moderate elevation of antibody production only in male mice.

Genetic control of the radiosensitivity of lymphoid cells for antibody formation ability in mice.

To analyze the genetic basis of the relationship between the radiosensitivity of the immune response and radiation lymphomagenesis, we examined the radiosensitivity of lymphoid cells for antibody formation in BALB/cHeA, STS/A, F1 hybrids, and their recombinant inbred mouse strains. The decrease in the number of plaque-forming spleen cells in BALB/cHeA mice exposed to 3 Gy X-irradiation was more than tenfold that in STS/A mice. The phenotype of radioresistance was dominant over sensitivity. The coincidence between the strain distribution patterns of the genetic markers and radiosensitivities of antibody formation in the various recombinant inbred strains was in the region with the Igh locus on chromosome 12. There was obvious difference between the patterns in the region containing the Ifa locus on chromosome 4 which has been shown to be related to the incidence of radiation-induced lymphomas. These results indicate that the region on chromosome 12 may contain major gene(s) related to radiosensitivity for antibody formation.

[Isolated and combined effects of low-level ionizing radiation and hydroquinone on the humoral immunity in the regional lymph nodes]. / Izolirovannoe i sochetannoe vozdeistvie ioniziruiushchei radiatsii v nizkikh dozakh i gidrokhinona na gumoral'nyi otvet v regionarnykh limfaticheskikh uzlakh.

The whole-body exposure of mice to 0.1 Gy gamma-radiation resulted in stimulation of T-cell dependent humoral immune response in lymph nodes. At the same time enhancement of susceptibility of immunocompetent cells to damaging effect of hydroquinone was observed. Under irradiation with doses of 0.5 or 1 Gy which cause dose-dependent immunosuppression, hydroquinone induced stimulation of antigen production.

[Immunopharmacological analysis of secondary postradiation immunodeficiency]. / Immunofarmakologicheskii analiz vtorichnogo postluchevogo immunodefitsita.

A model for secondary postradiation immunodeficiency of mice has been used to compare immunocorrective activities of some new immunomodulators (arbidol, cagocel, myelopid, proleukinferon and fragmine) administered at late times (2-3 months) after exposure to a nonlethal radiation dose (4.0 Gy). The highest immunocorrective effect has been shown with fragmine and proleukinferon.

[Effect of kagocel on the postradiation recovery of the hematopoiesis and immune status in mice exposed to ionizing radiation in sublethal dosage]. / Vliianie kagotsela na postradiatsionnoe vosstanovlenie krovetvoreniia i immunnogo statusa u myshei pri deistvii ioniziruiushchei radiatsii v subletal'noi doze.

The efficiency of interferon inductor, kagocel, in hemopoiesis and immunity disturbances caused by sublethal doses of ionizing radiation was investigated. The experiments showed that irradiation of mice with a dose of 0.9 Gy causes short-term drop of a number of cells in the bone marrow and lymphoid organs, reducing of CFUs and CFU-GM levels, decrease in a number of antibody-formation cells in spleen and falling of reaction of blast-transformation of lymphocytes. The injection of kagocel 1 and 5 days after irradiation enhanced post-irradiation recovery of bone marrow hematopoiesis, stimulated compensatory potential of hematopoietic system and increase in antiviral resistance of irradiated animals.

[The immunostimulating properties of erythrocytes subjected to the action of ultraviolet irradiation and electromagnetic radiation during vibration exposure]. / Immunostimuliruiushchie svoistva éritrotsitov, podvergnutykh deistviiu ul'trafioletovogo oblucheniia i élektromagnitnogo izlucheniia, pri vibratsionnom vozdeistvii.

Erythrocytes exposed to the ultraviolet (EUV) and electromagnetic (EEM) irradiation in healthy rats and rats exposed to vibration can stimulate humoral immune response to the ram erythrocytes. EEM had immune-stimulating activity higher. Heavy subpopulation of EEM and EUV had immune-stimulating activity, light subpopulation of EUV and EEM weakened the immune-stimulating effect caused by heavy EEM and EUV during vibration.

[The recovery of humoral immunity after the long-term action of tritium oxide at different irradiation levels]. / Vosstanovlenie gumoral'nogo immuniteta posle dlitel'nogo deistviia okisi tritiia pri raznykh urovniakh oblucheniia.

Dynamics of recovery of humoral immunity of CBA mice was studied 1, 3, 6 and 12 months after termination of long-term exposure to tritium oxide at various levels of absorbed doses (3, 5 and 9 Gy) and dose rates (3.3, 4.9 and 9.2 cGy.day-1). A severer and more stable residual radiation damage was observed in the department of lymphocyte precursors. A considerable decrease in the content of antibody producers was due to the lymphoid tissue hypoplasia. There was a direct relationship between the immunodeficiency and dose rate and total absorbed dose of beta radiation.

[Suppressive effects of ionizing radiation on immunoproductive cells in laboratory mice]. / Supresivní úcinek ionizujícího zárení na imunoproduktivní bunky laboratorních mysí.

The very sensitive Jerne method of detecting the plaque-forming cells was used in the study of the immunosuppressive effect of ionizing radiation on laboratory mice. A significant immunosuppression was obtained after irradiation of the individual groups of mice with 3, 4, 5 and 6 Gy. Successive regeneration of the immunity system occurred after 42 hours only in the groups of mice irradiated with 3 and 4 Gy. mice; ionizing radiation; immunoproductive cells; Jerne method.

[The immunity indices of rats after the long-term action of tritium oxide or gamma irradiation]. / Pokazateli immuniteta u krys posle dlitel'nogo deistviia okisi tritiia ili gamma-oblucheniia.

In experiments with Wistar rats, a study was made of the content of antibody-forming cells and cytotoxic activity of normal killers after long-term administration of tritium oxide (3HOH) (370 kBq.g-1 of body mass daily, cumulative dose, 8.1 Gy, and dose rate, 8.5 cGy/day), and after gamma irradiation with corresponding doses. The long-term radiation effect caused a decrease in the immunity indices: the impairment of the immune reactions was more pronounced after the effect of 3HOH than after gamma irradiation. Damages to the immune system of mice and rats after irradiation with similar doses were compared.