Resting-state fMRI in patients with refractory epilepsy with and without drop attacks: exploring the connectivity of sensorimotor cortex.

OBJECTIVE: Patients with multifocal or generalized epilepsies manifesting with drop attacks have severe refractory seizures and significant cognitive and behavioural abnormalities. It is unclear to what extent these features relate to network abnormalities and how networks in sensorimotor cortex differ from those in patients with refractory focal epilepsies. Thus, in this study we sought to provide preliminary data on connectivity of sensorimotor cortex in patients with epileptic drop attacks, in comparison to patients with focal refractory epilepsies. METHODS: Resting-state fMRI (rs-fMRI) data was available for 5 patients with epileptic drop attacks and 15 with refractory focal epilepsies undergoing presurgical evaluation. Functional connectivity was analyzed with a seed-based protocol, with primary seeds placed at the precentral gyrus, the postcentral gyrus and the premotor cortex. For each seed, the subjects' timeseries were extracted and transformed to Z scores. Between-group analysis was then performed using the 3dttest+ + AFNI program. RESULTS: Two clusters of reduced connectivity in the group with drop attacks (DA group) in relation to those with focal epilepsies were found in the between-group analysis: the precentral seed showed reduced connectivity in the surrounding motor area, and the postcentral seed, reduced connectivity with the ipsilateral posterior cingulate gyrus. In the intra-group analyses, sensorimotor and premotor networks were abnormal in the DA group, whereas patients with focal epilepsies had the usual connectivity maps with each seed. CONCLUSION: This pilot study shows differences in the cerebral connectivity in the sensorimotor cortex of patients with generalized epilepsies and drop attacks which should be further explored to better understand the biological bases of the seizure generation and cognitive changes in these people.

Active information storage in Parkinson's disease: a resting state fMRI study over the sensorimotor cortex.

Parkinson's disease (PD), the second most frequent neurodegenerative disease, affects significantly life quality by a combination of motor and cognitive disturbances. Although it is traditionally associated with basal ganglia dysfunction, cortical alterations are also involved in disease symptoms. Our objective is to evaluate the alterations in brain dynamics in de novo and recently treated PD subjects using a nonlinear method known as Active Information Storage. In the current research, Active Information Storage (AIS) was used to study the complex dynamics in motor cortex spontaneous activity captured using resting state functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (rs-fMRI) at early-stage in non-medicated and recently medicated PD subjects. Supplementary to AIS, the fractional Amplitude of Low Frequency Fluctuation (fALFF), which is a better-established technique of analysis of rs-fMRI signals, was also evaluated. Compared to healthy subjects, the AIS values were significantly reduced in PD patients over the analyzed motor cortex regions; differences were also found at less extent using the fALFF measure. Correlations between AIS and fALFF values showed that the measures seem to capture similar neuronal phenomena in rs-fMRI data. The highest sensitivity when detecting group differences revealed by AIS, and not captured by traditional linear approaches, suggests that this measure is a promising tool for the analysis of rs-fMRI neural data in PD.