Meat quality of suckling goat raised in differents feeding systems

The objective of this work was to evaluate the effect of three breeding systems on the organoleptic quality and the physico-chemical composition of kids goat meat. Were used thirty newborn baby goats of 3.35 kg ± 0.65 kg crossed Parda Alpina x Undefined Race (SPRD) submitted to three breeding systems: Traditional system-TS; Intensive Feeding System without Concentrate- IS and Intensive Feeding System with Concentrate- IS+C. When the goats reached 12 kg, the animals were slaughtered and chemical and physical analyzes were performed in the evaluation of the meat and sensorial. The experimental design was completely randomized, submitted to analysis of variance and compared by the Tukey test and Ryan-Einot-Gabriel-Welsh at 5%. All analyzed variables were also submitted to Pearson correlation. The meat of the goats submitted to IS+C and IS presented higher intramuscular fat content and better flavor and aroma scores. A of Goats that used concentrated ration (TS and IS+C) showed a more intense red color in the meat than the animals that did not receive concentrate in their diets, besides presenting higher lipid contents in their composition, better scores for these two organoleptic characteristics. The chemical composition of goat meat in both breeding systems indicates that it is low in fat and high in moisture and therefore classified as very tender and juicy. The meat obtained from the IS+C, in general, presented better attributes than the others, believing it in the markets of meat of high quality.

Meat quality of suckling goat raised in differents feeding systems

The objective of this work was to evaluate the effect of three breeding systems on the organoleptic quality and the physico-chemical composition of kids goat meat. Were used thirty newborn baby goats of 3.35 kg ± 0.65 kg crossed Parda Alpina x Undefined Race (SPRD) submitted to three breeding systems: Traditional system-TS; Intensive Feeding System without Concentrate- IS and Intensive Feeding System with Concentrate- IS+C. When the goats reached 12 kg, the animals were slaughtered and chemical and physical analyzes were performed in the evaluation of the meat and sensorial. The experimental design was completely randomized, submitted to analysis of variance and compared by the Tukey test and Ryan-Einot-Gabriel-Welsh at 5%. All analyzed variables were also submitted to Pearson correlation. The meat of the goats submitted to IS+C and IS presented higher intramuscular fat content and better flavor and aroma scores. A of Goats that used concentrated ration (TS and IS+C) showed a more intense red color in the meat than the animals that did not receive concentrate in their diets, besides presenting higher lipid contents in their composition, better scores for these two organoleptic characteristics. The chemical composition of goat meat in both breeding systems indicates that it is low in fat and high in moisture and therefore classified as very tender and juicy. The meat obtained from the IS+C, in general, presented better attributes than the others, believing it in the markets of meat of high quality.(AU)

New world goat populations are a genetically diverse reservoir for future use.

Western hemisphere goats have European, African and Central Asian origins, and some local or rare breeds are reported to be adapted to their environments and economically important. By-in-large these genetic resources have not been quantified. Using 50 K SNP genotypes of 244 animals from 12 goat populations in United States, Costa Rica, Brazil and Argentina, we evaluated the genetic diversity, population structure and selective sweeps documenting goat migration to the "New World". Our findings suggest the concept of breed, particularly among "locally adapted" breeds, is not a meaningful way to characterize goat populations. The USA Spanish goats were found to be an important genetic reservoir, sharing genomic composition with the wild ancestor and with specialized breeds (e.g. Angora, Lamancha and Saanen). Results suggest goats in the Americas have substantial genetic diversity to use in selection and promote environmental adaptation or product driven specialization. These findings highlight the importance of maintaining goat conservation programs and suggest an awaiting reservoir of genetic diversity for breeding and research while simultaneously discarding concerns about breed designations.

Behavior of Saanen dairy goats in an enriched environment / Comportamento de cabras leiteiras Saanen em ambiente enriquecido

The objective of the present study was to evaluate the behavior of lactating Saanen dairy goats housed with or without the use of environmental enrichment technique. Twelve animals were split into two equal groups and assign to one of two treatments: stall with or without enrichment. Five objects were used to enrich the stalls: plastic PET bottles suspended and freely on the floor (both filled with corn as a visual and auditory stimuli), general cleaning brushes fixed to the wall of the stall, suspended tire, and a tree trunk for climbing. The behavior of the goats was observed during two hours for 10 consecutive days. The behaviors were recorded using focal-animal sampling method, observing each animal during 10-minute period. Descriptive statistics were calculated plotting the results in behavior frequency charts. Animals on both treatments showed similar behaviors frequencies for food intake and self-cleaning. However, a higher frequency of stereotyped behaviors was registered in the treatment without environmental enrichment. The highest frequency of interaction was observed for suspended tire, indicating animal’s preference for this object. In conclusion, animals on enriched environment show more different behaviors than animals in non-enriched environment and showed greater preference for some object over others.

Objetivou-se com o presente trabalho avaliar o comportamento de cabras leiteiras da raça Saanen alojadas com ou sem a utilização da técnica de enriquecimento ambiental. Doze animais foram divididos em dois grupos iguais e designados a um dos seguintes tratamentos: baia com ou sem enriquecimento ambiental. Cinco objetos foram utilizados para enriquecer as baias: garrafa PET suspensa, garrafa PET solta no chão (ambas contendo milho como atrativo visual e auditivo), escova de limpeza fixada na parede, pneu suspenso e tronco de árvore para escalada. O comportamento das cabras foi avaliado por duas horas durante dez dias consecutivos e registrado por meio da amostragem focal instantânea durante intervalos de 10 minutos. Estatística descritiva foi calculada para os dados obtidos e criados gráficos de frequências. Animais em ambos os tratamentos tiveram frequências similares para os comportamentos relacionados ao consumo alimentar e autolimpeza. Entretanto, foi registrada maior frequência de estereotipias no tratamento sem enriquecimento ambiental. Foi observada maior interação com o objeto pneu suspenso, indicando a preferência dos animais pelo mesmo. Conclui-se que animais mantidos em ambiente enriquecido tiveram maior acervo comportamental e demonstraram maior preferência por determinados objetos.

Behavior of Saanen dairy goats in an enriched environment / Comportamento de cabras leiteiras Saanen em ambiente enriquecido

The objective of the present study was to evaluate the behavior of lactating Saanen dairy goats housed with or without the use of environmental enrichment technique. Twelve animals were split into two equal groups and assign to one of two treatments: stall with or without enrichment. Five objects were used to enrich the stalls: plastic PET bottles suspended and freely on the floor (both filled with corn as a visual and auditory stimuli), general cleaning brushes fixed to the wall of the stall, suspended tire, and a tree trunk for climbing. The behavior of the goats was observed during two hours for 10 consecutive days. The behaviors were recorded using focal-animal sampling method, observing each animal during 10-minute period. Descriptive statistics were calculated plotting the results in behavior frequency charts. Animals on both treatments showed similar behaviors frequencies for food intake and self-cleaning. However, a higher frequency of stereotyped behaviors was registered in the treatment without environmental enrichment. The highest frequency of interaction was observed for suspended tire, indicating animals preference for this object. In conclusion, animals on enriched environment show more different behaviors than animals in non-enriched environment and showed greater preference for some object over others.(AU)

Objetivou-se com o presente trabalho avaliar o comportamento de cabras leiteiras da raça Saanen alojadas com ou sem a utilização da técnica de enriquecimento ambiental. Doze animais foram divididos em dois grupos iguais e designados a um dos seguintes tratamentos: baia com ou sem enriquecimento ambiental. Cinco objetos foram utilizados para enriquecer as baias: garrafa PET suspensa, garrafa PET solta no chão (ambas contendo milho como atrativo visual e auditivo), escova de limpeza fixada na parede, pneu suspenso e tronco de árvore para escalada. O comportamento das cabras foi avaliado por duas horas durante dez dias consecutivos e registrado por meio da amostragem focal instantânea durante intervalos de 10 minutos. Estatística descritiva foi calculada para os dados obtidos e criados gráficos de frequências. Animais em ambos os tratamentos tiveram frequências similares para os comportamentos relacionados ao consumo alimentar e autolimpeza. Entretanto, foi registrada maior frequência de estereotipias no tratamento sem enriquecimento ambiental. Foi observada maior interação com o objeto pneu suspenso, indicando a preferência dos animais pelo mesmo. Conclui-se que animais mantidos em ambiente enriquecido tiveram maior acervo comportamental e demonstraram maior preferência por determinados objetos.(AU)

Cloning and functional analysis of goat SWEET1.

SWEETs are a recently discovered class of sugar transporters that mediate glucose uptake in the intestine and mammary glands. Our objectives were to clone goat SWEET1 and conduct a functional analysis of its effect on glucose efflux in goat mammary gland epithelial cells. We cloned and sequenced the goat SWEET1 gene from goat mammary glands, then conducted an analysis of the structure of goat SWEET1, including a prediction of the transmembrane helices and potential N-glycosylation sites. To investigate the biological function of goat SWEET1, we also generated goat SWEET1-transfected goat mammary gland epithelial cells using the eukaryotic expression vector pcDNA3.1-gSWEET1. Goat SWEET1 overexpression can reduce glucose absorption in mammary gland epithelial cells with increasing expression of GLUT1, GLUT4, and GLUT12, which may be attributed to glucose efflux arising from the leading role played by goat SWEET1. This study will improve our understanding of the glucose balance in mammary glands and the level of glucose in milk.

Bactérias láticas produtoras de folato e riboflavina: Isolamento e avaliação do seu potencial de aplicação na produção de produtos lácteos caprinos com alto teor de vitaminas / Folate and riboflavin producing lactic acid bacteria: isolation and evaluation of their potential application for production of goat dairy products with higher vitamin content

O valor nutricional e as características físico-químicas fazem com que os produtos lácteos caprinos sejam muito apreciados e tenham um alto valor agregado. Muitas bactérias láticas (BAL) possuem a capacidade de produzir compostos com propriedades benéficas à saúde, inclusive vitaminas do grupo B, como a riboflavina (B2) e o folato (B9), que participam de importantes funções metabólicas. O presente estudo objetivou isolar e identificar BAL capazes de produzir folato e riboflavina, utilizando leite de cabra cru e de queijos de cabra como fonte, para em seguida, avaliar a produção destas vitaminas em leite de cabra UHT, para estimar uma possível aplicação na produção de derivados lácteos de cabra com teores mais altos destas vitaminas. Um total de 179 isolados de BAL, sendo 87 provenientes de leite e 92 de queijos, foram obtidas e analisados quanto à produção de folato e de riboflavina extracelular (EC) e intracelular (IC), empregando-se ensaios microbiológicos apropriados. A produção de folato em meio de cultura a 37ºC foi observada em 151 isolados (84,4%) e de riboflavina em 15 isolados (8,4%), sendo que 14 produziram as duas vitaminas concomitantemente. A média da produção folato total (EC + IC) foi 138,8 µg/L, sendo que em 77 isolados (51%) a produção estava acima da média. Houve diferença significativa entre as médias de produção de folato total pelos isolados de leite e de queijo. A média da produção de riboflavina total (EC + IC) foi 363,7 µg/L, sendo que em 9 isolados (60%) a produção foi acima da média. Com base no RAPD-PCR e sequenciamento da porção 16S do rDNA, foram obtidos 19 perfis genéticos diferentes e identificadas 7 espécies, com predominância de Streptococcus thermophilus (7 isolados), Weissella paramensenteroides (6 isolados) e Lactococcus lactis subsp. lactis (4 isolados). Oito isolados produtores de folato acima da média foram selecionados e submetidos à avaliação da produção de folato em leite de cabra UHT a 37°C, sendo 7 positivas, com média da concentração de folato total de 120,55 µg/L, variando de 12,97 a 261,91 µg/L. Os melhores produtores de folato em leite de cabra UHT foram Lc. lactis subsp. lactis FP368 e St. thermophilus FP34v, FP170v e FP268v. A concentração de folato produzido por estes isolados foi acima da média, evidenciando seu interessante potencial de aplicação na produção de novos derivados lácteos caprinos com teores aumentados desta vitamina. Por outro lado, não foi possível detectar a produção de riboflavina em leite de cabra por nenhum dos isolados testados

Due to the high nutritional value and physicochemical characteristics, goat milk and cheeses are highly appreciated. Many strains of lactic acid bacteria (LAB) are able to produce vitamins from the B complex, such as riboflavin (B2) and folate (B9). These vitamins have important metabolic roles. The present study aimed to isolate riboflavin- and folate-producing LAB strains from goat milk and cheeses, and evaluate the potential application of those strains in the production of goat dairy products with higher content of these vitamins. A total of 179 LAB isolates were obtained from milk (87) and cheese (92) samples. The isolates were evaluated for production of extra (EC) and intracellular (IC) riboflavin and folate, applying appropriate microbiological methods. Among these isolates, 151 (84.4%) were able to produce folate, while 15 (8.4%) displayed the ability to produce riboflavin, and 14 produced both vitamins. The average production of total folate (EC + IC) was 138.8 µg/L, and the amount of folates produced by 77 isolates (51%) were above this average. The differences observed for the average production of total folate from milk and cheese isolates were statistically significant. For total riboflavin (EC+ IC), the average rate was 363.7 µg/L. Nine isolates (60%) presented production rates above the average. No significant difference was observed between the average production of total riboflafin from milk or cheese isolates (319.3 µg/L and 379.8 µg/L, respectively). Based on RAPD-PCR and 16S rDNA sequencing, 19 different genetic profiles were obtained and 7 species were identified, with predominance of Streptococcus thermophilus (7 isolates), Weissella paramensenteroides (6 isolates), and Lactococcus lactis subsp. lactis (4 isolates). Eight isolates that produced folate above the average were selected and tested for vitamins production in UHT goat milk at 37°C. Seven isolates produced an average of 120.55 µg/L of folate in the milk and concentration varied from 12.97 to 261,91 µg/L. The best folate producers were Lactococcus lactis subsp. lactis FP368, Streptococcus thermophilus FP34v, Streptococcus thermophilus FP170v and Streptococcus thermophilus FP268v. The amount of folate produced by these isolates surpassed the average, and was above the amounts described in other studies, evidencing their potential application in the production of goat dairy products with higher content of folate. None of the tested isolates was able to produce riboflavin in UHT goat milk

Use of microsatellite markers to assign goats to their breeds.

We investigated the potential of 17 microsatellite markers for assigning Saudi goat individuals to their breeds. Three local breeds, Bishi, Jabali, and Tohami were genotyped using these markers, and Somali goats were used as a reference breed. The majority of alleles were shared between the breeds, except for some that were specific to each breed. The Garza-Williamson index was lowest in the Bishi breed, indicating that a recent bottleneck event occurred. The overall results assigned the goat individuals (based on their genotypes) to the same breeds from which they were sampled, except in a few cases. The individuals' genotypes were sufficient to provide a clear distinction between the Somali goat breed and the others. In three factorial dimensions, the results of a correspondence analysis indicated that the total variation for the first and second factors was 48.85 and 31.43%, respectively. Consequently, Jabali, Bishi, and Tohami goats were in separate groups. The Jabali goat was closely related to the Bishi goat. Somali goats were distinguished from each other and from individuals of the other three goat breeds. The markers were successful in assigning individual goats to their breeds, based on the likelihood of a given individual's genotype.

Brief Note Low diversity of the major histocompatibility complex class II DRA gene in domestic goats (Capra hircus) in Southern China.

DRA encodes the alpha chain of the DR heterodimer, is closely linked to DRB and is considered almost monomorphic in major histocompatibility complex region. In this study, we identified the exon 2 of DRA to evaluate the immunogenetic diversity of Chinese south indigenous goat. Two single nucleotide polymorphisms in an untranslated region and one synonymous substitution in coding region were identified. These data suggest that high immunodiversity in native Chinese population.

Growth and viability of Liaoning Cashmere goat hair follicles during the annual hair follicle cycle.

Here, we studied hair follicle development of Liaoning Cashmere goats. Every month for 1 year, skin samples were collected from five 1.5-year-old female goats, and made into paraffin sections. A number of parameters were measured of primary and secondary hair follicles via microscopic observation including follicle depth, hair bulb width, dermis and epidermis thickness, changes in follicle activity, and histology. The results showed the presence of three phases in the annual hair cycle: anagen, catagen, and telogen. Primary and secondary hair follicle depth varied across the months; however, no significant difference was obtained between adjacent months (P>0.05). Primary hair follicles had a bigger hair bulb width compared to secondary hair follicles; however, this difference declined during hair follicle developed in anagen. As hair follicle growth slowed, the hair bulb broadened, and hair root depth became shallower. During the entire hair cycle, hair follicle depth and dermis thickness were positively correlated; however, this relationship was not significant (P>0.05) for primary and secondary hair follicle density and the ratio of secondary hair follicle density and primary hair follicle density (S/P ratio). In addition, new and old primary hair follicles coexisted with secondary hair follicles. Finally, secondary hair follicles had a higher activity rate compared to primary hair follicle in adult Liaoning Cashmere goats in certain months.

Genetic relatedness between Ardi, Black Bedouin and Damascus goat breeds.

The present study aimed to analyze genetic relatedness and differentiation of common native goat populations in some countries of the Middle East. The populations were Ardi, Black Bedouin, and Damascus goats in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, Jordan, and Syria, respectively. Domesticated goats of the Middle East are mostly related to common ancestors, but there is limited molecular genetic evidence. Four microsatellite DNA markers were genotyped in 89 individuals of the three populations using an automated genetic analyzer. Ardi, Black Bedouin, and Damascus goats exhibited high average allele number and expected heterozygosity of 8.25, 9, and 7.25, and 0.750, 0.804, and 0.779, respectively. F-statistics for population differentiation showed 6.0% of total genetic variation, whereas 94.0% as differentiation between individuals within all populations. The least varied within populations was Ardi goats, then Damascus goats and finally Black Bedouin goats. Furthermore, the Damascus goat population was more differentiated from Black Bedouin goats than from Ardi goats. On the other hand, there was strong evidence of admixture between the majority of Ardi and Black Bedouin goat individuals but little with those of Damascus goats. Genetic distance between Ardi and Black Bedouin goats was the shortest, whereas it was the longest between Ardi and Damascus goats. The phylogenetic tree clearly revealed the expected degree of differentiation in the three populations. From a genetic conservation point of view, it is recommended to maintain the biodiversity of these distinct populations in case genetic migration of genetic resources and genetic conservation are absent.

Produção de biocompostos com atividade antimicrobiana de Streptomyces sp. ante isolados de mastite caprina / Production of biocompounds with antimicrobial activity of Streptomyces sp. Isolated in face of goat mastitis

Actinomicetos são um dos principais produtores de enzimas, vitaminas e metabólitos secundários, destacando-se o gênero Streptomyces, o qual tem uma ampla capacidade de produção de antibióticos eficazes no combate a diferentes microrganismos, entre eles o Staphylococcus sp. Em virtude dessa eficiência no combate a patógenos, o objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a produção de metabólitos com atividade antimicrobiana produzidos por 67 Streptomyces isolados de liquens da região amazônica, ante isolados de mastite caprina (Staphylococcus aureus) do estado de Pernambuco, Brasil. Foi utilizado um planejamento fatorial para avaliar a influência das fontes de carbono (glicose) 0%, 0,5% e 1% e de nitrogênio (farinha de soja) 1%, 2,5% e 4% na produção dos antimicrobianos, bem como das variáveis pH, biomassa e atividade antimicrobiana. Dos Streptomyces estudados, o DPUA 1566 foi o que se destacou por formação de halos de inibição entre 18 e 26mm ante os isolados de mastite caprina. Foi possível verificar que a fonte de carbono inibiu a produção de antimicrobianos quando submetidos a uma concentração de glicose de 1%; com a retirada desta, os Streptomyces apresentaram uma elevada capacidade de produção de metabólitos com atividade antimicrobiana tendo potencial para o tratamento de mastite caprina.

Actinomycetes are a leading producer of enzymes, vitamins and secondary metabolites, especially the genus Streptomyces, which have a large capacity for the production of natural antibiotics and are effective against various micro-organisms including Staphylococcus sp. Due to this efficiency in combating micro-organisms, the aim of this study was to evaluate the production of metabolites with antimicrobial activity produced by Streptomyces isolated from lichens 67 in the Amazonia, compared to isolates from goat mastitis (Staphylococcus aureus) in the state of Pernambuco, Brazil. We used a complete factorial design to evaluate the influence of concentrations of carbon sources (glucose) at 0%, 0.5% and 1% and nitrogen (soybean flour) at 1%, 2.5% and 4% in the production of antimicrobial metabolites, and the influence of the pH, microbial biomass and activity variables. Of the studied Streptomyces DPUA 1566 what stood out was the formation of inhibition halos between 18 to 26 mm compared to the isolates from goats mastitis. It was noted that the carbon source inhibited the production of antimicrobial metabolites when subjected to a glucose concentration of 1%. However, after the discontinuation, Streptomyces showed a high capacity to produce metabolites with antimicrobial activity, which has an excellent potential for the treatment of mastitis in goats.

Reproductive efficiency of adult and prepubertal goats subjected to repeated follicular aspiration / Eficiência reprodutiva em cabras adultas e pré-púberes após repetidas sessões de aspiração folicular

The objective of this study was to assess the reproductive response of adult and prepubertal goats subjected to repeated laparoscopic ovum pick-up (LOPU). The study animals were divided into two groups, specifically, adult nanny goats (GA, n=10) and prepubertal nanny goats (GP, n=10), which were subjected to estrous synchronization and ovarian stimulation for LOPU. Both groups underwent six LOPU procedures at seven-day intervals and were subsequently subjected to controlled mating and pregnancy diagnosis to evaluate their future fertility. The study showed a reduction in the number of follicles visualized and in the amount and quality of the oocytes that were recovered and exposed to in vitro maturation. As indicated by the fertility test, however, no complications were found during the laparoscopic procedures that would impair the reproductive future of the animals. Therefore, a viable number of oocytes were obtained even with the decreased reproductive efficiency, proving that repeated LOPUs do not interfere with the reproductive of adult and prepubertal nanny goats. These results indicate a positive aspect of this procedure, allowing for increasing reproductive performance of this kind, when used for the production in vitro.

O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a resposta reprodutiva de cabras adultas e pré-púberes submetidas a repetidas aspirações foliculares por videolaparoscopia (LOPU). Os animais do estudo foram divididos em dois grupos, especificamente cabras adultas (GA, n = 10) e pré-púberes (GP, n = 10), que foram submetidas a sincronização de estro e estimulação ovariana para LOPU. Ambos os grupos foram submetidos a seis procedimentos LOPU em intervalos de sete dias e foram posteriormente submetidos à monta controlada e posterior diagnóstico de gestação para avaliar sua fertilidade. O estudo mostrou uma diminuição do número de folículos visualizados, na quantidade e na qualidade dos oócitos que foram recuperados e expostos à maturação in vitro. Tal como indicado pelo teste de fertilidade, no entanto, não foram observadas grandes complicações durante os procedimentos laparoscópicos que pudessem prejudicar o futuro reprodutivo dos animais. Portanto, foi obtido um número de oócitos viáveis, mesmo com a diminuição da eficiência reprodutiva, provando que repetidas LOPU não interferem na reprodutividade de animais adultos e pré-púberes. Estes resultados indicam um aspecto positivo desse procedimento, possibilitando um aumento da eficiência reprodutiva dessa espécie quando utilizado para a produção in vitro.

Produção de biocompostos com atividade antimicrobiana de Streptomyces sp. ante isolados de mastite caprina / Production of biocompounds with antimicrobial activity of Streptomyces sp. Isolated in face of goat mastitis

Actinomicetos são um dos principais produtores de enzimas, vitaminas e metabólitos secundários, destacando-se o gênero Streptomyces, o qual tem uma ampla capacidade de produção de antibióticos eficazes no combate a diferentes microrganismos, entre eles o Staphylococcus sp. Em virtude dessa eficiência no combate a patógenos, o objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a produção de metabólitos com atividade antimicrobiana produzidos por 67 Streptomyces isolados de liquens da região amazônica, ante isolados de mastite caprina (Staphylococcus aureus) do estado de Pernambuco, Brasil. Foi utilizado um planejamento fatorial para avaliar a influência das fontes de carbono (glicose) 0%, 0,5% e 1% e de nitrogênio (farinha de soja) 1%, 2,5% e 4% na produção dos antimicrobianos, bem como das variáveis pH, biomassa e atividade antimicrobiana. Dos Streptomyces estudados, o DPUA 1566 foi o que se destacou por formação de halos de inibição entre 18 e 26mm ante os isolados de mastite caprina. Foi possível verificar que a fonte de carbono inibiu a produção de antimicrobianos quando submetidos a uma concentração de glicose de 1%; com a retirada desta, os Streptomyces apresentaram uma elevada capacidade de produção de metabólitos com atividade antimicrobiana tendo potencial para o tratamento de mastite caprina.(AU)

Actinomycetes are a leading producer of enzymes, vitamins and secondary metabolites, especially the genus Streptomyces, which have a large capacity for the production of natural antibiotics and are effective against various micro-organisms including Staphylococcus sp. Due to this efficiency in combating micro-organisms, the aim of this study was to evaluate the production of metabolites with antimicrobial activity produced by Streptomyces isolated from lichens 67 in the Amazonia, compared to isolates from goat mastitis (Staphylococcus aureus) in the state of Pernambuco, Brazil. We used a complete factorial design to evaluate the influence of concentrations of carbon sources (glucose) at 0%, 0.5% and 1% and nitrogen (soybean flour) at 1%, 2.5% and 4% in the production of antimicrobial metabolites, and the influence of the pH, microbial biomass and activity variables. Of the studied Streptomyces DPUA 1566 what stood out was the formation of inhibition halos between 18 to 26 mm compared to the isolates from goats mastitis. It was noted that the carbon source inhibited the production of antimicrobial metabolites when subjected to a glucose concentration of 1%. However, after the discontinuation, Streptomyces showed a high capacity to produce metabolites with antimicrobial activity, which has an excellent potential for the treatment of mastitis in goats.(AU)

Reproductive efficiency of adult and prepubertal goats subjected to repeated follicular aspiration / Eficiência reprodutiva em cabras adultas e pré-púberes após repetidas sessões de aspiração folicular

The objective of this study was to assess the reproductive response of adult and prepubertal goats subjected to repeated laparoscopic ovum pick-up (LOPU). The study animals were divided into two groups, specifically, adult nanny goats (GA, n=10) and prepubertal nanny goats (GP, n=10), which were subjected to estrous synchronization and ovarian stimulation for LOPU. Both groups underwent six LOPU procedures at seven-day intervals and were subsequently subjected to controlled mating and pregnancy diagnosis to evaluate their future fertility. The study showed a reduction in the number of follicles visualized and in the amount and quality of the oocytes that were recovered and exposed to in vitro maturation. As indicated by the fertility test, however, no complications were found during the laparoscopic procedures that would impair the reproductive future of the animals. Therefore, a viable number of oocytes were obtained even with the decreased reproductive efficiency, proving that repeated LOPUs do not interfere with the reproductive of adult and prepubertal nanny goats. These results indicate a positive aspect of this procedure, allowing for increasing reproductive performance of this kind, when used for the production in vitro.(AU)

O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a resposta reprodutiva de cabras adultas e pré-púberes submetidas a repetidas aspirações foliculares por videolaparoscopia (LOPU). Os animais do estudo foram divididos em dois grupos, especificamente cabras adultas (GA, n = 10) e pré-púberes (GP, n = 10), que foram submetidas a sincronização de estro e estimulação ovariana para LOPU. Ambos os grupos foram submetidos a seis procedimentos LOPU em intervalos de sete dias e foram posteriormente submetidos à monta controlada e posterior diagnóstico de gestação para avaliar sua fertilidade. O estudo mostrou uma diminuição do número de folículos visualizados, na quantidade e na qualidade dos oócitos que foram recuperados e expostos à maturação in vitro. Tal como indicado pelo teste de fertilidade, no entanto, não foram observadas grandes complicações durante os procedimentos laparoscópicos que pudessem prejudicar o futuro reprodutivo dos animais. Portanto, foi obtido um número de oócitos viáveis, mesmo com a diminuição da eficiência reprodutiva, provando que repetidas LOPU não interferem na reprodutividade de animais adultos e pré-púberes. Estes resultados indicam um aspecto positivo desse procedimento, possibilitando um aumento da eficiência reprodutiva dessa espécie quando utilizado para a produção in vitro.(AU)

Survival, growth, and hormone production in vitro from preantral follicles of crossbred female goats (Saanen × Anglo-Nubian)

The present study aimed to evaluate the survival, growth, antrum formation, oocyte extrusion, and hormone production during in vitro culture of caprine preantral follicles isolated from pure-breed (Saanen) or crossbreed (F1 generation: ½ Saanen + ½ Anglo-Nubian) goats. Secondary follicles (diameter: 150-250 µm) from Saanen or crossbreed (Saanen × Anglo-Nubian) goats were isolated from the ovarian cortex by microdissection and cultured in vitro for 18 days in α-modified minimum essential medium (α-MEM+) supplemented with vascular endothelial growth factor and increasing concentrations of follicle-stimulating hormone. Every six days follicular morphology, growth, antrum formation, and follicular extrusion were evaluated. In addition, on days 2, 6, 12, and 18 of culture the medium samples were collected and stored at -20°C for further measurement of estradiol and progesterone. The follicular survival, antrum formation, and oocyte extrusion were analyzed by the Chi square test. Follicular diameter and hormone assays were compared using the Kruskal-Wallis test. Survival rates, growth, antral follicle formation, and oocyte extrusion of preantral follicles cultured in vitro were similar between the different genetic groups. The production of estradiol and progesterone indicated the maintenance of cell viability throughout the culture. In conclusion, preantral follicles from pure-breed or crossbreed goats can be used with the same efficiency for in vitro culture of isolated caprine preantral follicles.

Carcass traits of goat kids from different genotypes finished in feedlot / Características de carcaça de cabritos de diferentes genótipos terminados em confinamento

The objective of this study was to evaluate the quantitative and qualitative carcass traits in goat kids finished in feedlot. Thirty goat kids were used non-castrated, with 10 Anglo Nubian x Undefined Breed (UB), 10 Boer x UB and 10 Undefined Breed, with average 19.05 kg BW at the beginning of the experiment, divided into a completely randomized design. The diet used was unique and complete, containing 15.5% crude protein and 2.58Mcal kg-1 DM. The Anglo Nubian x UB goat kids showed higher carcass dressing, fat thickness and GR site in comparison to Boer x UB. However, the Boer x UB obtained higher muscularity index compared with Anglo Nubian x UB and UB. The UB goat kids showed lower percentage of fat and higher muscle:fat relation when compared with Boer x UB. No differences between genotypes for the weight and yields, except for the weight and yields of neck. The Boer x UB goat kids showed better conformation and carcass fatness compared to Anglo Nubian x UB and UB. There was significant correlation between conformation and carcass fatness. Correlation was observed between marbling, fat thickness and pelvic-renal fat. The fat thickness and GR site showed significant correlation, indicating that these evaluations represent the back fat in the carcass of kids goat. The genotype influenced the fat thickness, carcass dressing, conformation and carcass fatness.

Objetivou-se avaliar as características quantitativas e qualitativas da carcaça em caprinos de diferentes genótipos terminados em confinamento. Foram utilizados 30 cabritos, sendo 10 Anglo Nubiana Sem Raça Definida (SRD), 10 Boer SRD e 10 SRD, com peso médio de 19,05kg no início do experimento, distribuídos no delineamento inteiramente casualizado. A dieta utilizada foi única e completa, contendo 15,5% de proteína bruta e 2,58 Mcal de energia metabolizável por quilograma de matéria seca. Os Anglo Nubiana × SRD apresentaram maiores rendimentos de carcaça, espessura de gordura subcutânea e medida GR quando comparados com os Boer SRD. Entretanto, os cabritos Boer SRD obtiveram maior índice de musculosidade em comparação com os demais genótipos avaliados. Os cabritos SRD apresentaram menor percentual de gordura e maior relação músculo:gordura, quando comparados com os Boer × SRD. Não houve diferença entre os genótipos para os cortes comerciais, exceto o peso e rendimento do pescoço. Os cabritos Boer × SRD apresentaram melhor conformação e acabamento de carcaça. Houve correlação significativa entre a conformação e o acabamento de carcaça e entre o marmoreio, a espessura de gordura subcutânea e a medida GR. A área de olho de lombo foi correlacionada com o rendimento de carcaça quente.

Características morfométricas e componentes não-carcaça de caprinos anglonubiano x SPRD terminado em pastagem de caatinga sob suplementação alimentar / Morphometric characteristics and non-carcass components of Anglonubiano x NDB goats finished in pasture of caatinga with supplementation feeding

O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o efeito dos níveis de suplementação sobre as características morfométricas da carcaça e os componentes não-carcaça de caprinos mestiços Anglonubiano x Sem Padrão Racial Definido (SPRD) criados em sistema de pastagem nativa no semiárido, no período da seca. O trabalho foi conduzido entre os meses de agosto a dezembro de 2009 no Instituto Agronômico de Pernambuco, localizado no município de Sertânia-PE, na microrregião do Sertão do Moxotó a 600 m acima do nível do mar. Foram utilizados 28 cabritos mestiços Anglonubiano X SPRD castrados, com seis meses de idade e média de peso vivo (PV) inicial de 18,75 ± 2 kg. O sistema de manejo foi semi-intensivo com os caprinos mantidos a pasto (caatinga) durante o dia e recolhidos no final da tarde em baias individuais, quando recebiam suplementação concentrada (0,0; 0,5; 1,0 e 1,5% do PV). O desempenho produtivo foi influenciado pela suplementação alimentar, com maiores peso vivo e peso de carcaça quente e fria no nível de 1,5% PV de suplementação. Isso também ocorreu para as medidas morfométricas aferidas na garupa (largura e perímetro), melhorando a conformação da carcaça. O peso do pulmão, coração, fígado, baço e pâncreas apresentou influência da suplementação. O intestino delgado apresentou diferença significativa (P<0,05) no peso, que aumentou de forma linear crescente com o aumento dos níveis de suplementação. Em relação aos subprodutos, somente as gorduras (mesentério, omento e gordura total) tiveram aumento do peso devido ao aumento das reservas de energia. O aumento do nível de suplementação proporcionou efeito linear crescente para o peso de carcaça e de alguns órgãos e vísceras que são comercializados na região Nordeste, contribuindo para aumentar o lucro da produção de caprinos na caatinga. O nível de suplementação alimentar de 1,5% PV é o mais indicado para animais criados nessas condições.(AU)

The objective of this work was to evaluate the effect of levels of supplementation in morphometric carcass traits and the non-carcass-components of crossbred Anglo Nubian x non-defined breed (NDB) goats under grazing system of semi-arid native pasture, during the dry season. The study was conducted from August to December, at the Agronomic Institute of Pernambuco, located in the municipality of Sertânia-PE, in the Moxotó microregion 600 m above sea level. Twenty-eight castrated goats Anglo Nubian x NDB, six month-old and averaging 18.75 ± 2 kg of initial live weight (LW) were used. The management system was semi-intensive with animals grazing in native pasture (caatinga) during the day and being transferred to individual pens at the end of the day, receiving concentrate (0.0; 0.5; 1.0 and 1.5% of LW). The productive performance was impacted as increased supplemented feeding, with higher live weight and hot and cold carcass weights at the supplementation level of 1.5% LW. It also occurred to the morphometric measurements made on the back (width and girth). The weight of lung, heart, liver, spleen and pancreas were influenced by the supplementation. Small intestine also showed significant difference (P<0.05) in weight, which increased in a linear way as the supplementation levels increased; related to the co-products, only fats (mesentery, omentum and total fat) increased weight due to increased energy reserves. The increased level of supplementation resulted in a high linear effect for carcass weight and the same effect for some organs and viscera that were marketed in the Northeast region, contributing to increase the income of goat production in the caatinga. The supplementation level of 1.5% LW is the most suitable for animals bred under such condition.(AU)

Carcass traits of goat kids from different genotypes finished in feedlot / Características de carcaça de cabritos de diferentes genótipos terminados em confinamento

The objective of this study was to evaluate the quantitative and qualitative carcass traits in goat kids finished in feedlot. Thirty goat kids were used non-castrated, with 10 Anglo Nubian x Undefined Breed (UB), 10 Boer x UB and 10 Undefined Breed, with average 19.05 kg BW at the beginning of the experiment, divided into a completely randomized design. The diet used was unique and complete, containing 15.5% crude protein and 2.58Mcal kg-1 DM. The Anglo Nubian x UB goat kids showed higher carcass dressing, fat thickness and GR site in comparison to Boer x UB. However, the Boer x UB obtained higher muscularity index compared with Anglo Nubian x UB and UB. The UB goat kids showed lower percentage of fat and higher muscle:fat relation when compared with Boer x UB. No differences between genotypes for the weight and yields, except for the weight and yields of neck. The Boer x UB goat kids showed better conformation and carcass fatness compared to Anglo Nubian x UB and UB. There was significant correlation between conformation and carcass fatness. Correlation was observed between marbling, fat thickness and pelvic-renal fat. The fat thickness and GR site showed significant correlation, indicating that these evaluations represent the back fat in the carcass of kids goat. The genotype influenced the fat thickness, carcass dressing, conformation and carcass fatness.(AU)

Objetivou-se avaliar as características quantitativas e qualitativas da carcaça em caprinos de diferentes genótipos terminados em confinamento. Foram utilizados 30 cabritos, sendo 10 Anglo Nubiana Sem Raça Definida (SRD), 10 Boer SRD e 10 SRD, com peso médio de 19,05kg no início do experimento, distribuídos no delineamento inteiramente casualizado. A dieta utilizada foi única e completa, contendo 15,5% de proteína bruta e 2,58 Mcal de energia metabolizável por quilograma de matéria seca. Os Anglo Nubiana × SRD apresentaram maiores rendimentos de carcaça, espessura de gordura subcutânea e medida GR quando comparados com os Boer SRD. Entretanto, os cabritos Boer SRD obtiveram maior índice de musculosidade em comparação com os demais genótipos avaliados. Os cabritos SRD apresentaram menor percentual de gordura e maior relação músculo:gordura, quando comparados com os Boer × SRD. Não houve diferença entre os genótipos para os cortes comerciais, exceto o peso e rendimento do pescoço. Os cabritos Boer × SRD apresentaram melhor conformação e acabamento de carcaça. Houve correlação significativa entre a conformação e o acabamento de carcaça e entre o marmoreio, a espessura de gordura subcutânea e a medida GR. A área de olho de lombo foi correlacionada com o rendimento de carcaça quente.(AU)

Survival, growth, and hormone production in vitro from preantral follicles of crossbred female goats (Saanen × Anglo-Nubian)

The present study aimed to evaluate the survival, growth, antrum formation, oocyte extrusion, and hormone production during in vitro culture of caprine preantral follicles isolated from pure-breed (Saanen) or crossbreed (F1 generation: ½ Saanen + ½ Anglo-Nubian) goats. Secondary follicles (diameter: 150-250 µm) from Saanen or crossbreed (Saanen × Anglo-Nubian) goats were isolated from the ovarian cortex by microdissection and cultured in vitro for 18 days in α-modified minimum essential medium (α-MEM+) supplemented with vascular endothelial growth factor and increasing concentrations of follicle-stimulating hormone. Every six days follicular morphology, growth, antrum formation, and follicular extrusion were evaluated. In addition, on days 2, 6, 12, and 18 of culture the medium samples were collected and stored at -20°C for further measurement of estradiol and progesterone. The follicular survival, antrum formation, and oocyte extrusion were analyzed by the Chi square test. Follicular diameter and hormone assays were compared using the Kruskal-Wallis test. Survival rates, growth, antral follicle formation, and oocyte extrusion of preantral follicles cultured in vitro were similar between the different genetic groups. The production of estradiol and progesterone indicated the maintenance of cell viability throughout the culture. In conclusion, preantral follicles from pure-breed or crossbreed goats can be used with the same efficiency for in vitro culture of isolated caprine preantral follicles.(AU)