RESUMO
BACKGROUND: Alectinib is a second-generation anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK) inhibitor indicated for ALK-mutated non-small-cell lung cancer. Recently, the association between alectinib and red cell morphological abnormalities has been reported in a few case series. This retrospective observational study aims to determine the frequency of occurrence of acanthocytosis in patients taking alectinib and to evaluate the red cell indices, biochemical markers of haemolysis and eosin-5-maleimide (EMA) binding assay results in patients receiving alectinib. METHODS: Patients who were on alectinib and had a complete blood count test performed in Queen Elizabeth Hospital Haematology Laboratory between 1 May 2021 and 31 August 2021 were included in the study. Haematological investigations that had been performed before and after the commencement of alectinib were reviewed. RESULTS: Fifty patients receiving alectinib were evaluated in this analysis. One hundred per cent of patients showed 3+ acanthocytes on the peripheral blood smears. Compared with the test results before starting alectinib, the post-alectinib blood tests showed a significantly lower haemoglobin concentration, red blood cell count and haematocrit; and a significantly higher mean corpuscular haemoglobin, mean corpuscular haemoglobin concentration and red cell distribution width. All the tested patients showed a marked reduction in EMA mean channel fluorescence compared with normal control. CONCLUSION: Our cohort revealed that alectinib caused significant acanthocytosis in all patients. Alectinib was also associated with changes in red cell indices and biochemical markers of haemolysis, compatible with a spherocytic and anisopoikilocytic morphology with haemolysis. Patients on alectinib had reduced EMA binding.
Assuntos
Carbazóis , Eritrócitos , Piperidinas , Humanos , Piperidinas/uso terapêutico , Piperidinas/farmacologia , Carbazóis/farmacologia , Masculino , Feminino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Estudos Retrospectivos , Idoso , Eritrócitos/efeitos dos fármacos , Eritrócitos/metabolismo , Índices de Eritrócitos/efeitos dos fármacos , Adulto , Inibidores de Proteínas Quinases/farmacologia , Inibidores de Proteínas Quinases/uso terapêutico , Carcinoma Pulmonar de Células não Pequenas/tratamento farmacológico , Carcinoma Pulmonar de Células não Pequenas/sangue , Carcinoma Pulmonar de Células não Pequenas/patologia , Neoplasias Pulmonares/tratamento farmacológico , Neoplasias Pulmonares/sangue , Neoplasias Pulmonares/patologia , Idoso de 80 Anos ou mais , Testes HematológicosRESUMO
Doxorubicin (DOX) is an anthracycline chemotherapy drug widely employed in the treatment of various cancers, known for its potent antineoplastic properties but often associated with dose-dependent cardiotoxicity, limiting its clinical use. This review explores the complex molecular details that determine the heart-protective effectiveness of carvedilol in relation to cardiotoxicity caused by DOX. The harmful effects of DOX on heart cells could include oxidative stress, DNA damage, iron imbalance, disruption of autophagy, calcium imbalance, apoptosis, dysregulation of topoisomerase 2-beta, arrhythmogenicity, and inflammatory responses. This review carefully reveals how carvedilol serves as a strong protective mechanism, strategically reducing each aspect of cardiac damage caused by DOX. Carvedilol's antioxidant capabilities involve neutralizing free radicals and adjusting crucial antioxidant enzymes. It skillfully manages iron balance, controls autophagy, and restores the calcium balance essential for cellular stability. Moreover, the anti-apoptotic effects of carvedilol are outlined through the adjustment of Bcl-2 family proteins and activation of the Akt signaling pathway. The medication also controls topoisomerase 2-beta and reduces the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system, together offering a thorough defense against cardiotoxicity induced by DOX. These findings not only provide detailed understanding into the molecular mechanisms that coordinate heart protection by carvedilol but also offer considerable potential for the creation of targeted treatment strategies intended to relieve cardiotoxicity caused by chemotherapy.
Assuntos
Cardiotoxicidade , Carvedilol , Doxorrubicina , Carvedilol/farmacologia , Carvedilol/uso terapêutico , Humanos , Cardiotoxicidade/prevenção & controle , Cardiotoxicidade/etiologia , Doxorrubicina/efeitos adversos , Doxorrubicina/toxicidade , Animais , Antibióticos Antineoplásicos/efeitos adversos , Antibióticos Antineoplásicos/toxicidade , Cardiotônicos/farmacologia , Cardiotônicos/uso terapêutico , Carbazóis/farmacologia , Estresse Oxidativo/efeitos dos fármacos , Apoptose/efeitos dos fármacos , Propanolaminas/farmacologiaRESUMO
The development of new effective antifungal agents is essential to combat fungal infections. Tetrahydrocarbazole has been exploited as a promising skeleton against various pathogenic microorganisms and is used to search for novel active antifungal compounds. In this study, a library composed of small tetrahydrocarbazole compounds was screened, and a potent antifungal agent, CAR-8, was identified with a minimum inhibitory concentration of 2-4 µg/mL against Candida albicans. CAR-8 showed strong fungicidal activities and killed almost all C. albicans within 3 h at a concentration of 16 µg/mL. At concentrations of 2 and 8 µg/mL, CAR-8 significantly inhibited the formation of hyphae and biofilms. Moreover, CAR-8 at 10 and 20 mg/kg reduced the fungal load and improved the survival in the C. albicans infection model in the invertebrate Galleria mellonella. Transcriptome analysis revealed significant changes in the expression of genes associated with protein processing in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), ER-associated degradation, and unfolded protein response (UPR), which suggested that CAR-8 treatment induced ER stress. Moreover, CAR-8 treatment resulted in various phenotypes similar to tunicamycin, a classical ER stress inducer. These included nonconventional splicing of HAC1 mRNA, the fragmented morphology of ER, the distribution changes of GFP-Snc1 in Saccharomyces cerevisiae, and cell apoptosis probably caused by ER stress. More importantly, the disruption of IRE1 or HAC1 increased the sensitivity of C. albicans to CAR-8, confirming that the UPR signaling pathway was critical for CAR-8 resistance. Overall, our study identifies a potent ER stress-induced antifungal compound that will help the discovery of new antifungal drugs.
Assuntos
Antifúngicos , Candida albicans , Carbazóis , Estresse do Retículo Endoplasmático , Testes de Sensibilidade Microbiana , Antifúngicos/farmacologia , Candida albicans/efeitos dos fármacos , Estresse do Retículo Endoplasmático/efeitos dos fármacos , Carbazóis/farmacologia , Animais , Biofilmes/efeitos dos fármacos , Candidíase/microbiologia , Candidíase/tratamento farmacológico , Resposta a Proteínas não Dobradas/efeitos dos fármacos , Hifas/efeitos dos fármacosRESUMO
Although our skin is not the primary visual organ in humans, it acts as a light sensor, playing a significant role in maintaining our health and overall well-being. Thanks to the presence of a complex and sophisticated optotransduction system, the skin interacts with the visible part of the electromagnetic spectrum and with ultraviolet (UV) radiation. Following a brief overview describing the main photosensitive molecules that detect specific electromagnetic radiation and their associated cell pathways, we analyze their impact on physiological functions such as melanogenesis, immune response, circadian rhythms, and mood regulation. In this paper, we focus on 6-formylindolo[3,2-b]carbazole (FICZ), a photo oxidation derivative of the essential amino acid tryptophan (Trp). This molecule is the best endogenous agonist of the Aryl hydrocarbon Receptor (AhR), an evolutionarily conserved transcription factor, traditionally recognized as a signal transducer of both exogenous and endogenous chemical signals. Increasing evidence indicates that AhR is also involved in light sensing within the skin, primarily due to its ligand FICZ, which acts as both a chromophore and a photosensitizer. The biochemical reactions triggered by their interaction impact diverse functions and convey crucial data to our body, thus adding a piece to the complex puzzle of pathways that allow us to decode and elaborate environmental stimuli.
Assuntos
Carbazóis , Receptores de Hidrocarboneto Arílico , Pele , Humanos , Receptores de Hidrocarboneto Arílico/metabolismo , Pele/metabolismo , Carbazóis/farmacologia , Luz , Animais , Visão Ocular/fisiologia , Transdução de SinaisRESUMO
AIMS: Astrocytic senescence is inextricably linked to aging and neurodegenerative disorders, including Parkinson's disease (PD). P7C3 is a small, neuroprotective aminopropyl carbazole compound that exhibits anti-inflammatory properties. However, the effects of P7C3 on astrocytic senescence in PD remain to be elucidated. METHODS: An in vitro, long culture-induced, replicative senescence cell model and a 1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium (MPP+)/rotenone-induced premature senescence cell model were used to investigate the effects of P7C3 on astrocytic senescence. An in vivo, 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP)-induced mouse PD model was used to study the role of P7C3 in astrocytic senescence. Immunoblotting, real-time quantitative RT-PCR (qPCR), immunofluorescence, subcellular fractionation assays, and immunohistochemistry were utilized to confirm the effects of P7C3 on astrocytic senescence and elucidate its underlying mechanisms. RESULTS: This study determined that P7C3 suppressed the senescence-associated secretory phenotype (SASP) in both cell models, as demonstrated by the reduction in the critical senescence marker p16 and proinflammatory factors (IL-6, IL-1ß, CXCL10, and MMP9) and increased laminB1 levels, implying that P7C3 inhibited replicative astrocytic senescence and MPP+/rotenone-induced premature astrocytic senescence, Most importantly, we demonstrated that P7C3 prevented the death of dopamine (DA) neurons and reduced the behavioral deficits in the MPTP-induced mouse model of PD, which is accompanied by a decrease in senescent astrocytes in the substantia nigra compacta (SNc). Mechanistically, P7C3 promoted Nrf2/Sirt3-mediated mitophagy and reduced mitochondrial reactive oxygen species (mitoROS) generation, which contributed to the suppression of astrocytic senescence. Furthermore, Sirt3 deficiency obviously abolished the inhibitory effects of P7C3 on astrocytic senescence. CONCLUSION: This study revealed that P7C3 inhibited astrocytic senescence via increased Nrf2/Sirt3-mediated mitophagy and suppression of mitoROS, which further protected against DA neuronal loss. These observations provide a prospective theoretical basis for P7C3 in the treatment of age-associated neurodegenerative diseases, such as PD.
Assuntos
Astrócitos , Senescência Celular , Neurônios Dopaminérgicos , Camundongos Endogâmicos C57BL , Animais , Camundongos , Neurônios Dopaminérgicos/efeitos dos fármacos , Neurônios Dopaminérgicos/patologia , Neurônios Dopaminérgicos/metabolismo , Astrócitos/efeitos dos fármacos , Astrócitos/metabolismo , Astrócitos/patologia , Senescência Celular/efeitos dos fármacos , Senescência Celular/fisiologia , Masculino , Fármacos Neuroprotetores/farmacologia , Carbazóis/farmacologia , Modelos Animais de DoençasRESUMO
Ten undocumented carbazole derivatives (2-11) along with the reported analogue (1) were isolated from the mangrove-derived Streptomyces sp. OUCMDZ-5511, cultured with NaBr-supplemented liquid medium. Compounds 1-7 are brominated carbazoles, and 8, 10, and 11 feature an additional thiazole or 2,3-dihydro-1,4-oxathiine rings, respectively. Their structures were identified through spectroscopic techniques, computational chemistry, and X-ray crystallography. Notably, compounds 6 and 8 effectively inhibited immune cell migration, indicating anti-inflammatory activity in vivo, potentially via Myd88/Nf-κB pathways, as suggested for compound 6.
Assuntos
Carbazóis , Streptomyces , Streptomyces/química , Carbazóis/química , Carbazóis/farmacologia , Carbazóis/isolamento & purificação , Estrutura Molecular , Cristalografia por Raios X , Bromo/química , Enxofre/química , Anti-Inflamatórios/farmacologia , Anti-Inflamatórios/química , Anti-Inflamatórios/isolamento & purificação , Biologia Marinha , NF-kappa B/antagonistas & inibidores , NF-kappa B/metabolismo , AnimaisRESUMO
Early studies have shown that the gut microbiota is a critical target during cadmium exposure. The prebiotic activity of epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG) plays an essential role in treating intestinal inflammation and damage. However, the exact intestinal barrier protection mechanism of EGCG against cadmium exposure remains unclear. In this experiment, four-week-old mice were exposed to cadmium (5â¯mgâ¯kg-1) for four weeks. Through 16â¯S rDNA analysis, we found that cadmium disrupted the gut microbiota and inhibited the indole metabolism pathway of tryptophan (TRP), which serves as the principal microbial production route for endogenous ligands to activate the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR). Additionally, cadmium downregulated the intestinal AhR signaling pathway and harmed the intestinal barrier function. Treatment with EGCG (20â¯mgâ¯kg-1) and the AhR agonist 6-Formylindolo[3,2-b] carbazole (FICZ) (1⯵g/d) significantly activated the AhR pathway and alleviated intestinal barrier injury. Notably, EGCG partially restored the gut microbiota and upregulated the TRP-indole metabolism pathway to increase the level of indole-related AhR agonists. Our findings demonstrate that cadmium dysregulates common gut microbiota to disrupt TRP metabolism, impairing the AhR signaling pathway and intestinal barrier. EGCG reduces cadmium-induced intestinal functional impairment by intervening in the intestinal microbiota to metabolize AhR agonists. This study offers insights into the toxic mechanisms of environmental cadmium and a potential mechanism to protect the intestinal barrier with EGCG.
Assuntos
Cádmio , Catequina , Microbioma Gastrointestinal , Receptores de Hidrocarboneto Arílico , Transdução de Sinais , Triptofano , Animais , Catequina/análogos & derivados , Catequina/farmacologia , Receptores de Hidrocarboneto Arílico/metabolismo , Microbioma Gastrointestinal/efeitos dos fármacos , Camundongos , Triptofano/metabolismo , Triptofano/análogos & derivados , Cádmio/toxicidade , Transdução de Sinais/efeitos dos fármacos , Masculino , Intestinos/efeitos dos fármacos , Intestinos/patologia , Camundongos Endogâmicos C57BL , Mucosa Intestinal/efeitos dos fármacos , Mucosa Intestinal/metabolismo , Indóis/farmacologia , Carbazóis/farmacologiaRESUMO
Lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) is a well-documented pro-oncogenic factor in different cancers, but relatively little is known on its biological activity in neuroblastoma. The LPA effects and the participation of the tyrosine kinase receptor anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK) in LPA mitogenic signaling were studied in human neuroblastoma cell lines. We used light microscopy and [3H]-thymidine incorporation to determine cell proliferation, Western blot to study intracellular signaling, and pharmacological and molecular tools to examine the role of ALK. We found that LPA stimulated the growth of human neuroblastoma cells, as indicated by the enhanced cell number, clonogenic activity, and DNA synthesis. These effects were curtailed by the selective ALK inhibitors NPV-TAE684 and alectinib. In a panel of human neuroblastoma cell lines harboring different ALK genomic status, the ALK inhibitors suppressed LPA-induced phosphorylation of extracellular signal-regulated kinases 1/2 (ERK1/2), which are major regulators of cell proliferation. ALK depletion by siRNA treatment attenuated LPA-induced ERK1/2 activation. LPA enhanced ALK phosphorylation and potentiated ALK activation by the ALK ligand FAM150B. LPA enhanced the inhibitory phosphorylation of the tumor suppressor FoxO3a, and this response was impaired by the ALK inhibitors. These results indicate that LPA stimulates mitogenesis of human neuroblastoma cells through a crosstalk with ALK.
Assuntos
Quinase do Linfoma Anaplásico , Proliferação de Células , Lisofosfolipídeos , Neuroblastoma , Transdução de Sinais , Humanos , Lisofosfolipídeos/metabolismo , Lisofosfolipídeos/farmacologia , Quinase do Linfoma Anaplásico/metabolismo , Quinase do Linfoma Anaplásico/genética , Quinase do Linfoma Anaplásico/antagonistas & inibidores , Neuroblastoma/metabolismo , Neuroblastoma/patologia , Proliferação de Células/efeitos dos fármacos , Linhagem Celular Tumoral , Transdução de Sinais/efeitos dos fármacos , Fosforilação/efeitos dos fármacos , Piperidinas/farmacologia , Carbazóis/farmacologia , Proteína Forkhead Box O3/metabolismo , Proteína Forkhead Box O3/genética , Proteína Quinase 3 Ativada por Mitógeno/metabolismo , Proteína Quinase 3 Ativada por Mitógeno/genética , Sistema de Sinalização das MAP Quinases/efeitos dos fármacosRESUMO
To find novel inhibitors of α-glucosidase and α-amylase, a series of new carbazole-oxadiazole derivatives (6a-6n) were prepared, and screened for their anti-α-glucosidase and anti-α-amylase effects. Most of the tested derivatives showed different degrees of α-glucosidase and α-amylase inhibitory activity (IC50: 21.39 ± 0.69-92.05 ± 1.54 µM, 45.53 ± 1.50-126.14 ± 6.33 µM, respectively) compared to the standard acarbose (IC50: 427.00 ± 9.56 µM, 24.68 ± 1.10 µM, respectively). Thereinto, 6c (IC50 = 21.39 ± 0.69 µM) displayed the most effective anti-α-glucosidase activity and 6e presented the best anti-α-amylase activity with an IC50 value of 45.53 ± 1.50 µM. Lineweaver-Burk plot analysis suggested that 6c and 6e behaved as mixed α-glucosidase inhibitor and mixed α-amylase inhibitor, respectively. The results of circular dichroism, atomic force microscope, and molecular docking simulation exposed interaction mechanisms between two preferred compounds (6c and 6e) and their corresponding enzymes. Combined with the possible properties of reducing the elevation in postprandial blood glucose, oral activity, positive bioavailability, and low cytotoxicity of 6c and 6e, it could be concluded that the target derivatives may be able to act as lead molecules for the development of new hypoglycemic agents.
Assuntos
Carbazóis , Desenho de Fármacos , Inibidores de Glicosídeo Hidrolases , Simulação de Acoplamento Molecular , Oxidiazóis , alfa-Amilases , alfa-Glucosidases , Inibidores de Glicosídeo Hidrolases/farmacologia , Inibidores de Glicosídeo Hidrolases/síntese química , Inibidores de Glicosídeo Hidrolases/química , alfa-Glucosidases/metabolismo , Oxidiazóis/química , Oxidiazóis/farmacologia , Oxidiazóis/síntese química , alfa-Amilases/antagonistas & inibidores , alfa-Amilases/metabolismo , Carbazóis/química , Carbazóis/farmacologia , Carbazóis/síntese química , Relação Estrutura-Atividade , Estrutura Molecular , Humanos , Animais , Relação Dose-Resposta a Droga , Hipoglicemiantes/farmacologia , Hipoglicemiantes/química , Hipoglicemiantes/síntese química , Ratos , MasculinoRESUMO
BACKGROUND/AIM: Randomized trials have shown the benefit of combining tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKI) and chemotherapy in the treatment of epidermal growth factor receptor-mutant non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC). For anaplastic lymphoma kinase-rearranged (ALK+) NSCLC, prospective trial results of the combination are not available and have not even been thoroughly investigated in vitro. In this study, we investigated combinations of TKI and chemotherapy using in vitro models of ALK+ NSCLC. MATERIALS AND METHODS: ALK+ cell line models H3122, H2228, and DFCI032 with differing primary resistance to ALK receptor TKIs were used. We investigated short-(viability assay) and long-term (colony-formation assay) cytotoxicity, apoptosis, and cell signaling in response to the combinations of agents. We selected the most commonly used agents, alectinib, cisplatin, and pemetrexed, to investigate the combination effects. RESULTS: In the combination experiments with short-term exposure, synergism between TKI and pemetrexed was observed, while cisplatin had antagonistic effects. In the long-term experiments, the combination of cisplatin and TKI was synergistic in all lines, while no synergism was observed with pemetrexed. Among the chemotherapy and TKI sequences, cisplatin followed by TKI was more cytotoxic than the opposite in two out of the three models. In the TKI-sensitive H3122 cell line, the combination of chemotherapy and TKI combination increased apoptosis. Interestingly, pemetrexed treatment resulted in the activation of ALK, which was abolished with TKI. CONCLUSION: Combining TKI and chemotherapy in ALK+ models has some synergistic effects that overcome primary TKI resistance. However, the synergy varies depending on the chemotherapeutic agent, cytotoxic assay, and the cell line used. Prospective clinical trials are warranted to fully characterize the potential of combination chemotherapy with TKIs in ALK+ NSCLC.
Assuntos
Quinase do Linfoma Anaplásico , Protocolos de Quimioterapia Combinada Antineoplásica , Carcinoma Pulmonar de Células não Pequenas , Cisplatino , Neoplasias Pulmonares , Pemetrexede , Inibidores de Proteínas Quinases , Humanos , Carcinoma Pulmonar de Células não Pequenas/tratamento farmacológico , Carcinoma Pulmonar de Células não Pequenas/genética , Carcinoma Pulmonar de Células não Pequenas/patologia , Quinase do Linfoma Anaplásico/antagonistas & inibidores , Quinase do Linfoma Anaplásico/genética , Quinase do Linfoma Anaplásico/metabolismo , Neoplasias Pulmonares/tratamento farmacológico , Neoplasias Pulmonares/genética , Neoplasias Pulmonares/patologia , Inibidores de Proteínas Quinases/farmacologia , Linhagem Celular Tumoral , Protocolos de Quimioterapia Combinada Antineoplásica/farmacologia , Protocolos de Quimioterapia Combinada Antineoplásica/uso terapêutico , Cisplatino/farmacologia , Cisplatino/administração & dosagem , Pemetrexede/farmacologia , Pemetrexede/administração & dosagem , Apoptose/efeitos dos fármacos , Sinergismo Farmacológico , Resistencia a Medicamentos Antineoplásicos/efeitos dos fármacos , Receptores Proteína Tirosina Quinases/antagonistas & inibidores , Receptores Proteína Tirosina Quinases/genética , Receptores Proteína Tirosina Quinases/metabolismo , Piperidinas/farmacologia , Piperidinas/administração & dosagem , Carbazóis/farmacologia , Carbazóis/administração & dosagemRESUMO
DNA methyltransferase 1 (DNMT1) is the primary enzyme responsible for maintaining DNA methylation patterns during cellular division, crucial for cancer development by suppressing tumor suppressor genes. In this study, we retained the phthalimide structure of N-phthaloyl-l-tryptophan (RG108) and substituted its indole ring with nitrogen-containing aromatic rings of varying sizes. We synthesized 3-(9H-carbazol-9-yl)-2-(1,3-dioxoisoindolin-2-yl)propanoic acids and confirmed them as DNMT1 inhibitors through protein affinity testing, radiometric method using tritium labeled SAM, and MTT assay. Preliminary structure-activity relationship analysis revealed that introducing substituents on the carbazole ring could enhance inhibitory activity, with S-configuration isomers showing greater activity than R-configuration ones. Notably, S-3-(3,6-di-tert-butyl-9H-carbazol-9-yl)-2-(1,3-dioxoisoindolin-2-yl)propanoic acid (7r-S) and S-3-(1,3,6-trichloro-9H-carbazol-9-yl)-2-(1,3-dioxoisoindolin-2-yl)propanoic acid (7t-S) exhibited significant DNMT1 enzyme inhibition activity, with IC50 values of 8.147 µM and 0.777 µM, respectively (compared to RG108 with an IC50 above 250 µM). Moreover, they demonstrated potential anti-proliferative activity on various tumor cell lines including A2780, HeLa, K562, and SiHa. Transcriptome analysis and KEGG pathway enrichment of K562 cells treated with 7r-S and 7t-S identified differentially expressed genes (DEGs) related to apoptosis and cell cycle pathways. Flow cytometry assays further indicated that 7r-S and 7t-S induce apoptosis in K562 cells and arrest them in the G0/G1 phase in a concentration-dependent manner. Molecular docking revealed that 7t-S may bind to the methyl donor S-adenosyl-l-methionine (SAM) site in DNMT1 with an orientation opposite to RG108, suggesting potential for deeper penetration into the DNMT1 pocket and laying the groundwork for further modifications.
Assuntos
Carbazóis , Proliferação de Células , DNA (Citosina-5-)-Metiltransferase 1 , Inibidores Enzimáticos , Humanos , Relação Estrutura-Atividade , Carbazóis/farmacologia , Carbazóis/química , Carbazóis/síntese química , DNA (Citosina-5-)-Metiltransferase 1/antagonistas & inibidores , DNA (Citosina-5-)-Metiltransferase 1/metabolismo , Inibidores Enzimáticos/farmacologia , Inibidores Enzimáticos/química , Inibidores Enzimáticos/síntese química , Proliferação de Células/efeitos dos fármacos , Estrutura Molecular , Antineoplásicos/farmacologia , Antineoplásicos/química , Antineoplásicos/síntese química , Ensaios de Seleção de Medicamentos Antitumorais , Relação Dose-Resposta a Droga , Indóis/farmacologia , Indóis/química , Indóis/síntese química , Simulação de Acoplamento Molecular , Linhagem Celular Tumoral , Ftalimidas , Triptofano/análogos & derivadosRESUMO
Chronic coronary artery stenosis can lead to regional myocardial dysfunction in the absence of myocardial infarction by repetitive stunning, hibernation or both. The molecular mechanisms underlying repetitive stunning-associated myocardial dysfunction are not clear. We used non-targeted metabolomics to elucidate responses to chronically stunned myocardium in a canine model with and without ß-adrenergic blockade treatment. After development of left ventricular systolic dysfunction induced by ameroid constrictors on the coronary arteries, animals were randomized to 3 months of placebo, metoprolol or carvedilol. We compared these two ß-blockers with their different ß-adrenergic selectivities on myocardial function, perfusion and metabolic pathways involved in tissue undergoing chronic stunning. Control animals underwent sham surgery. Dysfunction in stunned myocardium was associated with reduced fatty acid oxidation and enhanced ketogenic amino acid metabolism, together with alterations in mitochondrial membrane phospholipid composition. These changes were consistent with impaired mitochondrial function and were linked to reduced nitric oxide and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor signalling, resulting in a decline in adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase. Mitochondrial changes were ameliorated by carvedilol more than metoprolol, and improvement was linked to nitric oxide and possibly hydrogen sulphide signalling. In summary, repetitive myocardial stunning commonly seen in chronic multivessel coronary artery disease is associated with adverse metabolic remodelling linked to mitochondrial dysfunction and specific signalling pathways. These changes are reversed by ß-blockers, with the non-selective inhibitor having a more favourable impact. This is the first investigation to demonstrate that ß-blockade-associated improvement of ventricular function in chronic myocardial stunning is associated with restoration of mitochondrial function. KEY POINTS: The mechanisms responsible for the metabolic changes associated with repetitive myocardial stunning seen in chronic multivessel coronary artery disease have not been fully investigated. In a canine model of repetitive myocardial stunning, we showed that carvedilol, a non-selective ß-receptor blocker, ameliorated adverse metabolic remodelling compared to metoprolol, a selective ß1-receptor blocker, by improving nitric oxide synthase and adenosine monophosphate protein kinase function, enhancing calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase, probably increasing hydrogen sulphide, and suppressing cyclic-adenosine monophosphate signalling. Mitochondrial fatty acid oxidation alterations were ameliorated by carvedilol to a larger extent than metoprolol; this improvement was linked to nitric oxide and possibly hydrogen sulphide signalling. Both ß-blockers improved the cardiac energy imbalance by reducing metabolites in ketogenic amino acid and nucleotide metabolism. These results elucidated why metabolic remodelling with carvedilol is preferable to metoprolol when treating chronic ischaemic left ventricular systolic dysfunction caused by repetitive myocardial stunning.
Assuntos
Antagonistas de Receptores Adrenérgicos beta 1 , Estenose Coronária , Metabolômica , Metoprolol , Miocárdio Atordoado , Animais , Miocárdio Atordoado/tratamento farmacológico , Miocárdio Atordoado/metabolismo , Miocárdio Atordoado/etiologia , Cães , Metoprolol/farmacologia , Estenose Coronária/tratamento farmacológico , Estenose Coronária/metabolismo , Antagonistas de Receptores Adrenérgicos beta 1/farmacologia , Antagonistas de Receptores Adrenérgicos beta 1/uso terapêutico , Carvedilol/farmacologia , Masculino , Propanolaminas/farmacologia , Carbazóis/farmacologia , Miocárdio/metabolismo , Miocárdio/patologia , Mitocôndrias Cardíacas/efeitos dos fármacos , Mitocôndrias Cardíacas/metabolismoRESUMO
We present the case of a 34-year-old Japanese man with anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK)-positive non-small cell lung cancer and brain metastases. After central nervous system (CNS) disease progression with alecintib and brigatinib, treatment with lorlatinib resulted in a good intracranial response. In this case, we investigated brain penetration ratio of brigatinib using cerebrospinal fluid and paired serum samples, and the ratio was 0.012. Further, we investigated resistance mechanisms via next-generation sequencing (NGS) using lung biopsy at lung cancer diagnosis and brain biopsy sample at progressive disease of brigatinib. No apparent resistance mechanism of known ALK resistance, such as ALK mutations, amplifications, epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) and bypass pathway activation were detected. Taken together, we speculate that the low CNS penetration rate of brigatinib confers CNS progression. Further studies are warranted to reveal the resistance mechanism and propose a treatment strategy for CNS progression in ALK-positive patients.
Assuntos
Adenocarcinoma de Pulmão , Aminopiridinas , Quinase do Linfoma Anaplásico , Carbazóis , Resistencia a Medicamentos Antineoplásicos , Lactamas Macrocíclicas , Lactamas , Neoplasias Pulmonares , Compostos Organofosforados , Piperidinas , Pirazóis , Pirimidinas , Humanos , Masculino , Compostos Organofosforados/uso terapêutico , Compostos Organofosforados/farmacologia , Compostos Organofosforados/administração & dosagem , Lactamas/uso terapêutico , Adulto , Aminopiridinas/uso terapêutico , Aminopiridinas/farmacologia , Quinase do Linfoma Anaplásico/genética , Pirimidinas/uso terapêutico , Pirimidinas/farmacologia , Pirimidinas/administração & dosagem , Neoplasias Pulmonares/tratamento farmacológico , Neoplasias Pulmonares/patologia , Lactamas Macrocíclicas/uso terapêutico , Lactamas Macrocíclicas/farmacologia , Adenocarcinoma de Pulmão/tratamento farmacológico , Adenocarcinoma de Pulmão/patologia , Adenocarcinoma de Pulmão/genética , Pirazóis/uso terapêutico , Pirazóis/farmacologia , Carbazóis/uso terapêutico , Carbazóis/farmacologia , Carbazóis/administração & dosagem , Piperidinas/uso terapêutico , Piperidinas/farmacologia , Neoplasias Encefálicas/tratamento farmacológico , Neoplasias Encefálicas/secundárioRESUMO
Biscarbazole derivative probe (6) (Z)-2-(3-(((9-heptyl-9H-carbazol-3-yl)methylene)amino)-9H-carbazol-9-yl)ethan-1-ol containing an imine group, which is a sensitive and selective fluorescence chemosensor, was designed and synthesized for the effective evaluation of Cu2+ metal ion levels. The synthesized compounds were characterized using 1H NMR, 13C NMR, FT-IR, and MALDI-TOF MS (for compound 6) spectroscopic data. The interaction model between probe 6 and Cu2+ was determined by combining fluorescence methods, 1H NMR titration, Job's plot, and theoretical calculations. For probe 6, the fluorogenic recognition of Cu2+ was investigated by fluorescence spectroscopy, and the optical changes caused by Cu2+ ions were carried out in ACN/H2O (50:50) solution at pH 7.0. Fluorescence probe 6 was found to "turn-off" its fluorescence in the presence of paramagnetic Cu2+ ions. Probe 6 was determined to have a rapid response within 40s and showed a fluorescence response to Cu2+ with a low detection limit of 0.16 µM. Additionally, in vitro anticancer activity and cell imaging studies of probe 6 against the prostate cell line (PC-3) were performed.
Assuntos
Antineoplásicos , Carbazóis , Cobre , Corantes Fluorescentes , Espectrometria de Fluorescência , Cobre/química , Cobre/análise , Humanos , Carbazóis/química , Carbazóis/síntese química , Carbazóis/farmacologia , Antineoplásicos/farmacologia , Antineoplásicos/síntese química , Antineoplásicos/química , Corantes Fluorescentes/química , Corantes Fluorescentes/síntese química , Corantes Fluorescentes/farmacologia , Fluorometria/métodos , Linhagem Celular Tumoral , Células PC-3RESUMO
The role of the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) in regulating oxidative stress and immune responses has been increasingly recognized. However, its involvement in depression and the underlying mechanisms remain poorly understood. This study aimed to investigate the effect of 6-formylindolo[3,2-b]carbazole (FICZ), an endogenous AhR ligand, on a lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced depression model and the underlying mechanism. After being treated with FICZ (50 mg/kg), male C57BL/6J mice received intraperitoneal injection of LPS and underwent behavioral tests 24 h later. The levels of inflammatory cytokines, including IL-1ß, IL-6, and TNF-α, were measured in the hippocampus and serum using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The expression levels of CYP1A1, AhR and NLRP3 were analyzed using qPCR and Western blot. The results showed that, compared with control group, LPS alone significantly down-regulated the expression levels of CYP1A1 mRNA and AhR protein in the hippocampus of mice, reduced glucose preference, prolonged immobility time in forced swimming test, increased IL-6 and IL-1ß levels in the hippocampus, increased serum IL-1ß level, and up-regulated NLRP3 mRNA and protein expression levels in mouse hippocampus, while FICZ significantly reversed the aforementioned effects of LPS. These findings suggest that AhR activation attenuates the inflammatory response associated with depression and modulates the expression of NLRP3. The present study provides novel insights into the role of AhR in the development of depression, and presents AhR as a potential therapeutic target for the treatment of depression.
Assuntos
Carbazóis , Citocromo P-450 CYP1A1 , Depressão , Hipocampo , Lipopolissacarídeos , Camundongos Endogâmicos C57BL , Proteína 3 que Contém Domínio de Pirina da Família NLR , Receptores de Hidrocarboneto Arílico , Animais , Masculino , Camundongos , Comportamento Animal , Carbazóis/farmacologia , Citocromo P-450 CYP1A1/metabolismo , Citocromo P-450 CYP1A1/genética , Citocinas/metabolismo , Depressão/metabolismo , Hipocampo/metabolismo , Interleucina-1beta/metabolismo , Interleucina-6/metabolismo , Lipopolissacarídeos/efeitos adversos , Proteína 3 que Contém Domínio de Pirina da Família NLR/metabolismo , Receptores de Hidrocarboneto Arílico/metabolismo , Fator de Necrose Tumoral alfa/metabolismoRESUMO
Sofosbuvir (SOF) is a P-glycoprotein (P-gp) substrate, and carvedilol (CAR) is an inhibitor of P-gp, suggesting that it may affect the oral pharmacokinetics and safety of SOF. The current study investigated the pharmacokinetic interaction of CAR with SOF and its metabolite, GS-331007, and the possible consequent toxicities in rats. To assess the pharmacokinetics of SOF and GS-331007, rats were divided into three groups; all received a single oral dose of SOF preceded with saline (SAL), verapamil (VER) as a standard P-gp inhibitor, or CAR, respectively. The serosal, plasma, and hepatic tissue contents of SOF and GS-331007 were assessed using LC-MS/MS. Renal and hepatic toxicities were assessed using biochemical and histopathological tests. Serosal and plasma concentrations of SOF and GS-331007 were increased in the presence of CAR, suggesting a significant inhibitory effect of CAR on intestinal P-gp. Simultaneously, the pharmacokinetic profile of SOF showed a significant increase in the Cmax, AUC(0-t), AUC (0-∞), t1/2, and a reduction in its apparent oral clearance. While the pharmacokinetic profile of GS-331007 was not significantly affected. However, this notable elevation in drug oral bioavailability was corroborated by a significant alteration in renal functions. Hence, further clinical investigations are recommended to ensure the safety and dosing of CAR/SOF combination.
Assuntos
Membro 1 da Subfamília B de Cassetes de Ligação de ATP , Carvedilol , Interações Medicamentosas , Sofosbuvir , Carvedilol/farmacocinética , Carvedilol/farmacologia , Carvedilol/administração & dosagem , Animais , Membro 1 da Subfamília B de Cassetes de Ligação de ATP/metabolismo , Membro 1 da Subfamília B de Cassetes de Ligação de ATP/antagonistas & inibidores , Masculino , Ratos , Sofosbuvir/farmacocinética , Sofosbuvir/farmacologia , Sofosbuvir/administração & dosagem , Ratos Sprague-Dawley , Verapamil/farmacocinética , Verapamil/farmacologia , Carbazóis/farmacocinética , Carbazóis/administração & dosagem , Carbazóis/farmacologia , Área Sob a Curva , Propanolaminas/farmacocinética , Propanolaminas/administração & dosagem , Propanolaminas/farmacologia , Fígado/metabolismo , Fígado/efeitos dos fármacos , Antivirais/farmacocinética , Antivirais/administração & dosagem , Antivirais/farmacologia , Rim/metabolismo , Rim/efeitos dos fármacos , Administração OralRESUMO
In order to predict the anti-trypanosome effect of carbazole-derived compounds by quantitative structure-activity relationship, five models were established by the linear method, random forest, radial basis kernel function support vector machine, linear combination mix-kernel function support vector machine, and nonlinear combination mix-kernel function support vector machine (NLMIX-SVM). The heuristic method and optimized CatBoost were used to select two different key descriptor sets for building linear and nonlinear models, respectively. Hyperparameters in all nonlinear models were optimized by comprehensive learning particle swarm optimization with low complexity and fast convergence. Furthermore, the models' robustness and reliability underwent rigorous assessment using fivefold and leave-one-out cross-validation, y-randomization, and statistics including concordance correlation coefficient (CCC), [Formula: see text] , [Formula: see text] , and [Formula: see text] . Among all the models, the NLMIX-SVM model, which was established by support vector regression using a nonlinear combination of radial basis kernel function, sigmoid kernel function, and linear kernel function as a new kernel function, demonstrated excellent learning and generalization abilities as well as robustness: [Formula: see text] = 0.9581, mean square error (MSE) = 0.0199 for the training set and [Formula: see text] = 0.9528, MSE = 0.0174 for the test set. [Formula: see text] , [Formula: see text] , CCC, [Formula: see text] , [Formula: see text], and [Formula: see text] are 0.9539, 0.8908, 0.9752, 0.9529, 0.9528, and 0.9633, respectively. The NLMIX-SVM method proved to be a promising way in quantitative structure-activity relationship research. In addition, molecular docking experiments were conducted to analyze the properties of new derivatives, and a new potential candidate drug molecule was ultimately found. In summary, this study will provide help for the design and screening of novel anti-trypanosome drugs.
Assuntos
Carbazóis , Relação Quantitativa Estrutura-Atividade , Máquina de Vetores de Suporte , Carbazóis/farmacologia , Tripanossomicidas/farmacologiaAssuntos
Antifúngicos , Carbazóis , Pirazinas , Carbazóis/química , Carbazóis/farmacologia , Antifúngicos/farmacologia , Antifúngicos/química , Pirazinas/química , Pirazinas/farmacologia , Concentração de Íons de Hidrogênio , Humanos , Fármacos Fotossensibilizantes/química , Fármacos Fotossensibilizantes/farmacologiaRESUMO
A series of novel carbazole sulfonamide derivatives were synthesized and evaluated for antiproliferative activity. Among them, compounds 7 and 15 showed strong potency (IC50 values of 0.81-31.19 nM) against five different cancer cells including multidrug-resistant MCF7/ADR cells. Compound 15 displayed a high cancer cell selectivity (IC50(L02)/average IC50: SI = 7.7). The l-valine prodrug 7a and the phosphate prodrug 15a exerted rohust in vivo antitumor efficacies and accepted safety prolifes. Further mechanism studies revealed that 7 and 15 directly bind to the colchicine site in tubulin to block tubulin polymerization, promote microtubule fragmentation at the cellular level, and induce apoptosis with G2/M cell cycle arrest. These compounds also inhibit HEMC-1 cells migration and vascular tube formation. Additionally, compound 7 displayed a selective inhibition of Topo I. Collectively, these studies suggest that 7 and 15 represents a promising new generation of tubulin inhibitors for cancer treatment.
Assuntos
Antineoplásicos , Apoptose , Carbazóis , Proliferação de Células , Ensaios de Seleção de Medicamentos Antitumorais , Sulfonamidas , Moduladores de Tubulina , Humanos , Antineoplásicos/farmacologia , Antineoplásicos/química , Antineoplásicos/síntese química , Carbazóis/farmacologia , Carbazóis/química , Carbazóis/síntese química , Relação Estrutura-Atividade , Sulfonamidas/farmacologia , Sulfonamidas/química , Sulfonamidas/síntese química , Proliferação de Células/efeitos dos fármacos , Apoptose/efeitos dos fármacos , Estrutura Molecular , Moduladores de Tubulina/farmacologia , Moduladores de Tubulina/química , Moduladores de Tubulina/síntese química , Tubulina (Proteína)/metabolismo , Relação Dose-Resposta a Droga , Linhagem Celular Tumoral , Animais , Movimento Celular/efeitos dos fármacos , CamundongosRESUMO
Phosphate homeostasis is vital for many biological processes and disruptions in circulating levels can be detrimental. While the mechanisms behind FGF23 regulation have been regularly studied, the role of extracellular phosphate sensing and its impact on fibroblast growth factor 23 (FGF23) expression remains unclear. This study aimed to investigate the involvement of reactive oxygen species (ROS), silent information regulator 1 (SIRT1), and Hairy and Enhancer of Split-1 (HES1) in regulating FGF23 in FGF23 expressing MC3T3-E1 cells. MC3T3-E1 cells treated with ß-glycerophosphate (BGP) resulted in increased Fgf23 expression. Inhibition of ROS formation by inhibition of NADPH oxidase, which is essential for ROS production, did not affect this response to BGP, suggesting ROS is not involved in this process. Moreover, treatment with tert-butyl hydroperoxide (TBHP), a ROS-inducing agent, did not increase Fgf23 expression. This suggests that ROS machinery is not involved in FGF23 stimulation as previously suggested. Nonetheless, inhibition of SIRT1 using Ex527 eliminated the Fgf23 response to BGP, indicating its involvement in FGF23 regulation after BGP treatment. Indeed, activation of SIRT1 using SRT1720 increased Fgf23 expression. Moreover, transcription factor Hes1 was upregulated by BGP treatment, which was diminished when cells were treated with Ex527 implying it is also regulated through SIRT1. These findings suggest the existence of an upstream SIRT1-HES1 axis in the regulation of FGF23 by phosphate, though we were unable to find a role for ROS in this process. Further research should provide insights into phosphate homeostasis and potential therapeutic targets for phosphate-related disorders.