Adenosquamous Carcinoma of the Upper Eyelid in a Dog.

A 12-year-old, male mongrel dog was presented for a 6-month history of a progressive eyelid mass of the right upper eyelid. The dog's medical history reported long-term bilateral topical application of 0.03% tacrolimus ophthalmic ointment for third eyelid plasmoma and treatment cycles with systemic corticosteroids for a long-standing atopic dermatitis. Complete physical and ophthalmologic examination of the dog as well as complete blood count, serum biochemical analysis, urinalysis, thoracic radiographs, and abdominal ultrasonography were performed. The mass involved the skin and the margin of the upper eyelid, which was ulcerated. Conjunctival hyperemia, and the thickening and partial depigmentation of the third eyelid due to plasmoma were present. The plasmoma was observed bilaterally. Histological examination of the eyelid mass showed an invasive proliferation of malignant epithelial cells with intermixing of both adenocarcinomatous and malignant squamous cell components. An eyelid adenosquamous carcinoma was diagnosed. To the best of the authors' knowledge, this is the first report on an adenosquamous carcinoma of the eyelid in a dog. Immunosuppression has been found to be a significant clinical risk factor for cutaneous adenosquamous carcinoma in humans and was considered a possible risk factor for this dog.

Pancreatic adenosquamous carcinoma with invasion to the spleen in a cat.

A four-and-a-half-year-old female Scottish Fold cat underwent partial pancreatectomy with en-bloc splenectomy. The resected specimen was a biphasic tumor that was diagnosed histologically and immunohistochemically as pancreatic adenosquamous carcinoma (ASC), a ductal carcinoma variant according to the WHO classification of tumors in humans. There was a gradual transition between the adenocarcinoma component and the squamous cell carcinoma component. The squamous cell carcinoma component comprised approximately 30-40% of the tumor. A pancreatic tumor infiltrated into the gastrosplenic ligament and spleen with regional lymph node and mesenteric metastases. Pancreatic ASC has not been reported in animals. This is a case report of feline pancreatic ASC with splenic involvement.

Spontaneous pulmonary adenosquamous carcinoma in a free-living black capuchin monkey (Sapajus nigritus).

Pulmonary neoplasia is rare among wild New World primates. We report the gross, microscopical, and immunohistochemical features of a primary multicentric pulmonary adenosquamous carcinoma in a free-living black capuchin monkey (Sapajus nigritus). Herein, the spectrum of pulmonary neoplasms in non-human primates is widened and briefly reviewed.

Prognostic Significance of Canine Mammary Tumor Histologic Subtypes: An Observational Cohort Study of 229 Cases.

Histopathology is considered the gold standard diagnostic method for canine mammary tumors. In 2011, a new histologic classification for canine mammary tumors was proposed. The present study was a 2-year prospective study that validated the 2011 classification as an independent prognostic indicator with multivariate analysis in a population of 229 female dogs, identifying subtype-specific median survival times (MST) and local recurrence/distant metastasis rates. Dogs with benign tumors and carcinoma arising in benign mixed tumors all had an excellent prognosis. Dogs with complex carcinoma and simple tubular carcinoma also experienced prolonged survival. Those with simple tubulopapillary carcinoma, intraductal papillary carcinoma, and carcinoma and malignant myoepithelioma had a more than 10-fold higher risk of tumor-related death. The prognosis was even worse for adenosquamous carcinoma (MST = 18 months), comedocarcinoma (MST = 14 months), and solid carcinoma (MST = 8 months). The most unfavorable outcome was for anaplastic carcinoma (MST = 3 months) and carcinosarcoma (MST = 3 months), which also had the highest metastatic rates (89% and 100%, respectively). Adenosquamous carcinoma exhibited the highest local recurrence rate (50%). In the same canine population, the tumor diameter was recognized as a strong predictor of local recurrence/distant metastasis and an independent prognosticator of survival in the multivariate analysis. Excision margins were predictive only of local recurrence, whereas lymphatic invasion and histologic grade were predictive of local recurrence/distant metastasis and survival, although only in univariate analyses. In conclusion, this study validated the 2011 classification scheme and provided information to be used in the clinical setting and as the basis for future prognostic studies.

Characterization of primary pulmonary adenosquamous carcinoma-associated pleural effusion.

A 10-year-old, female spayed Shih Tzu was presented due to weight loss, increased respiratory effort and lethargy, determined to be secondary to a congenital para-esophageal diaphragmatic defect with partial herniation of the stomach and spleen. Four days following reduction surgery of the displaced abdominal organs thoracic effusion developed. Thoracic fluid evaluation revealed a cell-rich, protein-poor modified transudate with neutrophils, reactive mesothelial cells, and atypical epitheloid cells which occasionally appeared to be keratinizing, consistent with neoplastic exfoliation. Thoracic effusion recurred 2 days later, with similar characteristics as the initial sample. Computed tomography (CT) indicated consolidation and displacement of the right middle and accessory lung lobes. Exploratory thoracic surgery demonstrated a thickened, hyperemic right middle lung lobe, and thickened pericardial diaphragmatic ligament. Histologic evaluation of these tissues identified a primary pulmonary adenosquamous carcinoma with intravascular and pleural invasion. Based on these cytologic, histologic, and clinical findings, we conclude that primary pulmonary carcinomas may involve superficial thoracic structures and exfoliate into a thoracic effusion.

IMAGING DIAGNOSIS: COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHIC FINDINGS IN A CASE OF ADENOSQUAMOUS CARCINOMA OF THE HEAD AND NECK IN A CAT.

A 15-year-old female spayed domestic long-haired cat was referred for trismus, hypersalivation, and bilateral ocular discharge. On examination, the cat showed pain on palpation of the left zygomatic arch, palpable crepitus of the frontal region, and limited retropulsion of both globes. A contrast-enhanced sinonasal computed tomographic study was performed, showing facial distortion and extensive osteolysis of the skull, extending beyond the confines of the sinonasal and paranasal cavities. Additionally, soft tissue and fluid accumulation were observed in the nasal cavities and paranasal sinuses. Postmortem biopsy samples acquired from the calvarium yielded a histologic diagnosis of sinonasal adenosquamous carcinoma, a rare and particularly aggressive neoplasm previously only reported in the esophagus of one cat.

Calvaria and orbital metastases of pulmonary adenosquamous carcinoma in a cat: a diagnostic challenge.

An 11-year-old cat with a 4-month history of lethargy, inappetence, dysphagia, partial mandibular paralysis and weight loss, was euthanized due to the rapid deterioration of his condition. Post-mortem radiographic examination revealed severe bone lysis of the left zygomatic arch, temporal and parietal bones. Magnetic resonance imaging of the head showed a large isointense mass of the left side of the skull associated with extensive lysis of the parietal and temporal bones and destruction of the adjacent tympanic bulla. Gross and histological examinations revealed a pulmonary adenosquamous carcinoma of the left lung, with metastases to the spleen, liver, mesenteric lymph nodes, mesentery, diaphragm, abdominal aorta, left orbit and calvaria. No limb or digit metastases were detected.

Adenosquamous carcinoma of the oesophagus in a dog.

A six-year-old mixed-breed male dog weighing 7.0 kg was presented with chronic vomiting and regurgitation. Endoscopic examination revealed prominent oesophageal dilation in the thoracic region, multiple small greyish-white nodules over the oesophageal lumen and cauliflower-like masses in the caudal oesophagus. Histopathological studies revealed a characteristic pattern of coexisting elements of infiltrating adenocarcinoma and squamous cell carcinoma. Immunohistochemical staining with anti-cytokeratin AE1 + AE3 was positive in both types of neoplastic cells. Neoplastic glandular cells stained positively for cytokeratin 8 while neoplastic squamous cells stained positively for cytokeratin 5/6. On the basis of these findings, the dog was diagnosed with oesophageal adenosquamous carcinoma. The case history and findings suggest that the malignancy might have developed from Barrett's oesophagus following irritation of the oesophageal mucosa due to chronic vomiting and regurgitation.

Carcinoma mamário pouco diferenciado em macaco-prego, Cebus sp. (Cebidae) / Mammary high-grade carcinoma in a monkey, Cebus sp. (Cebidae)

As neoplasias mamárias são raras em primatas não humanos, enquanto que nas mulheres apresentam alta incidência. O objetivo deste trabalho foi relatar a ocorrência e os resultados do tratamento de um Cebus sp. (fam. Cebidae) fêmea, com carcinoma mamário pouco diferenciado encaminhado ao Serviço de Atendimento de Animais Selvagens da Universidade Estadual do Centro-Oeste. À inspeção o animal apresentava aumento de volume em região mamária direita e ao exame radiográfico foram observados três pontos de radiopacidade, característicos de projétil balístico de arma de pressão, com um deles alojado ao centro da massa de tecido mamário Após estabilização, a paciente foi submetida à exérese cirúrgica de aumento de volume e o material foi encaminhado para análise histopatológica. O diagnóstico obtido foi de carcinoma de alto grau, compatível com carcinoma adenoescamoso. Após a retirada dos pontos a paciente foi encaminhada ao convívio de outros animais. Mais de 20 meses após a terapia cirúrgica não há sinais de recidiva. A paciente alimenta-se bem, convive normalmente com o grupo, sugerindo que a terapia adotada foi eficiente até o momento em alcançar qualidade de vida e aumento de sobrevida do animal.

Mammary tumors in non-human primates are rare. The aim of this paper is to report the occurrence and treatment outcomes of a female Cebus sp. (fam. Cebidae) with high-grade mammary carcinoma received at the Serviço de Atendimento de Animais Selvagens (SAAS), Universidade Estadual do Centro-Oeste. A right mammary gland nodule was identified and at radiographic examination a point of radiopacity due to gun projectile entrapped within the mammary mass was seen. After the patient stabilization, the mass was excised and submitted to histopathological examination. The diagnosis was of high-grade carcinoma, compatible with adenosquamous carcinoma. The monkey was transported to Wild Animals Treat and Receiving Center (CETAS) and introduced into a colony. More than 20 months after surgery no evidence of relapse was seen and the patient is living with the group. That suggests that the adopted therapy was effective, achieving quality of life and increased survival.

Hypertrophic osteopathy associated with pulmonary adenosquamous carcinoma in a dog.

A six-year-old intact female Maltese dog weighing 3.8 kg presented with a history of mild lameness and swelling on both forelimbs. Radiographic and computed tomographic views revealed an extensive periosteal reaction in all four limbs and a large round mass on the right middle lung lobe. A total lobectomy was performed and pulmonary adenosquamous carcinoma was histologically confirmed. A diagnosis of hypertrophic osteopathy (HO) secondary to a lung tumor was made. Periosteal proliferation decreased significantly after surgery; however, there was evidence of dyspnea, mass recurrence, and periosteal reaction three months post-operatively. This is the first case report of pulmonary adenosquamous carcinoma with HO in a dog in which we describe clinical, imaging, surgical, and histological findings.

Morphologic and molecular analysis of 39 spontaneous feline pulmonary carcinomas.

The present study was performed to determine the morphologic change and selected molecular features of spontaneous lung tumors in cats examined at the North Carolina State University Veterinary Teaching Hospital. Thirty-nine primary lung carcinomas represented 0.69% of all feline cases admitted to the hospital. Most lung tumors were observed in aged cats (P < .0001), and no sex predilection was found (P < .4241). Persian cats with pulmonary carcinoma were overrepresented in the data set, at least 4 times more frequently than other breeds. The histologic tumor types included adenocarcinoma (64.1%), bronchioloalveolar carcinoma (20.5%), and adenosquamous carcinoma (15.4%). Metastasis was observed in about 80% of 39 cases, with decreasing order of intrapulmonary metastasis, intrathoracic carcinomatosis, regional lymph nodes, and distant organs, including digits. The size of the largest tumor mass was significantly associated with metastatic potential (P < .001). Based on immunohistochemistry, more than 80% (20 of 24) of feline lung tumors were positively labeled with either surfactant protein A or thyroid transcription factor 1. Epidermal growth factor receptor mutant and p53 proteins were detected in approximately 20% (5 of 24) and 25% (6 of 24) of the feline lung tumor cases, respectively. Limited sequencing analysis of K-ras and p53 genes in 3 selected normal and neoplastic lung tissues did not reveal any alteration. Results indicate that primary lung carcinomas are rare but aggressive tumors in cats, thereby warranting further studies on molecular carcinogenesis.

Adenosquamous carcinoma with cilium formation, mucin production and keratinization in the nasal cavity of a red fox (Vulpes vulpes schrencki).

A diagnosis of adenosquamous carcinoma was made in an 11-year-old red fox. The animal showed emaciation and purulent nasal discharge. Necropsy revealed diffuse thickening of the nasal mucosa and tumours on the soft palate, and there was an oronasal fistula contiguous with the tumours. The nasal and oral lesions were composed of adenocarcinomatous cells and squamous cells, the latter predominating in the oral lesions. The marrow of the palatine bone also contained neoplastic tissue, which consisted of cysts and keratin masses surrounded by well-differentiated squamous cells. Although inconspicuous in the oral cavity and marrow, ciliated cells with or without mucin were observed in the adenocarcinomatous and cystic elements. Neoplastic basal cells and less-differentiated adenocarcinoma cells, which were identifiable by immunolabelling for cytokeratin 5 (CK5) and CK18, were considered to be pluripotential. These cells, which lined tubular structures, were distinct from intermediate cells in mucoepidermoid carcinoma, which can differentiate into squamous and mucin-producing cells but have a nondescript appearance.

Pulmonary adenosquamous carcinoma in a dog.

A mass that developed in the lung of a 10-year-old mixed-breed dog was pathologically examined. Histopathological examination showed papillary and tubular growth of glandular epithelium-like cells in some areas and growth of squamous cells arranged in nests in other areas, showing coexistence of adenocarcinoma and squamous cell carcinoma in a lung tumour. Immunohistochemical staining with anti-keratin-cytokeratin antibody was strongly positive for cytoplasms in both components. Electron microscopically, the neoplastic cells of the adenocarcinoma component had features of glandular cells, with microvilli, numerous free ribosomes, large round secretory granules and intercellular desmosomes. Non-keratinized squamous cells had tonofilaments and intercellular desmosomes. These findings led to the diagnosis of primary adenosquamous carcinoma, which demonstrates phenotypic profiles characteristic of both epidermal keratinocytes and glandular epithelium.

Pulmonary neoplasia in two llamas (Lama glama).

Two llamas with pulmonary tumors were examined. Llama No. 1 had multiple nodules throughout the lung that consisted histologically of solid clusters of polygonal to spindle cells with rare glandular differentiation. Intravascular emboli were common. Similar neoplastic masses were present in the kidney, heart, and liver. Immunohistochemically, neoplastic cells were positive for broad-spectrum cytokeratins (CKs), high-molecular weight CKs, CKs 5/6, and vimentin. The diagnosis was pulmonary carcinoma. Llama No. 2 had pulmonary nodules without extrapulmonary involvement. Microscopically, neoplastic cells formed acini lined by simple epithelium and solid cords of squamous cells that sometimes surrounded acini. Neoplastic cells were strongly positive for broad-spectrum CKs and weakly positive for thyroid transcription factor-1. The diagnosis was adenosquamous carcinoma. Pulmonary tumors account for 23% of neoplasms in South American camelids in our laboratory, making this the second most common type of neoplasm after lymphosarcoma.

Esophageal adenosquamous carcinoma in a cat.

Esophageal carcinoma was observed in an eight-year-old, castrated male, Japanese domestic cat. Histologically, this neoplasm consisted of two different growth patterns, squamous cell carcinoma and adenocarcinoma. The results of immunohistochemical examination supported the fact that the two kinds of neoplastic cells have different characteristics. The tumor was, therefore, diagnosed as adenosquamous carcinoma. Esophageal tumors in the cat are very rare and, if any, neither adenocarcinoma nor adenosquamous carcinoma has been reported up to the present.

Proliferation indices in spontaneous canine lung cancer: proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA), Ki-67 (MIB1) and mitotic counts.

Proliferation indices were measured for specimens from 55 spontaneous canine lung tumours, collected by surgical biopsy from clinical patients and archived in paraffin wax blocks. These indices were then related to the mitotic index and histological type of the tumour. Proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) and Ki-67 (MIB1) proteins were detected immunohistochemically with a biotin-streptavidin amplified detection system on a representative tissue section from each tumour. Five adjacent, non-overlapping fields were selected at random, and 200 cells per field were examined in each section. For PCNA, cells were classified subjectively into negative, weak or strong reactivity groups, based on nuclear staining. MIB1 cells were classified as negative or positive, based on nuclear staining. Mitotic figures were counted in anti-PCNA-labelled and anti-MIB1-labelled sections, in the same tumour areas as those in which indices were established. Mitotic counts were also done on haematoxylin and eosin-stained tissue sections. Linear regression analysis showed that all PCNA, MIB1 and mitotic indices had highly significant positive correlations (P<0.0001) with each other. Adenosquamous and squamous cell carcinomas differed from other histological tumour types in having significantly higher proliferation indices. These data suggest that growth rates for lung tumours in the dog vary according to histological type. On the basis of differences in proliferation indices and the distribution of immunoreactivity between histological subtypes in this study, it would seem that immunohistochemical detection of PCNA and MIB/1 reactivity and analysis of mitotic figures in routinely processed tissues may be useful in the diagnosis of lung tumours. 1999 W.B. Saunders and Company Ltd.

Prognosis factors for survival in cats after removal of a primary lung tumor: 21 cases (1979-1994).

OBJECTIVE: To identify possible prognostic factors for survival time in cats with a primary lung tumor after surgical excision. STUDY DESIGN: Retrospective clinical study. ANIMAL POPULATION: 21 cats with histologically confirmed primary lung tumors removed surgically. METHODS: Medical records for cats treated between 1979 and 1994 at 14 participating veterinary referral hospitals were reviewed. RESULTS: After surgical resection and recovery, 18 cats died from metastatic disease with a median survival time of 115 days (range, 13 to 1,526 days). Three cats were lost to follow-up at 119 days, 251 days, and 410 days after the surgical procedure. Contingency table analysis to determine if an association existed between clinical findings (breed, age, gender, body weight, clinical signs, duration of clinical signs, and radiographic findings) or histological features and survival time was performed. Only histological morphology of the primary lung tumor showed a significant association with survival time. Twelve cats with moderately differentiated tumors had a significantly longer survival time (median, 698 days; range, 19 to 1,526 days) than the nine cats with poorly differentiated tumors (median, 75 days; range, 13 to 634 days). CONCLUSIONS: Surgical resection of a solitary primary lung tumor in cats is indicated. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: A poor prognosis for long-term survival is warranted for those cats having a poorly differentiated primary lung tumor.

Primary lung neoplasia in a beagle colony.

As part of long-term pulmonary carcinogenesis studies in dogs, it is important to analyze the incidence of spontaneous lung neoplasia. Primary lung carcinoma incidence was determined in two control populations of Beagle dogs observed for their life spans. One population comprised 216 dogs (112 males and 104 females) that were controls for life span studies, and another comprised 182 dogs (50 males and 132 females) that were retirees from a breeding colony. Forty lung neoplasms were noted in the 398 dogs; 35 neoplasms were carcinomas classified as papillary adenocarcinoma (20), bronchioloalveolar carcinoma (9), adenosquamous carcinoma (5), or bronchial gland carcinoma (1). The other five neoplasms were a malignant fibrous histiocytoma, three adenomas, and a fibroma. The crude incidence of lung carcinomas averaged for both populations was 8.8% (35/398) and was dominated by a relatively high incidence of lung neoplasia in aged dogs, those dying after the median life span of 13.6 years.