Catarata e a expressao cromática na obra de Monet / Cataract and chromatic expression in Monet's work

Resumo Por conta de uma doença ocular, a obra de Monet foi analisada por múltiplas facetas, incluindo o reflexo da deterioração de sua visão nos seus trabalhos, motivo deste trabalho de revisão. Tendo como referência este panorama, propõe-se aqui pensar, por meio de algumas obras marcantes da biografia de Monet, a doença ocular catarata e o seu papel na história de vida deste pintor.

Abstract Due to the ocular disease, Monet's work was analyzed by multiple facets, including the reflection of the deterioration of his vision in his works, reason for this work of revision. With reference to this panorama, it is proposed here to think, by means of some remarkable works of the biography of Monet, the ocular cataract disease and the paper of this in the history of this painter's life.

La influencia de las cataratas en la obra pictórica de Mary Cassatt / The influence of cataracts in the paintings of Mary Cassatt

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Cataract couching and the goat's eye.

At the start of the third century, a story told by Claudius Aelianus, Leonidas of Alexandria and pseudo-Galen held that couching originated when a goat with cataract punctured its eye with a thorn. The significance of this story is unknown. We reviewed Graeco-Roman texts to identify the relevance of the goat to the eye. In the works of Hippocrates, Aristotle and Galen, the goat's eye was an eye with intermediate brightness or colour. A dark brown eye with a black pupil was healthy and required no treatment. A bright glaukos eye, with extensive corneal edema or scarring, was not amenable to couching. An eye with a white cataract behind an undilated pupil would appear to have an intermediate brightness and was potentially amenable to couching. The origin myth probably arose when an instructor explained that couching works best for a goat's eye, that is, an eye with intermediate brightness.

Cataract Surgery From 1918 to the Present and Future-Just Imagine!

PURPOSE: To review the history of cataract surgery over the past 100 years, and to offer predictions about new developments that may occur during the next 50 years. DESIGN: Interpretive essay. METHODS: Review of historical literature and author experiences pertaining to cataract surgery, with commentary and perspective. RESULTS: By this time, cataract surgery has advanced to the point that Kelman's introduction of phacoemulsification and use of intraocular lenses (IOLs), both very controversial when initially introduced, have become state of the art. Outpatient surgery, minimally limited mobility, sutureless incisions, and topical anesthesia also have become key components of standard treatment. The author envisions availability of medications for nuclear sclerosis and presbyopia, expansion of lens surgery for refractive purposes with postsurgical adjustment and unprecedented precision, increased mechanization of lens removal with emphasis on uncomplicated surgery rather than refractive precision, and accommodating IOLs all becoming standard. CONCLUSIONS: Acknowledging and appreciating the past contributions of pioneers in cataract surgery is vital to understanding the development of today's clinical care. Clues as to the future do help give us a possible scenario worthy of such conjecture.

La ceguera de Rosalba Carriera. Una artista en la oscuridad / The blindness of Rosalba Carriera. An artist in the darkness

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The Oculist's Eye: Connections between Cataract Couching, Anatomy, and Visual Theory in the Renaissance.

We now know that cataract couching involves depressing an occluded crystalline lens to the bottom of the vitreous chamber, but from the time of Galen until the seventeenth-century cataracts were thought to be separate concretions arising between the crystalline lens and the pupil. From Antiquity through the Renaissance, the combination of visual theory in which the crystalline humor is the author of vision, and surgical experience­that couching cataracts restored some degree of sight­resulted in anatomists depicting a large space between the crystalline lens and the pupil. In the Renaissance, oculists­surgical specialists with little higher education or connections to learned surgery or medicine­overwhelmingly performed eye surgeries. This article examines how the experience and knowledge of oculists, of barber-surgeons, and of learned surgeons influenced one another on questions of anatomy, visual theory, and surgical experience. By analyzing the writings of the oculist George Bartisch (c. 1535­1607), the barber-surgeon Ambroise Paré (1510­1590), and the learned surgeon Hieronymus Fabricius ab Aquapendente (1533­1619), we see that the oculists' understanding of the eye­an eye constructed out of the probing, tactile experience of eye surgery­slowly lost currency among the learned toward the beginning of the seventeenth century.

Aspiration of cataract in 1815 in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.

We present and discuss the previously unrecognized evidence for the possible introduction of cataract extraction by aspiration into modern Western medicine on March 26, 1815, in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, by surgeon Philip Syng Physick. On this date, he successfully extracted a cataract by suction through a tube, according to newspaper reports written by the patient, an attorney who sought a patent on the suction device. Aspects of the patient's account are confirmed by supporting evidence from the medical community and by a cataract instrument set attributed to Physick, which includes a cannula attached to a syringe. The evidence suggests that Physick was the first to reintroduce cataract aspiration to Western medicine.

Don Antonio Gimbernat and his involvement in Ophthalmology. A historical view of cataract surgery

The present article aims to bring together a modest homage to Don Antonio Gimbernat, who felt a great passion for ophthalmology and devoted part of his life to it. In the second half of the eighteenth century, in the surgical field of ophthalmology a race of technical changes and advances began, which have led to the present situation (AU)

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Cataract, ocular surgery, aphakia, and the chromatic expression of the painter Jovan Bijelic.

Background/Aim: Approaching art from the standpoint of optics and the artist's eye pathology can sometimes explain the shift of the spectral colors in the work of some artists with cataract and aphakia. This may not be obvious in the paintings of other artists with the same eye pathology. The aim of this study was to create a timeline from the recently obtained details of the cataract surgery, his best corrected aphakic visual acuity, and the last paintings of the artist Jovan Bijelic. Methods: The research included primary and secondary source material: Bijelic's paintings from all stages of his career, interviews with Bijelic and his eye surgeon, art criticism, sources with the description of Bijelic's symptoms, hospital archives, discussion with art historians, comparison of his palette from different periods. Results: Jovan Bijelic was nearly blind from cataract in 1957. He underwent an unsuccessful cataract surgery in 1956, followed by enucleation of the operated eye. In 1958, 20/25­20/20 vision was regained, after the extracapsular cataract extraction and sector iridectomy in his right eye, with the posterior lens capsule discision afterwards. Xanthopsia and cyanopsia are not present in his art, which is not a representation of visualized objects. Conclusion: The response of Jovan Bijelic to cataract and aphakia was predominantly a change of his style.

Hollow needle cataract aspiration in antiquity.

The dislocation of the crystalline lens or couching technique was the predominant procedure to surgically remove cataracts until the 18th century A.D. However, in the Middle Ages, some Arab physicians tried to aspirate the opaque lens by means of a glass tube following a paracentesis. Some literary sources attributed the origins of this technique to Antyllus of Alexandria, a Greek surgeon who lived in the 2nd century A.D. in the Roman Empire. Nevertheless, this statement remains unclear and is probably the consequence of posterior interpretations or incorrect translations of the manuscripts. In recent years, the discovery of the hollow needles from Montbellet (France) and Viladamat (Spain), in archaeological settlements dated between the 1st century and 3rd century A.D., has reopened the possibility of cataract extraction as an option in the surgical management of soft cataracts in the antiquity. In any case, these findings are exceptional, and thus, probably this technique was not widely practised and very likely disparaged by the medical community.

The first cataract surgeons in Anglo-America.

We tried to identify the earliest cataract surgeons in the English-speaking areas of America. In 1751, couching was performed on the Caribbean island of Montserrat by John Morphy. William Stork of England, who couched cataracts, practiced in Jamaica in 1760 and then in cities from Annapolis to Boston between 1761 and 1764. Frederick William Jericho of Germany, upon completion of his training at Utrecht, published his 1767 treatise on his preferred surgical technique of extracapsular cataract extraction. Jericho had practiced in the Leeward Islands by 1776 and then in cities from Charleston to Boston between 1783 and 1785. The French surgeon Lewis Leprilete was the first to advertise cataract extraction in the United States in 1782 and probably passed on the skill to his protégé, Nathaniel Miller of Massachusetts. Leprilete was also the first to publicize Benjamin Franklin's invention of bifocals. These pioneers exposed American doctors and the public to cataract surgery. Shortly after their arrival, evidence emerges of other surgeons performing these procedures in America.