What is the relevancy of a surveillance of mumps without a systematic laboratory confirmation in highly immunized populations? Epidemiology of suspected and biologically confirmed mumps cases seen in general practice in France between 2014 and 2020.

BACKGROUND: In France, mumps surveillance is conducted in primary care by the Sentinelles network, the National Reference Centre for Measles, Mumps and Rubella and Santé publique France. AIM: The objective of this study was to estimate the incidence of suspected mumps in general practice, the proportion of laboratory confirmed cases and the factors associated with a virological confirmation. METHODS: General practitioners (GPs) participating in the Sentinelles network should report all patients with suspected mumps according to a clinical definition in case of parotitis and a serological definition in case of clinical expression without parotitis. All suspected mumps cases reported between January 2014 and December 2020 were included. A sample of these cases were tested by real time reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) for mumps biological confirmation. RESULTS: A total of 252 individuals with suspected mumps were included in the study. The average annual incidence rate of suspected mumps in general practice in France between 2014 and 2020 was estimated at 11 cases per 100,000 population [CI95%: 6-17]. A mumps confirmation RT-PCR test was performed on 146 cases amongst which 17 (11.5 %) were positive. Age (between 20 and 29 years old), the presence of a clinical complication and an exposure to a suspected mumps case within the 21 days prior the current episode were associated with a mumps biological confirmation. CONCLUSION: If these results confirm the circulation of mumps virus in France, they highlight the limits of a surveillance without a systematic laboratory confirmation in highly immunized populations.

Epidemiology of mumps, mumps complications, and mumps orchitis in Korea using the National Health Insurance Service database.

PURPOSE: To analyze the presentation of mumps and mumps orchitis using the National Health Insurance Service Database (NHISD). MATERIALS AND METHODS: Using information from the NHISD representing all cases of mumps in Korea, data regarding mumps orchitis were analyzed. The International Classification of Diseases, Tenth Revision, and Clinical Modification codes were used for diagnosis. The incidence estimates of the number of mumps cases were analyzed using the Statistical Analysis System (SAS) software. RESULTS: Based on the NHISD, 199,186 people were diagnosed with mumps, and males accounted for 62.3% cases. Teen males accounted for 69,870 cases, the largest number of patients diagnosed with mumps. The annual incidence of mumps increased every year (poisson regression, hazard ratio [HR] 1.026, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.024-1.027; p<0.025). The risk of mumps was lower in females than that in males (poisson regression, HR 0.594, 95% CI 0.589-0.599; p<0.001). Of the 199,186 patients diagnosed with mumps, 3,872 patients (1.9%) had related complications. Among the mumps complications, the most diagnosed complication was mumps orchitis, which was seen in 41.8% of the males. Mumps orchitis cases accounted for less than 1.5% of the patients with mumps in minors under the age of 20 years and was somewhat higher in 2009 and 2013-2015. CONCLUSIONS: Among the complications related to mumps, meningitis was most common in females, while orchitis was dominant in males. Mumps orchitis also shows periodic outbreaks but is particularly prevalent in adults, which suggests the potential need for additional vaccination against mumps.

Seroprevalence of Measles, Mumps, Rubella, and Varicella-Zoster Virus and Seroresponse to the Vaccinations in Adult Solid Organ Transplant Candidates.

BACKGROUND: Updating live vaccines such as measles, mumps, rubella, and varicella (MMRV) is an important step in preparing patients for solid organ transplant (SOT) to prevent morbidity from these preventable diseases. However, data for this approach are scarce. Thus, we aimed to describe the seroprevalence of MMRV and the efficacy of the vaccines in our transplant center. METHODS: Pre-SOT candidates >18 y of age were retrospectively retrieved from SOT database in Memorial Hermann Hospital Texas Medical Center. MMRV serologies are routinely screened at the time of pretransplant evaluation. We divided patients into 2 groups: MMRV-positive group versus MMRV-negative group, patients with positive all MMRV serologies and with negative immunity to at least 1 dose of MMRV, respectively. RESULTS: A total of 1213 patients were identified. Three hundred ninety-four patients (32.4%) did not have immunity to at least 1 dose of MMRV. Multivariate analysis was conducted. Older age (odds ratio [OR]: 1.04) and liver transplant candidates (OR: 1.71) were associated with seropositivity. Previous history of SOT (OR: 0.54) and pancreas/kidney transplant candidates (OR: 0.24) were associated with seronegativity. Among 394 MMRV seronegative patients, 60 patients received 1 dose of MMR vaccine and 14 patients received 1 dose of varicella-zoster virus vaccine without severe adverse events. A total of 35% (13/37) of patients who had follow-up serologies did not have a serological response. CONCLUSIONS: A significant number of pre-SOT candidates were not immune to at least 1 dose of MMRV. This highlights the importance of MMRV screening and vaccinations pre-SOT. Postvaccination serological confirmation should be performed to evaluate the necessity for a second dose.

Viral detection from negative mumps cases with respiratory symptoms in Gwangju, South Korea in 2021.

Mumps is the second-most reported infectious disease in South Korea; however, due to the low pathogen confirmation rate in laboratory diagnoses, we proposed a method for reevaluating the high incidence rate via the laboratory verification of other viral diseases. In 2021, 63 cases of pharyngeal or cheek mucosal swabs of suspected mumps cases in Gwangju, South Korea, were assessed for causative pathogens using massive simultaneous pathogen testing. More than one respiratory virus was detected in 60 cases (95.2%), 44 (73.3%) of which were codetected. Human rhinovirus was detected in 47 cases, followed by human herpesvirus (HHV)6 in 30; HHV4 (17), human bocavirus (17), HHV5 (10), and human parainfluenza virus 3 (6) were also detected. Our findings suggest the need for further investigations on the pathogenesis of diseases mimicking mumps, which are considered to aid with appropriate public health responses, treatment, and the prevention of infectious disease outbreaks.

Factors associated with incomplete vaccination and negative antibody test results for measles, mumps, and hepatitis A among children followed in the MINA-BRAZIL cohort.

Vaccination coverage has been dropping in Brazil and other countries. In addition, immune responses after vaccination may not be homogeneous, varying according to sociodemographic and clinical factors. Understanding the determinants of incomplete vaccination and negative antibody test results may contribute to the development of strategies to improve vaccination effectiveness. In this study, we aimed to investigate the frequency of vaccine adherence, factors associated with incomplete vaccination for measles, mumps, rubella (MMR) and hepatitis A, and factors associated with the seronegative test results for measles, mumps and hepatitis A at 2 years of age. This was a population-based cohort that addressed health conditions and mother/infant nutrition in Cruzeiro do Sul city, Brazil. Vaccination data were obtained from official certificates of immunization. The children underwent blood collection at the two-year-old follow-up visit; the samples were analyzed using commercially available kits to measure seropositivity for measles, mumps, and hepatitis A. We used modified Poisson regression models adjusted for covariates to identify factors associated with incomplete vaccination and negative serology after vaccination. Out of the 825 children included in the study, adherence to the vaccine was 90.6% for MMR, 76.7% for the MMRV (MMR + varicella), and 74.9% for the hepatitis A vaccine. For MMR, after the adjustment for covariates, factors associated with incomplete vaccination included: white-skinned mother; paid maternity leave; raising more than one child; lower number of antenatal consultations; and attending childcare. For hepatitis A, the factors included: white-skinned mother and not having a cohabiting partner. The factors with statistically significant association with a negative antibody test result included: receiving Bolsa Familia allowance for measles and mumps; incomplete vaccination for measles; and vitamin A deficiency for mumps. Strategies to improve the efficiency of vaccine programs are urgently needed. These include improvements in communication about vaccine safety and efficacy, and amplification of access to primary care facilities, prioritizing children exposed to the sociodemographic factors identified in this study. Additionally, sociodemographic factors and vitamin A deficiency may impact the immune responses to vaccines, leading to an increased risk of potentially severe and preventable diseases.

[Mumps virus (Paramyxoviridae: Orthorubulavirus: Mumps orthorubulavirus) genotyping as a component of laboratory confirmation of infection].

INTRODUCTION: Mumps is a viral infection of high social significance. National program Elimination of measles and rubella and achievement of a stable sporadic incidence of epidemic mumps in the Russian Federation (20212025) sets the aim of gradual integration of mumps surveillance into the existing measles and rubella surveillance system. One of the key components of surveillance system is a laboratory confirmation of mumps cases. There are two approaches for laboratory confirmation of mumps cases, based on serological or molecular genetic methods. The aim of the work is molecular genetic characteristic of the mumps viruses (MuVs) circulated in the Russian Federation in 2022. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Samples of swabs from the inner surface of the cheek of 11 patients with mumps were collected for the study. Viral RNA was isolated directly from the samples. The isolated RNA was used as a matrix for RT-PCR. PCR products were sequenced using the Sanger method, and phylogenetic analysis was performed using the MEGA-X software. RESULTS: The MuV genotype G was detected in all samples. Phylogenetic analysis showed the presence of two virus genetic groups G-1 and G-2 that were significantly different from the viruses circulating in other countries. CONCLUSION: The identification of two MuV genetic groups in a limited area suggests a high genetic diversity of the pathogen.

Comparison of a chemiluminescence immunoassay and an enzyme immunoassay for detection of IgM antibodies against measles, mumps, rubella, cytomegalovirus (CMV), Epstein Barr virus (EBV), and human herpes virus (HHV) -1 and -2 infections.

PURPOSE: Outbreaks of vaccine-preventable viral diseases have been increasingly reported globally over the past few years. The burden of congenital viral infections, their impact on physical and mental development and the resulting economic loss to the family and the community are also well known. IgM antibody detection has been convenient in the diagnosis of acute viral infections, particularly in settings with limited resources where molecular tests are not feasible. METHODS: This is a comparative study between a chemiluminescence immunoassay (Liaison, DiaSorin, Saluggia, Italy) and an enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) (Euroimmun, Lubeck, Germany) for the detection of IgM antibody against measles, mumps, rubella, CMV, EBV and HHV-1 and -2 viruses using a total of 345 samples. Results are expressed as agreement using kappa statistics. RESULTS: In this study, CLIA is perfectly comparable to ELISA for the detection of IgM antibodies against measles (0.86) and mumps (0.92) with a moderate agreement for rubella (0.52), CMV (0.57), EBV (0.50), and HHV-1 and -2 (0.47) assays. However, a PABAK (prevalence-adjusted bias-adjusted kappa) showed improved agreement for rubella (0.64), CMV (0.65), EBV (0.60), and HHV-1 and -2 (0.88) assays. CONCLUSIONS: IgM antibody assays (CLIA and ELISA) against measles and mumps virus can be comparably used depending on the laboratory setup, throughput and expertise.

A case of autoimmune encephalitis with involuntary movements as the first symptom and suspected association with mumps virus infection.

This case involved a 72-year-old woman. From the day after mitral annuloplasty, a fever over 37°C and ballismus-like involuntary movements of the right upper and lower limbs appeared. A few month later, involuntary movements spread throughout the body, and she developed impairment of consciousness and difficulty speaking and eating. Levels of protein in cerebrospinal fluid were high. Positive results were seen for serum mumps immunoglobulin G and M antibody. Because steroid pulse therapy proved effective, we suspected autoimmune encephalitis associated with mumps virus infection.

The incidence of mumps in Taiwan and its association with the meteorological parameters: An observational study.

ABSTRACT: Mumps is an acute and common childhood disease caused by paramyxovirus. It has been reported that the occurrence of mumps is influenced by seasonality. However, the role of meteorological variables in the incidence of mumps remains unclear. The purpose of this study was to explore the relationship between meteorological factors and the incidence of mumps infection. Poisson regression analysis was used to study the relationship between weather variability and the incidence of mumps in Taiwan. Between 2012 and 2018, 5459 cases of mumps cases were reported to the Centers for Disease Control, Taiwan (Taiwan CDC). The occurrence of mumps virus infections revealed significant seasonality in the spring and summer seasons in Taiwan. The incidence of mumps virus infections began to increase at temperatures of 15°C and started to decline if the temperature was higher than 29°C (r2 = 0.387, P = .008). Similarly, the number of mumps cases began to increase at a relative humidity of 65% to 69% (r2 = 0.838, P < .029). The number of mumps cases was positively associated with temperature and relative humidity during the period preceding the infection. This study showed that the occurrence of mumps is significantly associated with increasing temperature and relative humidity in Taiwan. Therefore, these factors could be regarded as early warning signals and indicate the need to strengthen the intervention and prevention of mumps.

Prevalencia de paperas en Bagdad. Irak - 2015 y 2016 / Prevalence of Mumps in Baghdad, Iraq - 2015 & 2016

Antecedentes: las paperas son una infección viral que se transmite por contacto directo, gotitas y fómites. Irak es testigo de varias epidemias de paperas. Objetivo: Informar sobre la última epidemia de paperas 2015-2016. Métodos: El lado de Bagdad de Al-Rusafa fue seleccionado al azar de dos lados de Bagdad. Se llevó a cabo una revisión de los datos del Departamento de Salud Pública de la Dirección de Salud de Bagdad / Al-Rusafa. Los datos fueron todos los casos notificados de paperas para los años 2015-2016. Resultados: Los casos registrados de paperas fueron 9780 y 33728 para 2015 y 2016, respectivamente. La edad máxima en 2015 y 2016 fue de 5 a 14 años. Los picos de casos de paperas se registraron en octubre, diciembre de 2015 y enero de 2016, y desaparecieron en junio de 2016. Conclusiones: La epidemia de paperas fue clara en Bagdad. La lucha social juega un papel en el desarrollo de la epidemia.

Background: Mumps is a viral infection transmitted by direct contact, droplet infection and fomites. Iraq witnesses several epidemics of mumps. Objective: To report on last epidemic of mumps 2015- 2016. Methods: Al-Rusafa side of Baghdad was selected randomly from two sides of Baghdad. A review of data from department of public health, Directorate of Health of Baghdad / Al-Rusafa was carried out. The data was all the notification cases of mumps for the years 2015-2016. Results: The registered cases of mumps were 9780 and 33728 for 2015 and 2016, respectively. The peak age in 2015 and 2016 was 5-14 year. The peaks mumps cases were in October, December 2015 and January 2016, and disappear in June 2016. Conclusions: Epidemic of mumps was clear in Baghdad. Social strife plays a role in developing the epidemic.

Pediatricians' Knowledge and Practices Related to Mumps Diagnosis and Prevention.

OBJECTIVES: To assess pediatricians' mumps knowledge and testing practices, to identify physician and practice characteristics associated with mumps testing practices, and to assess reporting and outbreak response knowledge and practices. STUDY DESIGN: Between January and April 2020, we surveyed a nationally representative network of pediatricians. Descriptive statistics were generated for all items. The χ2 test, t tests, and Poisson regression were used to compare physician and practice characteristics between respondents who would rarely or never versus sometimes or often/always test for mumps in a vaccinated 17-year-old with parotitis in a non-outbreak setting. RESULTS: The response rate was 67% (297 of 444). For knowledge, more than one-half of the pediatricians responded incorrectly or "don't know" for 6 of the 9 true/false statements about mumps epidemiology, diagnosis, and prevention, and more than one-half reported needing additional guidance on mumps buccal swab testing. For testing practices, 59% of respondents reported they would sometimes (35%) or often/always (24%) test for mumps in a vaccinated 17-year-old with parotitis in a non-outbreak setting; older physicians, rural physicians, and physicians from the Northeast or Midwest were more likely to test for mumps. Thirty-six percent of the pediatricians reported they would often/always report a patient with suspected mumps to public health authorities. CONCLUSIONS: Pediatricians report mumps knowledge gaps and practices that do not align with public health recommendations. These gaps may lead to underdiagnosis and underreporting of mumps cases, delaying public health response measures and contributing to ongoing disease transmission.

Serologic screening and infectious diseases consultation in renal transplant candidates for measles, mumps, rubella and varicella.

Background. Renal transplant recipients are at increased risk for developing complications of vaccine-preventable diseases. They benefit from a comprehensive pre-transplant evaluation when they might safely receive live vaccines. The primary aim of our study was to investigate the number of renal transplant recipients who were evaluated for serologic status against measles, mumps, rubella (MMR), and varicella. Secondarily, we investigated if pre-transplant Infectious Diseases consultation (IDC) improved vaccination rates.Methods. We retrospectively analyzed 282 kidney-alone and kidney-plus adult transplant recipients who were born in or after 1957. Patients were evaluated at Mayo Clinic, Florida Transplant Center between January 2015 and December 2017. Serologic status evaluation and vaccination rates were compared in two groups created based on IDC and no ID consultation (NIDC).Results. 235 (83%) of a total 282 patients received an IDC pre-transplantation. Varicella IgG levels were screened in all 235 IDC candidates. Among the IDC patients, mumps, measles and rubella IgG serologies were performed in 7 (3%), 143 (61%) and 144 (61%), respectively. Among 44 patients seronegative for any of MMR, 24 (55%) were vaccinated. Ten (66%) of 15 varicella seronegative patients were vaccinated. Zostavax was not given to 18% of IDC patients. Zostavax and MMR were administered more frequently in the IDC group compared to NIDC (p < .001 and p = 0.0016, respectively).Conclusion. Although the majority of patients had IDC, the screening rate for MMR serologies was lower than varicella. A protocol-driven serologic screening similar to the one for VZV is required for MMR. Pre-transplant IDC increases vaccination rates.

Impact of complement and difference of cell-based assay and ELISA in determination of neutralization capacity against mumps and measles virus.

Neutralizing antibodies against mumps and measles virus are considered a correlate of protection against these diseases. Measurement of neutralizing antibodies is mostly performed using plaque reduction neutralization assay or 50% cell culture infective dose (CCID50) neutralization assay, but there are attempts for measuring neutralizing antibodies using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) which is simpler, but the literature data regarding its convenience are diverse. The role of complement and antibodies in neutralizing capacity of sera is not completely defined. Here, CCID50 neutralization assay and ELISA were used to determine the neutralization capacity against mumps and measles virus in human sera and therapeutic immunoglobulins (IVIGs). Results showed no correlation of neutralization titers obtained by CCID50 neutralization assay and IgG content obtained by ELISA for mumps or measles in human sera. Data showed some neutralization activity against measles virus and quite high against mumps virus of naïve guinea pig serum and that its addition increases neutralization capacity of IVIG and human sera against mumps and measles viruses. Heat inactivation of human sera reduced neutralization capacity against measles to small extent, and substantially against mumps virus. There is a significant impact of complement in measurement of neutralization capacity against mumps virus.

Ongoing mumps outbreak among adolescents and young adults, Ireland, August 2018 to January 2020.

Between 18 August 2018 and 24 January 2020, 3,736 mumps cases were notified in Ireland. The highest numbers of notifications were observed in the age group 15-24 years. Vaccination status was reported for 32% (n = 1,199) of cases: 72% of these had received two doses of measles-mumps-rubella (MMR) vaccine. Vaccination uptake after free MMR vaccination targeting colleges and universities since early 2019 was low. Therefore, a national media campaign began in January 2020.