Estructura poblacional y distribución espacial del roble negro (Colombobalanus excelsa, Fagaceae), especie endémica, en fragmentos de bosque andino colombiano / Population structure and spatial distribution of black oak (Colombobalanus excelsa, Fagaceae), endemic species, in Colombian Andean forest fragments

Resumen Los bosques andinos en Colombia son reconocidos por su alta biodiversidad y endemismo, sin embargo han experimentado un severo proceso de fragmentación debido a procesos antrópicos. Como resultado de esto, muchas especies vulnerables han sido particularmente afectadas. Este es el caso del roble negro (Colombobalanus excelsa (Lozano, Hern. Cam., & Henao) Nixon & Crepet), especie endémica y poco estudiada de los Andes colombianos, cuya distribución está restringida a cuatro localidades en el país, una de ellas el sector suroriental del departamento del Huila. Con el fin de estudiar las poblaciones de roble negro en la Serrania de Peñas Blancas (Huila), localidad más sur de distribución; en 2006 se establecieron 16 parcelas de 50 x 20 m (1.6 ha) en fragmentos de bosque, donde se determinó la estructura etaria y la distribución espacial de esta especie. En total se registraron 1 228 individuos de roble negro entre adultos, juveniles y plántulas; los cuáles presentaron patrones de distribución Gamma y Weibull. Con estos resultados se pudo confirmar que la mayoría de los individuos se encuentran en las primeras clases diamétricas. Asimismo, sus poblaciones presentaron un patrón de distribución agregado debido al proceso de extracción de madera. Estos resultados indican que las poblaciones de roble negro se encuentran en una fase de recuperación despúes de una fuerte intervención antrópica. El conocimiento del actual estado de los bosques de roble negro, puede contribuir para el diseño de efectivos planes de conservacion de la especie en Colombia.

Abstract The Colombian Andean forests are recognized for its great biodiversity and endemism; however, they have undergone a severe process of fragmentation due to anthropic factors. As a result, many vulnerable species have been especially affected. That is the case of the black oak (Colombobalanus excelsa (Lozano, Hern. Cam., & Henao) Nixon & Crepet), an endemic and poorly studied species of the Colombian Andes, which has a distribution restricted to only four areas in the country, one of which is the Southeastern Huila region. To examine black oak populations in Serranía Peñas Blancas (Huila), in 2006 we studied the age structure and spatial distribution in plots of 50 x 20 m (1.6 ha) in forest fragments, in southern distribution. In total, 1 228 black oak species were registered among saplings, juvenile and adults, and they have distribution patterns Gamma and Weibull. These results confirm that the majority of the individuals are in the first diametric class. Also, these populations show an added distribution pattern due to the wood extraction process. These results indicate that black oak populations are in a recovery phase after forceful anthropic intervention. Knowing the current status of black oak forests can contribute to the design of effective conservation plans of this species in Colombia. Rev. Biol. Trop. 66(2): 486-494. Epub 2018 June 01.

Growth and quality of australian cedar saplings originated from different multiclonal minigarden systems / Crescimento de mudas de cedro australiano oriundas de diferentes sistemas de minijardins multiclonais

Forestry researchers often evaluate minicutting vegetative propagation of Australian cedar (Toona ciliata) as a viable technique for this species. However, the adoption of minigarden systems for commercial propagation still requires viability and quality testing of saplings produced after multiple harvests. In the present work, we evaluate survival, growth, and quality of Australian cedar saplings grown from minicuttings originating from multiple harvests of ministumps planted in gutter or tube systems. Experiments were conducted in a greenhouse using a completely randomized design with a 2 × 4 factorial treatment structure (two minigarden systems and four minicutting harvests). For the gutter system, six minicutting harvests were performed 50, 86, 115, 149, 177 and 212 days after planting ministumps, whereas for the tube system, four harvests were performed 115, 149, 177 and 212 days after planting ministumps. At the end of each sapling production cycle (105 days after each minicutting harvest), saplings were evaluated for survival, foliar area, dry mass of aerial parts, number and length of adventitious roots, dry mass of the root system, height to diameter ratio, ratio between the dry mass of aerial parts and dry mass of root system, and Dicksons Quality Index. Sapling survival was not affected by minigarden system, except for a reduction observed in fourth cycle saplings...

A propagação vegetativa por miniestaquia do cedro australiano (Toona ciliata) tem sido alvo de pesquisas, mostrando ser uma técnica viável para esta espécie. Entretanto, para a adoção de sistemas de minijardins em canaletão e em tubetes na propagação comercial, ainda é necessário testar a qualidade das mudas produzidas ao longo de colheitas sucessivas. Objetivou-se com este trabalho avaliar a sobrevivência, o crescimento e a qualidade de mudas de cedro australiano, produzidas por miniestacas, obtidas de minicepas manejadas em sistemas de canaletões e em tubetes, ao longo das colheitas sucessivas. O experimento foi conduzido em casa de vegetação em delineamento inteiramente casualizado em esquema fatorial 2x4 (dois sistemas de minijardins e quatro colheitas de miniestacas). No sistema em canaletão foram realizadas seis colheitas de miniestacas aos 50, 86, 115, 149, 177 e 212 dias após recepagem e quatro no sistema em tubetes aos 115, 149, 177 e 212 dias após recepagem. Ao final de cada ciclo de produção (105 dias a partir de cada colheita), as mudas foram avaliadas quanto à sobrevivência, área foliar, massa seca da parte aérea, número e comprimento das raízes adventícias, massa seca do sistema radicular, as relações entre a altura e o diâmetro, massa seca da parte aérea e a massa seca das raízes e o Índice de Qualidade de Dickson. A sobrevivência das mudas não foi afetada pelo...

Growth and quality of australian cedar saplings originated from different multiclonal minigarden systems / Crescimento de mudas de cedro australiano oriundas de diferentes sistemas de minijardins multiclonais

Forestry researchers often evaluate minicutting vegetative propagation of Australian cedar (Toona ciliata) as a viable technique for this species. However, the adoption of minigarden systems for commercial propagation still requires viability and quality testing of saplings produced after multiple harvests. In the present work, we evaluate survival, growth, and quality of Australian cedar saplings grown from minicuttings originating from multiple harvests of ministumps planted in gutter or tube systems. Experiments were conducted in a greenhouse using a completely randomized design with a 2 × 4 factorial treatment structure (two minigarden systems and four minicutting harvests). For the gutter system, six minicutting harvests were performed 50, 86, 115, 149, 177 and 212 days after planting ministumps, whereas for the tube system, four harvests were performed 115, 149, 177 and 212 days after planting ministumps. At the end of each sapling production cycle (105 days after each minicutting harvest), saplings were evaluated for survival, foliar area, dry mass of aerial parts, number and length of adventitious roots, dry mass of the root system, height to diameter ratio, ratio between the dry mass of aerial parts and dry mass of root system, and Dicksons Quality Index. Sapling survival was not affected by minigarden system, except for a reduction observed in fourth cycle saplings...(AU)

A propagação vegetativa por miniestaquia do cedro australiano (Toona ciliata) tem sido alvo de pesquisas, mostrando ser uma técnica viável para esta espécie. Entretanto, para a adoção de sistemas de minijardins em canaletão e em tubetes na propagação comercial, ainda é necessário testar a qualidade das mudas produzidas ao longo de colheitas sucessivas. Objetivou-se com este trabalho avaliar a sobrevivência, o crescimento e a qualidade de mudas de cedro australiano, produzidas por miniestacas, obtidas de minicepas manejadas em sistemas de canaletões e em tubetes, ao longo das colheitas sucessivas. O experimento foi conduzido em casa de vegetação em delineamento inteiramente casualizado em esquema fatorial 2x4 (dois sistemas de minijardins e quatro colheitas de miniestacas). No sistema em canaletão foram realizadas seis colheitas de miniestacas aos 50, 86, 115, 149, 177 e 212 dias após recepagem e quatro no sistema em tubetes aos 115, 149, 177 e 212 dias após recepagem. Ao final de cada ciclo de produção (105 dias a partir de cada colheita), as mudas foram avaliadas quanto à sobrevivência, área foliar, massa seca da parte aérea, número e comprimento das raízes adventícias, massa seca do sistema radicular, as relações entre a altura e o diâmetro, massa seca da parte aérea e a massa seca das raízes e o Índice de Qualidade de Dickson. A sobrevivência das mudas não foi afetada pelo...(AU)

Short communication. Characterization of chloroplast region rrn16-rrn23S from the tropical timber tree Cedrela odorata L. and de novo construction of a transplastomic expression vector suitable for Meliaceae trees and other economically important crops.

The forest tree Spanish cedar (Cedrela odorata L.) is well-known for its high-value timber; however, this species is attacked by the shoot borer (Hypsipyla grandella) during its early years of development, resulting in branched stems and making the plants useless for high-quality wood production. The generation of resistant varieties expressing entomotoxic proteins may be an alternative to pesticide treatments. The use of plastid transformation rather than nuclear transformation should be used because it reduces the risk of transgene dissemination by pollen. Chloroplast transformation vectors require an expression cassette flanked by homologous plastid sequences to drive plastome recombination. Thus, C. odorata plastome sequences are a prerequisite. The rrn16-rrn23 plastome region was selected, cloned, and characterized. When the sequence identity among the rrn16-rrn23 regions from C. odorata and Nicotiana tabacum was compared, 3 inDels of 240, 104, and 39 bp were found that might severely affect transformation efficiency. Using this region, a new transformation vector was developed using pUC19 as a backbone by inserting the rrn16-trnI and trnA-rrn23 sequences from C. odorata and adding 2 independent expression cassettes into the trnI-trnA intergenic region, conferring spectinomycin resistance, the ability to express the gfp reporter gene, and a site that can be used to express any other gene of interest.

Effect of different substrates in the initial development of australian cedar / Efeito de diferentes substratos no desenvolvimento inicial de cedro australiano

Toona ciliata M. Roem. belongs to the Meliaceae bothanic family introduced in Brazil because this species has excellent technological characteristics for the sawmill. However, despite being in the country for many decades, studies related to the seedlings production are rare. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of two samples of marketed T. ciliata seeds and evaluate the initial development of seedlings on different substrates. Two samples of different locations were used, Santa Catarina and Bahia, and six substrates, constituting the treatments: T1 - commercial substrate Carolina Soil®; T2 - commercial substrate Beifort®; T3 - coconut fiber; T4 - vermiculite; T5 - in nature rice husk and; T6 - carbonized rice husk. For each treatment, 200 seeds were divided into eight replicates, which were distributed in plastic boxes. The design was a completely randomized factorial with 2 x 6 (samples x substrates), totaling twelve treatments. The variables evaluated were: Emergence at 20 and 40 days (E20 and E40), Emergence Velocity Index (EVI), full length (FL), root length (RL), shoot length (SL), number of true leaves (NTL), and seedling dry weight (DW). There was a difference between seeds samples, where sample from Bahia had higher values. Regard the substrates, the best were vermiculite and carbonized rice husk which provided greater EVI, E20 and E40, FL, DW and NTL.

O cedro australiano (Toona ciliata M. Roem.) é uma espécie da família Meliaceae introduzida no Brasil por apresentar características tecnológicas da madeira excelentes para serraria. Entretanto, apesar de estar há algumas décadas no país, estudos relacionados à produção de mudas ainda são escassos. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o vigor de dois lotes de sementes de cedro australiano comercializados e o desenvolvimento inicial de plântulas da espécie em diferentes substratos. Foram utilizados dois lotes de diferentes procedências, Santa Catarina e Bahia e seis substratos, constituindo-se os tratamentos: T1 - substrato comercial Carolina Soil®; T2 - substrato comercial Beifort®; T3 - fibra de coco; T4 vermiculita média; T5 - casca de arroz in natura e; T6 - casca de arroz carbonizada. Para cada tratamento, foram utilizadas 200 sementes divididas em oito repetições, as quais foram distribuídas em caixas plásticas. O delineamento foi inteiramente casualizado em esquema bifatorial 2 x 6 (lotes x substratos), totalizando 12 tratamentos. As variáveis avaliadas foram: Emergência aos 20 e 40 dias (E20 e E40), Índice de Velocidade de Emergência (IVE), Comprimento total (CT), Comprimento radicular (CR), Comprimento da parte aérea (CA), Número de folhas verdadeiras (NFV) e Massa seca de plântulas (MS). Verificou-se diferença nos lotes de sementes, onde a procedência da Bahia apresentou maior vigor. Entre os substratos, os melhores foram vermiculita e casca de arroz carbonizada os quais proporcionaram maior IVE, E20 e E40, comprimento total de plântulas, massa seca e número de folhas verdadeiras.

Effect of different substrates in the initial development of australian cedar / Efeito de diferentes substratos no desenvolvimento inicial de cedro australiano

Toona ciliata M. Roem. belongs to the Meliaceae bothanic family introduced in Brazil because this species has excellent technological characteristics for the sawmill. However, despite being in the country for many decades, studies related to the seedlings production are rare. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of two samples of marketed T. ciliata seeds and evaluate the initial development of seedlings on different substrates. Two samples of different locations were used, Santa Catarina and Bahia, and six substrates, constituting the treatments: T1 - commercial substrate Carolina Soil®; T2 - commercial substrate Beifort®; T3 - coconut fiber; T4 - vermiculite; T5 - in nature rice husk and; T6 - carbonized rice husk. For each treatment, 200 seeds were divided into eight replicates, which were distributed in plastic boxes. The design was a completely randomized factorial with 2 x 6 (samples x substrates), totaling twelve treatments. The variables evaluated were: Emergence at 20 and 40 days (E20 and E40), Emergence Velocity Index (EVI), full length (FL), root length (RL), shoot length (SL), number of true leaves (NTL), and seedling dry weight (DW). There was a difference between seeds samples, where sample from Bahia had higher values. Regard the substrates, the best were vermiculite and carbonized rice husk which provided greater EVI, E20 and E40, FL, DW and NTL.(AU)

O cedro australiano (Toona ciliata M. Roem.) é uma espécie da família Meliaceae introduzida no Brasil por apresentar características tecnológicas da madeira excelentes para serraria. Entretanto, apesar de estar há algumas décadas no país, estudos relacionados à produção de mudas ainda são escassos. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o vigor de dois lotes de sementes de cedro australiano comercializados e o desenvolvimento inicial de plântulas da espécie em diferentes substratos. Foram utilizados dois lotes de diferentes procedências, Santa Catarina e Bahia e seis substratos, constituindo-se os tratamentos: T1 - substrato comercial Carolina Soil®; T2 - substrato comercial Beifort®; T3 - fibra de coco; T4 vermiculita média; T5 - casca de arroz in natura e; T6 - casca de arroz carbonizada. Para cada tratamento, foram utilizadas 200 sementes divididas em oito repetições, as quais foram distribuídas em caixas plásticas. O delineamento foi inteiramente casualizado em esquema bifatorial 2 x 6 (lotes x substratos), totalizando 12 tratamentos. As variáveis avaliadas foram: Emergência aos 20 e 40 dias (E20 e E40), Índice de Velocidade de Emergência (IVE), Comprimento total (CT), Comprimento radicular (CR), Comprimento da parte aérea (CA), Número de folhas verdadeiras (NFV) e Massa seca de plântulas (MS). Verificou-se diferença nos lotes de sementes, onde a procedência da Bahia apresentou maior vigor. Entre os substratos, os melhores foram vermiculita e casca de arroz carbonizada os quais proporcionaram maior IVE, E20 e E40, comprimento total de plântulas, massa seca e número de folhas verdadeiras.(AU)

Estudio etnográfico sobre propiedades medicinales de cuatro plantas de la amazonia peruana / Ethnographic study of four medicinal plants of the Peruvian Amazon

Dentro de la politica del Gobierno peruano no existe un programa de integración nacional para atender a los grupos étnicos de la Amazonia en lo referente a la salud y educación integral, por esa política errada, los aborígenes de esa parte del Perú, se encuentran olvidados en esos dos aspectos fundamentales del ser humano. Consecuentemente, frente a la indiferencia estatal, es como en la salud de los nativos han descubierto a través de generaciones, las virtudes curativas de varias plantas silvestres que existen al contorno de su hábitat, de las cuales nos ocuparemos en la presente investigación de cuatro de ellas, y son: El Wito (genepa amiricana), Cedro (Cedrela lilos), Sangre de grado (Croton draconianus) y Aguano (Cedrelinga catensiformis).

In the peruvian government politic, does not exist a project of national intergration to attend the ethnic amazonic groups in the items of health and integral education; for this wrong politic, the natives of this part of Peru are so forgotten in those two very important aspects of the human been. In consequence, against this aptitude of indifference from the government as is the health care the natives have been discovered throw many generations of existence the curative virtues of many wild plants that exist around its habitat in this research we will talk about four of these plants that are: The Wito (Genepa americana), Cedar (Cedrela lillois), "Sangre de grado" (Croton draconianus) y Aguano (Cedrelinga catensiformis).

An integrated analysis of the efficacy of fluticasone furoate nasal spray on individual nasal and ocular symptoms of seasonal allergic rhinitis.

Intranasal steroids have been shown to affect ocular symptoms of allergic rhinitis (AR). The results of the published literature, however, are not uniform across all products. This study was designed to evaluate whether the effects of fluticasone furoate nasal spray (FFNS) are consistent across different allergy seasons and different geographic regions for individual nasal and ocular symptoms of seasonal allergic rhinitis (SAR). An integrated analysis was performed on data from four randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, parallel-group, multicenter trials, designed to evaluate the efficacy and safety of FFNS, 110 micrograms, once daily for 14 days in 1141 adult and adolescent SAR patients exposed to mountain cedar, ragweed, or grass pollen allergen. All patients evaluated severity of seven individual nasal and ocular symptoms on a 4-point categorical scale. The main efficacy measures included change from baseline in daily reflective, morning (A.M.) predose instantaneous, and daily A.M. and evening (P.M.) reflective score for each nasal/ocular symptom. FFNS significantly improved daily mean reflective, A.M. predose instantaneous, and daily A.M. and P.M. reflective scores for nasal itching, sneezing, congestion, rhinorrhea, and ocular itching/burning, tearing/watering, and redness, compared with placebo (p < 0.001 for all versus placebo). The least square (LS) mean treatment differences ranged from -0.44 to -0.33 (p < 0.0001) for the individual nasal symptoms and from -0.22 to -0.19 (p < 0.0001) for the individual ocular symptoms. FFNS also significantly improved daily reflective total nasal symptom scores (TNSS)/reflective total ocular symptom scores (TOSS), and A.M. predose instantaneous TNSS and instantaneous TOSS, compared with placebo (LS mean treatment differences = -1.47, -0.65, -1.49, and -0.63, respectively; p < 0.001 for all). FFNS, 110 micrograms, once daily consistently relieved all nasal and ocular symptoms of SAR across different allergy seasons and geographical locations.

Trap-mulching Argentine ants.

Argentine ant, Linepithema humile (Mayr), management is constrained, in large part, by polydomy where nestmates are distributed extensively across urban landscapes, particularly within mulch. Management with trap-mulching is a novel approach derived from trap-cropping where ants are repelled from a broad domain of nest sites to smaller defined areas, which are subsequently treated with insecticide. This concept was field-tested with mulch surrounding ornamental trees replaced with a narrow band of pine (Pinus spp.) needle mulch (trap) within a much larger patch of repellent aromatic cedar (Juniperus spp.) mulch. After ants reestablished around the trees, the pine needle mulch band was treated with 0.06% fipronil (Termidor). Poor results were obtained when the trap extended from the tree trunk to the edge of the mulched area. When the trap was applied as a circular band around the tree trunk reductions in the number of foraging ants were recorded through 14 d compared with an untreated mulch control, but not for longer periods. Reductions in the number of ant nests within mulch were no different between the trap mulch and any of the other treatments. We conclude that trap-mulching offers limited benefits, and that successful management of Argentine ants will require implementation of complementary or perhaps alternative strategies.

Effect of aromatic cedar mulch on Argentine ant (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) foraging activity and nest establishment.

In the laboratory, Argentine ant, Linepithema humile (Mayr), mortality was positively correlated to the length of an aromatic cedar mulch section that had to be crossed before food could be reached. When ants could access food without crossing the mulch, mortality was not correlated to mulch section length. In the field, Argentine ants showed a tendency to avoid aromatic cedar mulch as a nesting substrate. In plant beds alongside buildings the number of ant nests (pockets containing brood) found was not significantly different between aromatic cedar and cypress mulch. However, when pine straw mulch around oak trees was replaced with aromatic cedar or cypress mulch, a similar number of ant nests was found in the cypress mulch as in the original pine straw, whereas numbers in aromatic cedar mulch were significantly lower. Also, fewer ants were trailing on the trees surrounded by aromatic cedar mulch compared with cypress mulch or the original pine straw. The number of ants attracted to apple jelly baits placed alongside the buildings did not differ between mulch types; neither did the number of ant trails crossing the mulch beds around the buildings. We suggest that aromatic cedar mulch may help control Argentine ants and reduce insecticide input when applied in combination with conventional control methods.