Using UV light for adhesive remnant removal after debonding of orthodontic accessories.

The objective of this study was to assess the effect of a UV light-based auxiliary illumination on adhesive remnant (AR) removal after orthodontic debonding. Sixty human molars were divided according to the adhesive used for bonding: O-opaque; LF-low fluorescence; and HF-high fluorescence. After debonding, the teeth were subdivided according to the AR removal method: No UV light or With UV light. After AR removal, the teeth were polished. Direct visual analysis, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and time quantification for AR removal analyses were performed (Fisher-Freeman-Halton, Fisher's exact, chi-square trend, ANOVA, and independent t-tests; α = 5%). Concerning the adhesives, there was no significant difference among direct visual, SEM and time analyses for AR removal (p ≥ 0.05). Regarding AR removal methods, a similarity among the subgroups was verified for direct visual and SEM analyses (p≥0.05). However, a significant trend was verified for the with UV light method to produce greater marks, and the no UV light method, to produce a greater rate of samples with AR before polishing (p = 0.015). AR removal with light was significantly quicker in comparison with the no UV light method (p < 0.0001). The use of UV light may aid orthodontists in removing AR more thoroughly and in less time. However, they should receive special training to apply this technology, and should never dismiss the final polishing procedure.

Longevity of bond strength of resin cements to root dentine after radiation therapy.

AIM: To evaluate the bond strength and adhesive interface between several resin cements and root dentine immediately and 6 months after radiotherapy. METHODOLOGY: Sixty maxillary canines were selected and randomly assigned to two groups (n = 30): one group was not irradiated and the other one was subjected to a cumulative radiation dose of 60 Gy. The teeth were sectioned to obtain roots 16 mm long and the canals were prepared with the Reciproc system (R50) and filled using a lateral condensation technique with an epoxy resin sealer. Each group was divided into three subgroups (n = 10) according to the resin cement used for fibreglass fibre post cementation: RelyX-U200, Panavia-F2.0 and RelyX ARC. The posts were cemented in accordance with the manufacturer's recommendations. Three 1-mm-thick dentine slices were then obtained from each root third. The first two slices in the crown-apex direction of each third were selected for the push-out test. The failure mode after debonding was determined with a stereo microscope. The third slice from each root third was selected for scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analyses to examine the resin cement-dentine interface with 100, 1000, 2000 and 4000× magnification. Bond strength data were analysed by anova and Tukey's test (α = 0.05). RESULTS: Significantly lower bond strength (P < 0.0001) was obtained after irradiation compared to nonirradiated teeth. RelyX-U200 cemented fibre posts had the higher bond strength (15.17 ± 5.89) compared with RelyX ARC (P < 0.001) and Panavia-F2.0 (P < 0.001). The evaluation after 6 months revealed lower bond strength values compared to the immediate values (P < 0.001) for irradiated and nonirradiated teeth. Cohesive failures occurred in the irradiated dentine. SEM revealed fractures, microfractures and fewer collagen fibres in irradiated root dentine. RelyX-U200 and Panavia-F2.0 were associated with a juxtaposed interface of the cement with the radicular dentine in irradiated and nonirradiated teeth, and for RelyX ARC, hybrid layer formation and tags were observed in both irradiated and nonirradiated teeth. CONCLUSION: Radiation was associated with a decrease in the push-out bond strength and with lower resin cement/root dentine interface adaptation. Self-adhesive resin cement was a better alternative for fibre post cementation in teeth subjected to radiation therapy. The bond strength decreased after 6 months.

Using UV light for adhesive remnant removal after debonding of orthodontic accessories

Abstract The objective of this study was to assess the effect of a UV light-based auxiliary illumination on adhesive remnant (AR) removal after orthodontic debonding. Sixty human molars were divided according to the adhesive used for bonding: O-opaque; LF-low fluorescence; and HF-high fluorescence. After debonding, the teeth were subdivided according to the AR removal method: No UV light or With UV light. After AR removal, the teeth were polished. Direct visual analysis, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and time quantification for AR removal analyses were performed (Fisher-Freeman-Halton, Fisher's exact, chi-square trend, ANOVA, and independent t-tests; α = 5%). Concerning the adhesives, there was no significant difference among direct visual, SEM and time analyses for AR removal (p ≥ 0.05). Regarding AR removal methods, a similarity among the subgroups was verified for direct visual and SEM analyses (p≥0.05). However, a significant trend was verified for the with UV light method to produce greater marks, and the no UV light method, to produce a greater rate of samples with AR before polishing (p = 0.015). AR removal with light was significantly quicker in comparison with the no UV light method (p < 0.0001). The use of UV light may aid orthodontists in removing AR more thoroughly and in less time. However, they should receive special training to apply this technology, and should never dismiss the final polishing procedure.

Light curing in dentistry and clinical implications: a literature review.

Contemporary dentistry literally cannot be performed without use of resin-based restorative materials. With the success of bonding resin materials to tooth structures, an even wider scope of clinical applications has arisen for these lines of products. Understanding of the basic events occurring in any dental polymerization mechanism, regardless of the mode of activating the process, will allow clinicians to both better appreciate the tremendous improvements that have been made over the years, and will also provide valuable information on differences among strategies manufacturers use to optimize product performance, as well as factors under the control of the clinician, whereby they can influence the long-term outcome of their restorative procedures.

Does laser diode irradiation improve the degree of conversion of simplified dentin bonding systems?

OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to investigate the effect of laser diode irradiation on the degree of conversion (DC), water sorption (WS), and water solubility (WSB) of these bonding systems in an attempt to improve their physico-mechanical resistance. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Two bonding agents were tested: a two-step total-etch system [Adper™ Single Bond 2, 3M ESPE (SB)] and a universal system [Adper™ Single Bond Universal, 3M ESPE (SU)]. Square-shaped specimens were prepared and assigned into 4 groups (n=5): SB and SU (control groups - no laser irradiation) and SB-L and SU-L [SB and SU laser (L) - irradiated groups]. DC was assessed using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy with attenuated total reflectance. Additional uncured resin samples (≈3.0 µL, n=5) of each adhesive were also scanned for final DC calculation. For WS/WSB tests, similar specimens (n=10) were prepared and measured by monitoring the mass changes after dehydration/water storage cycles. For both tests, adhesive fluids were dropped into standardized Teflon molds (6.0×6.0×1.0 mm), irradiated with a 970-nm laser diode, and then polymerized with an LED-curing unit (1 W/cm2). RESULTS: Laser irradiation immediately before photopolymerization increased the DC (%) of the tested adhesives: SB-L>SB>SU-L>SU. For WS/WSB (µg/mm3), only the dentin bonding system (DBS) was a significant factor (p<0.05): SB>SU. CONCLUSION: Irradiation with a laser diode improved the degree of conversion of all tested simplified dentin bonding systems, with no impact on water sorption and solubility.

Impact of head and neck radiotherapy on the mechanical behavior of composite resins and adhesive systems: A systematic review.

OBJECTIVES: To analyze the evidence regarding the impact of head and neck radiotherapy (HNRT) on the mechanical behavior of composite resins and adhesive systems. METHODS: Searches were conducted on PubMed, Embase, Scopus and ISI Web of Science databases using "Radiotherapy", "Composite resins" and "Adhesive systems" as keywords. Selected studies were written in English and assessed the mechanical behavior of composite resins and/or adhesive systems when bonding procedure was conducted before and/or after a maximum radiation dose ≥50Gy, applied under in vitro or in vivo conditions. RESULTS: In total, 115 studies were found but only 16 were included, from which five evaluated the effect of in vitro HNRT on microhardness, wear resistance, diametral tensile and flexural strength of composite resins, showing no significant negative effect in most of reports. Regarding bond strength of adhesive systems, 11 studies were included from which five reported no meaningful negative effect when bonding procedure was conducted before simulated HNRT. Conversely, five studies showed that bond strength diminished when adhesive procedure was done after in vitro radiation therapy. Only two studies about dental adhesion were conducted after in vivo radiotherapy but the results were not conclusive. SIGNIFICANCE: The mechanical behavior of composite resins and adhesive systems seems not to be affected when in vitro HNRT is applied after bonding procedure. However, bond strength of adhesive systems tends to decrease when simulated radiotherapy is used immediately before bonding procedure. Studies assessing dentin bond strength after in-vivo HNRT were limited and controversial.

Light curing in dentistry and clinical implications: a literature review

Abstract Contemporary dentistry literally cannot be performed without use of resin-based restorative materials. With the success of bonding resin materials to tooth structures, an even wider scope of clinical applications has arisen for these lines of products. Understanding of the basic events occurring in any dental polymerization mechanism, regardless of the mode of activating the process, will allow clinicians to both better appreciate the tremendous improvements that have been made over the years, and will also provide valuable information on differences among strategies manufacturers use to optimize product performance, as well as factors under the control of the clinician, whereby they can influence the long-term outcome of their restorative procedures.

Does laser diode irradiation improve the degree of conversion of simplified dentin bonding systems?

Abstract Simplified dentin-bonding systems are clinically employed for most adhesive procedures, and they are prone to hydrolytic degradation. Objective This study aimed to investigate the effect of laser diode irradiation on the degree of conversion (DC), water sorption (WS), and water solubility (WSB) of these bonding systems in an attempt to improve their physico-mechanical resistance. Material and Methods Two bonding agents were tested: a two-step total-etch system [Adper™ Single Bond 2, 3M ESPE (SB)] and a universal system [Adper™ Single Bond Universal, 3M ESPE (SU)]. Square-shaped specimens were prepared and assigned into 4 groups (n=5): SB and SU (control groups - no laser irradiation) and SB-L and SU-L [SB and SU laser (L) - irradiated groups]. DC was assessed using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy with attenuated total reflectance. Additional uncured resin samples (≈3.0 µL, n=5) of each adhesive were also scanned for final DC calculation. For WS/WSB tests, similar specimens (n=10) were prepared and measured by monitoring the mass changes after dehydration/water storage cycles. For both tests, adhesive fluids were dropped into standardized Teflon molds (6.0×6.0×1.0 mm), irradiated with a 970-nm laser diode, and then polymerized with an LED-curing unit (1 W/cm2). Results Laser irradiation immediately before photopolymerization increased the DC (%) of the tested adhesives: SB-L>SB>SU-L>SU. For WS/WSB (μg/mm3), only the dentin bonding system (DBS) was a significant factor (p<0.05): SB>SU. Conclusion Irradiation with a laser diode improved the degree of conversion of all tested simplified dentin bonding systems, with no impact on water sorption and solubility.

Does the CO2 laser reduce bond strength in different types of ceramic brackets?

OBJECTIVE:: The aim of this study was to assess in vitro the influence of the CO2 laser and of the type of ceramic bracket on the shear bond strength (SBS) to enamel. METHODS:: A total of 60 enamel test surfaces were obtained from bovine incisors and randomly assigned to two groups, according to the ceramic bracket used: Allure (A); Transcend (T). Each group was divided into 2 subgroups (n = 15): L, laser (10W, 3s); C, no laser, or control. Twenty-four hours after the bonding protocol using Transbond XT, SBS was tested at a crosshead speed of 0.5 mm/min in a universal testing machine. After debonding, the Adhesive Remnant Index (ARI) was evaluated at 10 x magnification and compared among the groups. Data were analyzed by one-way ANOVA, Tukey's, Mann-Whitney's and Kruskal-Wallis tests (α = 0.05). RESULTS:: Mean SBS in MPa were: AL = 0.88 ± 0.84; AC = 12.22 ± 3.45; TL = 12.10 ± 5.11; TC = 17.71 ± 6.16. ARI analysis showed that 73% of the specimens presented the entire adhesive remaining on the tooth surfaces (score 3). TC group presented significantly higher SBS than the other groups. The lased specimens showed significantly lower bond strength than the non-lased groups for both tested brackets. CONCLUSION:: CO2 laser irradiation decreased SBS values of the polycrystalline ceramic brackets, mainly Allure.

Does the CO2 laser reduce bond strength in different types of ceramic brackets?

ABSTRACT OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to assess in vitro the influence of the CO2 laser and of the type of ceramic bracket on the shear bond strength (SBS) to enamel. METHODS: A total of 60 enamel test surfaces were obtained from bovine incisors and randomly assigned to two groups, according to the ceramic bracket used: Allure (A); Transcend (T). Each group was divided into 2 subgroups (n = 15): L, laser (10W, 3s); C, no laser, or control. Twenty-four hours after the bonding protocol using Transbond XT, SBS was tested at a crosshead speed of 0.5 mm/min in a universal testing machine. After debonding, the Adhesive Remnant Index (ARI) was evaluated at 10 x magnification and compared among the groups. Data were analyzed by one-way ANOVA, Tukey’s, Mann-Whitney’s and Kruskal-Wallis tests (α = 0.05). RESULTS: Mean SBS in MPa were: AL = 0.88 ± 0.84; AC = 12.22 ± 3.45; TL = 12.10 ± 5.11; TC = 17.71 ± 6.16. ARI analysis showed that 73% of the specimens presented the entire adhesive remaining on the tooth surfaces (score 3). TC group presented significantly higher SBS than the other groups. The lased specimens showed significantly lower bond strength than the non-lased groups for both tested brackets. CONCLUSION: CO2 laser irradiation decreased SBS values of the polycrystalline ceramic brackets, mainly Allure.

RESUMO OBJETIVO: o objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar in vitro a influência do laser de CO2 sobre a resistência ao cisalhamento da colagem (RCC) no esmalte dentário, usando diferentes tipos de braquetes cerâmicos. MÉTODOS: no total, 60 superfícies de esmalte de incisivos bovinos foram obtidas e aleatoriamente divididas em dois grupos, de acordo com o braquete cerâmico utilizado: Allure (A) e Transcend (T). Cada grupo foi dividido em dois subgrupos (n = 15): L, laser (10W, 3s); C, sem laser, ou controle. Vinte e quatro horas após a colagem dos braquetes com o sistema Transbond XT, foi realizado o teste de resistência ao cisalhamento, com velocidade de 0,5 mm/min, em máquina universal de ensaios mecânicos. Após a descolagem, o Índice de Remanescente de Adesivo (IRA) foi avaliado com aumento de 10X e comparado entre os grupos. Os dados foram analisados pelo ANOVA one-way, testes de Tukey’s, Mann-Whitney’s e Kruskal-Wallis (α = 0,05). RESULTADOS: as médias da RCC em MPa foram: AL = 0,88 ± 0,84; AC = 12,22 ± 3,45; TL = 12,10 ± 5,11; TC = 17,71 ± 6,16. A análise do IRA mostrou que 73% dos corpos de prova apresentaram todo o compósito remanescente aderido à superfície do esmalte (escore 3). O grupo TC apresentou valor significativamente maior de RCC do que os outros grupos. Os corpos de prova dos grupos com laser obtiveram valores adesivos significativamente menores do que os corpos de prova dos grupos sem laser, com ambos os tipos de braquetes. CONCLUSÃO: a irradiação com laser de CO2 diminuiu os valores de RCC dos braquetes policristalinos testados, principalmente do Allure.

Efeito da variação dos parâmetros de potência e energia por pulso na resistência de união à dentina de sistema adesivo irradiado com laser de diodo / Effect of the variation of the parameters of output power and pulse energy on bond strength to dentin irradiated of conventional adhesive system with diode laser

O uso do laser previamente à polimerização de sistemas adesivos aplicados sobre a dentina tem sido proposto para melhorar a resistência de união à dentina. O objetivo foi avaliar o efeito da variação da potência (P) e da energia por pulso (Ep) na resistência de união à dentina de um sistema adesivo convencional irradiado com laser previamente à fotoativação. Duzentos terceiros molares foram distribuídos aleatoriamente em 10 grupos (n=20) sendo um grupo sem irradiação (Controle) e nove grupos irradiados com laser de Diodo (970 nm) (SiroLaser - Sirona Dental Systems - Benshein, Alemanha), de acordo com a potência (P) e energia por pulso (Ep) utilizados: 1 - 0,5W/0,05J; 2 - 0,5W/0,08J; 3 - 0,5W/0,1J; 4 - 0,8W/0,05J; 5 - 0,8W/0,08J; 6 - 0,8W/0,1J; 7 - 1W/0,05J; 8 - 1W/0,08J; 9 - 1W/0,1J. Em todos os grupos fez-se o condicionamento com ácido fosfórico, aplicação do sistema adesivo convencional de dois passos AdperTM Single Bond 2 (3M ESPE, St Paul, MN, EUA) e restauração com resina composta Z250 (3M). Para avaliar a resistência de união foi realizado teste de microtração obtendo-se os valores em MPa. Os resultados foram analisados pelo ANOVA a dois critérios, seguido de Dunnett t (p < 0,001) para comparação entre os grupos. Os grupos irradiados foram avaliados pelo ANOVA a um critério, seguido dos testes de comparações múltiplas Bonferroni e Tamhane. Os valores de resistência de união ± desvio padrão de todos os grupos foram, respectivamente: 0 - Controle (34,60±10,76); 1 - (19,62±8,65); 2 - (27,56±9,20); 3 - (30,34±7,92); 4 - (23,31±5,96); 5 - (20,93±7,46); 6 - (24,67±8,59); 7 - (23,61±7,04); 8 - (25,94±6,82) e 9 - (21,48±3,59). O laser de Diodo influencia na resistência de união entre os grupos irradiados e não irradiado. A potência de 0,5W e energia por pulso de 0,1J influenciam positivamente nos valores de resistência de união quando o sistema adesivo é irradiado previamente a sua fotoativação.(AU)

The use of the laser prior to polymerisation of adhesive systems applied to the dentin has been proposed to improve the bond strength of dentin. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of the variation of the output power (P) and pulse energy (Ep) on bond strength to dentin irradiated of conventional adhesive system with laser. Two hundred third molars were randomly distributed in 10 groups (n = 20): a group without laser irradiation (group control) and nine groups irradiated with diode laser (970 nm) (SiroLaser Sirona Dental Systems-Benshein, Germany), according to the output power (P) and pulse energy (Ep): 1 - 0,5W/0,05J; 2 - 0,5W/0,08J; 3 - 0,5W/0,1J; 4 - 0,8W/0,05J; 5 - 0,8W/0,08J; 6 - 0,8W/0,1J; 7 - 1W/0,05J; 8 - 1W/0,08J; 9 - 1W/0,1J. It was used in all groups etching with phosphoric acid, application of conventional adhesive system AdperTM Single Bond 2 (3M ESPE, St. Paul, MN, USA) and restoration with composite resin Z250 (3M). Microtensile test was performed obtaining bond strength values in MPa. Results were analyzed by two-ways ANOVA test, followed by Dunnett t (p < 0.001) for comparison between groups. The groups laser irradiated were assessed by one-way ANOVA test and subsequent t test with Bonferroni and Tamhane corrections. Bond strength values ± standard deviation for the groups were, respectively: 0 ­ group control (34.60 ± 10.76); 1 - (19.62 ± 8.65); 2 - (27.56 ± 9.20); 3 - (30.34 ± 7.92); 4 - (23.31 ± 5.96); 5 - (20.93 ± 7.46); 6 - (24.67 ± 8.59); 7 - (7.04 ± 23.61); 8 - (25.94 ± 6.82) and 9 - (3.59 ± 21.48). The Diode laser influences on bond strength between irradiated and without irradiated groups. The output power 0.5W and energy per pulse 0.1J influence positively in the bond strength values when the adhesive system is irradiated prior to their light curing.(AU)

CO2 laser as auxiliary in the debonding of ceramic brackets.

This study evaluated the temperature in the bonding composite and in the pulp chamber, the shear bond strength after the irradiation of CO2 lasers, and the Adhesive Remnant Index (ARI) after debonding of ceramic bracket. A hundred and five premolars were used: 30 to evaluate the temperature and 75 to test the resistance to shear and the ARI. To assess the temperature, different irradiation times (3 and 5 s), pulse duration (0.001 and 0.003 s), and output power (5, 8, and 10 W) were tested (total of 12 groups). During all the irradiation, specimens were immersed in thermal bath water at 37 °C. In the test and ARI evaluation, premolars were divided into five groups (n = 15) and were submitted to the following regimens of CO2 laser irradiation: I (5 W, pulse duration = 0.01 s, application time = 3 s), II (5 W, 0.03 s, 3 s), III (8 W, 0.01 s, 3 s), and IV (1 0 W, 0.01 s, 3 s). Group C (control) was not subjected to irradiation. ARI was measured after debonding of the bracket. Following irradiation of the lasers, the pulpal temperature was not higher than 5.5 °C in four of the study groups. Results were submitted to the ANOVA and Duncan's test. CO2 laser irradiation regimen IV was one in which the strength of debonding is 7.33 MPa. Therefore, CO2 laser may aid removal of ceramic brackets; it decreased the bond strength without increasing the excessive temperature excessively.

Avaliação do grau de sorção, solubilidade e taxa de conversão de sistemas adesivos irradiados com laser de diodo / Evaluation of water sorption/solubility and conversion degree of the adhesive systems irradiated with diode laser

O LASER tem sido utilizado previamente a polimerização de sistemas adesivos em dentina como uma estratégia para melhorar as suas propriedades. O objetivo deste estudo foi investigar o efeito do LASER de diodo na sorção (SB), solubilidade e grau de conversão das principais categorias de sistemas adesivos. Quatro sistemas adesivos foram testados: convencional de 3 passos (Adper™ Scotchbond™ Multi-Purpose-MP), convencional de 2 passos (Adper™ Single Bond 2-SB), autocondicionante de 2 passos (Clearfil™ SE Bond-SE) e o sistema universal (Adper™ Single Bond Universal-SU). O adesivo fluido foi dispensado numa matriz de teflon (6.0 x 6.0 x 1 m),irradiado com laser de diodo com 970 nm e polimerizado com luz LED. Para o teste de sorção e solubilidade foram preparados espécimes em uma matriz de teflon quadrada (n=10): MP, SB, SE e SU (sem irradiação) e MP-L, SB-L, SE-L e SU-L (grupos com irradiação). Essa mensuração foi monitorando a mudança de massa depois dos ciclos de armazenamento de desidratação/ água. Para o grau de conversão, espécimes similares eram preparados e divididos 8 grupos iguais (n=5), utilizando a espectroscopia infravermelho transformada de Fourrrier (FTIR) com reflectância total atenuada (ATR). Cada espécime era comprimido contra o cristal do ATR (diamante/ZnSe) com um pressão micrométrica. As amostras não polimerizadas (≈3.0μL, n=5) de cada adesivo era escaneada para calcular o grau de conversão. Para sorção (μg/mm3) houve diferença estatisticamente significante para ambos os fatores (p<0.05) sem interação entre eles SB> SU> MP> SE. Para a solubilidade (μg/mm3), somente o fator adesivo foi significante (p<0.05): SB>SU>MP=SE. A irradiação do LASER antes da polimerização aumentou o grau de conversão dos sistemas adesivos SBL> MP-L> SE-L> MP> SB> SE> SU-L> SU. A irradiação aumentou a sorção, mas não afetou a solubilidade dos sistemas adesivos. Além disso, a irradiação com LASER de diodo melhorou o grau de conversão de três sistemas adesivos testados.

Laser irradiation has been used over the dentin bonding systems (DBS) prior to polymerization as a strategy to improve their properties. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of diode laser on water sorption (WS), solubility (WSB) and conversion degree (DC) of main categories of DBS. Four bonding agents were tested: 3-step total-etch (Adper™ Scotchbond™ Multi-Purpose-MP), 2-step total-etch (Adper™ Single Bond 2-SB), 2-step self-etch Clearfil™ SE Bond-SE) and universal system (Adper™ Single Bond Universal-SU). The fluid DBSs were dispensed into Teflon molds (6.0 x 6.0 x 1mm), irradiated with a 970 nm diode laser and then polymerized with a LED curing unit. For WS/WSB tests, square-shaped DBS were prepared (n=10): MP, SB, SE and SU (control groups/ no laser irradiation) and MP-L, SB-L, SE-L and SU-L (laser irradiated groups). WS/WSB were measured by monitoring the mass changes after dehydration/water storage cycles. For DC tests, similar square-shaped specimens were prepared and assigned into eight similar groups (n=5), using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) with attenuated total reflectance (ATR). Each cured specimen was compressed against the ATR crystal (diamond/ZnSe) with a micrometric, low-pressure clamp. Uncured resin samples (≈3.0μL, n=5) of each adhesive were also scanned for DC calculation. For WS (μg/mm3), both factors were statistically significant (p<0.05), without interaction between them SB>SU>MP>SE. For WSB (μg/mm3), only DBS was a significant factor (p<0.05): SB>SU>MP=SE. Laser irradiation immediately before photopolymerization has increased the DC (%) of the tested adhesives: SB-L> MPL> SE-L> MP> SB> SE> SU-L> SU. Irradiation with diode laser improved the conversion degree of all tested dentin bonding systems. Furthermore the diode laser increased the sorption, but did not affect their water solubility.

Does the light source affect the repairability of composite resins?

The aim of this study was to examine the effect of the light source on the microshear bond strength of different composite resins repaired with the same substrate. Thirty cylindrical specimens of each composite resin--Filtek Silorane, Filtek Z550 (3M ESPE), Gradia Direct Anterior (GC), and Aelite Posterior (BISCO)--were prepared and light-cured with a QTH light curing unit (LCU). The specimens were aged by thermal cycling and divided into three subgroups according to the light source used--QTH, LED, or PAC (n = 10). They were repaired with the same substrate and a Clearfil Repair Kit (Kuraray). The specimens were light-cured and aged for 1 week in distilled water at 37 °C. The microshear bond strength and failure modes were assessed. There was no significant difference in the microshear bond strength values among the composite resins, except for the Filtek Silorane group that showed significantly lower bond strength values when polymerized with the PAC unit compared to the QTH or LED unit. In conclusion, previously placed dimethacrylate-based composites can be repaired with different light sources; however, if the composite to be repaired is silorane-based, then using a QTH or LED device may be the best option.

Resistência de união à dentina de sistemas adesivos irradiados com laser de diodo: estudo in vitro / Bond strength to dentin with adhesive systems irradiated with diode laser: in vitro study

A irradiação LASER sobre os sistemas adesivos aplicados em dentina, antes de sua fotoativação, tem sido proposta para aumentar a resistência de união de restaurações adesivas. O objetivo foi avaliar o efeito da irradiação com LASER de Diodo (λ = 970nm) sobre diferentes sistemas adesivos na resistência de união imediata à dentina. Oitenta molares humanos hígidos foram aleatoriamente distribuídos em 8 grupos (n=10) de acordo com o sistema adesivo: MP (Adper™ ScotchBond Multi-Purpose Plus - convencional não simplificado), SB (Adper™ SingleBond 2 - convencional simplificado), CSE (Clearfil™ SE Bond - autocondicionante não simplificado), EO (Adper™ EasyOne - autocondicionante simplificado); e respectivos grupos irradiados com LASER de Diodo (SiroLaser, Sirona Dental). Para avaliar a resistência de união foi realizado teste de microtração, obtendo-se valores em MPa, posteriormente analisados através de ANOVA a 2 critérios, seguido de Tukey para comparações individuais e múltiplos testes t (p<0,05) para comparações entre CONTROLE e LASER do mesmo sistema adesivo. Os valores de resistência de união ± desvio padrão para os grupos sem e com irradiação com LASER foram respectivamente: MP (40,10±10,95 / 35,82±7,17), SB (33,49±6,77 / 43,69±8,15), CSE (43,71±15,71 / 37,95±7,66) e EO (19,67±5,86 / 29,87±6,98). A irradiação com LASER de Diodo provocou um aumento da resistência de união obtida pelos sistemas adesivos SB e EO, mostrando-se uma técnica promissora na obtenção de uma adesão mais efetiva de sistemas adesivos simplificados ao substrato dentinário.

LASER irradiation on adhesive systems before it`s activation has been proposed to increase bond strength of composite restorations to dentin. The objective was to evaluate the effect of Diode LASER irradiation (λ = 970nm) on different adhesive systems on immediate bond strength to dentin. Eighty healthy human molars were randomly distributed in 8 groups (n=10) according to the adhesive system: MP (Adper™ ScotchBond Multi-Purpose Plus, non simplified etch and rinse), SB (Adper™ SingleBond 2 simplified etch and rinse), CSE (Clearfil™SE Bond non simplified self-etch), EO (Adper™ EasyOne simplified self-etch); and respective groups irradiated with Diode LASER (SiroLaser, Sirona Dental). Microtensile test was performed obtaining bond strength values in MPa whice were analyzed by two way ANOVA, followed by Tukey for individual comparisons and multiple t test (p<0.05) for evaluation of CONTROL and LASER groups with the same adhesive systems. Bond strength values ± standard deviation for groups without and with LASER irradiation were respectively: MP (40.10±10.95 / 35.82±7.17), SB (33.49±6.77 / 43.69±8.15), CSE (43.71±15.71 / 37.95±7.66) and EO (19.67±5.86 / 29.87±6.98). Irradiation with Diode LASER resulted in an increase of SB and EO bond strength values, being considered a promising technic to obtain an improved adhesion of simplified adhesive systems to dentin substrate.

Effect of curing unit and adhesive system on marginal adaptation of composite restorations.

This study sought to evaluate how a curing unit and adhesive system affected the marginal adaptation of resin composite restorations. Class V cavities were prepared in bovine teeth with a gingival margin in dentin and an incisal margin in enamel. The cavities were restored with a micro-hybrid resin composite using one of four adhesives: Single Bond 2, Prime & Bond NT, Clearfil SE Bond, Xeno IV. The light-activations were performed using a quartz-tungsten-halogen (QTH) lamp or a second-generation light-emitting diode (LED). Restorations were finished and polished and epoxy replicas were prepared. Marginal adaptation was analyzed by using scanning electronic microscopy (magnification 500X). The widest gaps in each margin were recorded, and data were submitted to Kruskal-Wallis, Mann-Whitney, and Wilcoxon tests (α = 0.05). Differences between the adhesives were observed only when the dentin margins were evaluated: Clearfil SE Bond demonstrated better marginal adaptation than Prime & Bond NT or Single Bond 2 (which demonstrated the widest gaps in the dentin margin). The type of curing unit only affected the results for Xeno IV when the enamel margin was analyzed; the LED lamp promoted smaller gaps than the QTH lamp.

Effects of curing protocol and storage time on the micro-hardness of resin cements used to lute fiber-reinforced resin posts.

OBJECTIVES: To determine the micro-hardness profile of two dual cure resin cements (RelyX-U100, 3M-eSPe and Panavia F 2.0, Kuraray) used for cementing fiberre inforced resin posts (Fibrekor-Jeneric Pentron) under three different curing protocols and two water storage times. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Sixty 16 mm long bovine incisor roots were endodontically treated and prepared for cementation of the Fibrekor posts. The cements were mixed as instructed, dispensed in the canal, the posts were seated and the curing performed as follows: (a) no light activation; (b) light-activation immediately after seating the post, and; (c) light-activation delayed 5 minutes after seating the post. The teeth were stored in water and retrieved for analysis after 7 days and 3 months. The roots were longitudinally sectioned and the microhardness was determined at the cervical, middle and apical regions along the cement line. The data was analyzed by the three-way ANOVA test (curing mode, storage time and thirds) for each cement. The Tukey test was used for the post-hoc analysis. RESULTS: Light-activation resulted in a significant increase in the microhardness. This was more evident for the cervical region and for the Panavia cement. Storage in water for 3 months caused a reduction of the micro-hardness for both cements. The U100 cement showed less variation in the micro-hardness regardless of the curing protocol and storage time. CONCLUSIONS: The micro-hardness of the cements was affected by the curing and storage variables and were material-dependent.

Effects of curing protocol and storage time on the micro-hardness of resin cements used to lute fiber-reinforced resin posts

OBJECTIVES: To determine the micro-hardness profile of two dual cure resin cements (RelyX - U100®, 3M-eSPe and Panavia F 2.0®, Kuraray) used for cementing fiberreinforced resin posts (Fibrekor® - Jeneric Pentron) under three different curing protocols and two water storage times. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Sixty 16mm long bovine incisor roots were endodontically treated and prepared for cementation of the Fibrekor posts. The cements were mixed as instructed, dispensed in the canal, the posts were seated and the curing performed as follows: a) no light activation; b) light-activation immediately after seating the post, and; c) light-activation delayed 5 minutes after seating the post. The teeth were stored in water and retrieved for analysis after 7 days and 3 months. The roots were longitudinally sectioned and the microhardness was determined at the cervical, middle and apical regions along the cement line. The data was analyzed by the three-way ANOVA test (curing mode, storage time and thirds) for each cement. The Tukey test was used for the post-hoc analysis. RESULTS: Light-activation resulted in a significant increase in the microhardness. This was more evident for the cervical region and for the Panavia cement. Storage in water for 3 months caused a reduction of the micro-hardness for both cements. The U100 cement showed less variation in the micro-hardness regardless of the curing protocol and storage time. CONCLUSIONS: The micro-hardness of the cements was affected by the curing and storage variables and were material-dependent.

Radiopacity evaluation of calcium aluminate cement containing different radiopacifying agents.

INTRODUCTION: The aim of this study was to evaluate the radiopacity of calcium aluminate cement (EndoBinder) with 3 different radiopacifiers (bismuth oxide, zinc oxide, or zirconium oxide) in comparison with gray mineral trioxide aggregate (GMTA), white MTA, and dental structures (enamel and dentin). METHODS: Eighteen test specimens of each cement with thicknesses of 0.5, 1.0, 1.5, 2.0, 2.5, and 3.0 mm (n = 3) were made by using a stainless steel matrix and were adapted to a standardizing device (8 × 7 cm) with a graduated aluminum stepwedge varying from 2.0-16.0 mm in thickness. To compare the radiopacity of the cements with that of dental structures, slices of first molars with a thickness increasing from 0.5-3.0 mm were obtained and placed on the standardizing device. One occlusal radiograph for each tested cement was taken, with exposure time of 0.1 seconds and focus-film distance of 20 cm. Films were processed in an automatic device, and the mean radiopacity values were obtained by using a photodensitometer. RESULTS: Mean values showed that the thicker the specimen was, the greater was its radiopacity. Only EndoBinder + bismuth oxide (EBBO) and GMTA demonstrated radiopacity values greater than 3.0 mm of the aluminum scale for all thicknesses. When zinc oxide was used as radiopacifier agent, EndoBinder only reached the desired radiopacity with a thickness of 2.0 mm, and with zirconium oxide it was 2.5 mm. CONCLUSIONS: Bismuth oxide was the most efficient radiopacifier for EndoBinder, providing adequate radiopacity in all studied thicknesses, as recommended by ISO 6876, being similar to GMTA.

Sorption, solubility and residual monomers of a dental adhesive cured by different light-curing units.

The aim of this study was to assess polymerization ability of three light-curing units by evaluating the influence of the light source, curing regimen and permeant (water or ethanol) on sorption, solubility and amount of residual monomers of a dental adhesive. Specimens of Adper Single Bond 2 were fabricated using a stainless steel circular matrix (8 mm x 1 mm). One quartz-tungsten-halogen (QTH) lamp and two light-emitting diode (LED) device at three different curing regimes (L1 = 12 J; L2 = 24 J; L3 = 24 J) were used to cure the specimens. Specimens were stored in two types of permeants - deionized water or 75% ethanol - for two storage times (G1 =7 days; G2 = 30 days). The specimens underwent water sorption and solubility tests, according to ISO 4049:2000 standard. After storage, residual monomers were identified and quantified by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). For sorption, L1 showed the highest values and QTH, the lowest. For solubility, in ethanol-stored groups, L1 had also the highest values, and QTH, the lowest, and findings were significantly different from the other curing regimens. L1 leached significantly more monomers than the others, and QTH had the lowest results. In conclusion, the type of light source, the curing regimen and the permeant affected sorption, solubility and amount of residual monomers of the adhesive under study.