Immune-inflammatory markers in massively disseminated cysticercosis.

Disseminated cysticercosis is a common endemic tropical infection. We report a 24-year-old man who presented with a single episode of focal seizure and transient depression. Imaging studies revealed disseminated vesicular cysticercosis involving almost all the body parts. In spite of severe dissemination and significantly raised immunological inflammatory markers, the patient had negligible symptoms. He was subsequently followed up with oral corticosteroid and antiepileptic drug without further complication. The extensive dissemination, relatively benign nature of the disease and clinicoradiological discordance are interesting to describe. This neglected tropical infection can sometimes be alarming and needs public health awareness.

Taenia solium taeniosis/cysticercosis in Asia: epidemiology, impact and issues.

Several reports of patients with cysticercosis from many countries in Asia such as India, China, Indonesia, Thailand, Korea, Taiwan and Nepal are a clear indicator of the wide prevalence of Taenia solium cysticercosis and taeniosis in these and other Asian countries. However, epidemiological data from community based studies are sparse and available only for a few countries in Asia. Cysticercosis is the cause of epilepsy in up to 50% of Indian patients presenting with partial seizures. It is also a major cause of epilepsy in Bali (Indonesia), Vietnam and possibly China and Nepal. Seroprevalence studies indicate high rates of exposure to the parasite in several countries (Vietnam, China, Korea and Bali (Indonesia)) with rates ranging from 0.02 to 12.6%. Rates of taeniosis, as determined by stool examination for ova, have also been reported to range between 0.1 and 6% in the community in India, Vietnam, China, and Bali (Indonesia). An astonishingly high rate of taeniosis of 50% was reported from an area in Nepal populated by pig rearing farmers. In addition to poor sanitation, unhealthy pig rearing practices, low hygienic standards, unusual customs such as consumption of raw pork is an additional factor contributing to the spread of the disease in some communities of Asia. Undoubtedly, cysticercosis is a major public health problem in several Asian countries effecting several million people by not only causing neurological morbidity but also imposing economic hardship on impoverished populations. However, there are wide variations in the prevalence rates in different regions and different socio-economic groups in the same country. It is important to press for the recognition of cysticercosis as one of the major public health problems in Asia that needs to be tackled vigorously by the governments and public health authorities of the region.

Human case management and treatment of cysticercosis.

Disease manifestations due to neurocysticercosis vary markedly and depend upon the location, size and number of cysts as well as the viability or degeneration of cysts and presence, type and degree of host response. Accordingly, the clinical management for each patient should be individualized. Treatment modalities include: (1) larvicidal drugs such as albendazole or praziquantel in patients with viable cysts; (2) corticosteroids or other agents to suppress or prevent the host's immune response; (3) anti-seizure medication(s) to treat or prevent recurrent seizures; (4) surgical interventions; and (5) the use of supportive family, social or health agencies in impaired individuals. Although it is known that larvicidal treatment kills viable cysts that commonly resolve or calcify, the clinical benefit of this treatment in the most common presentations is unproven. However, medical treatment of giant subarachnoid cysts, large parenchymal cysts or orbital cysts causing mass effect has led to definite clinical improvement in uncontrolled trials. Whether there is faster radiological improvement and/or clinical benefit in the treatment of cysts showing signs of inflammation by magnetic resonance imaging (enhancement and/or edema) is like-wise controversial. There is no general understanding when or how to use corticosteroids to suppress natural or treatment-induced inflammation around cysts although their use when inflammation contributes or could be expected to cause undue morbidity or mortality is reasonable. Anti-seizure medication should usually be employed in patients with seizures or patients who may likely develop seizures. Surgical intervention is required to alleviate mass effect, remove some cysts causing obstruction of the ventricles, shunt placement for hydrocephalus, and sometimes for removal and/or decompression of large or critically located cysts before larvicidal treatment.

Características clínicas epidemiológicas, diagnóstico y tratamiento de la neurocisticercosis en el Hospital Militar Escuela Dr. Alejandro Dávila Bolaños en el período comprendido 1993-1999

En este trabajo se hizo una revisión de 30 expedientes clínicos de pacientes con diagnóstico de cisticercosis cerebral, lo que ingresaron al centro Médico referidos del Servicio de Consulta Externa o del servicio de Emergencias, ante la sospecha de .neurocisticercosis. El estudio es retrospectivo-prospectivo, transversal. El objetivo de este estudio fue el de conocer las características clínicas epidemiológicas, diagnóstico y tratamiento de la enfermedad en los años 1993-1999. Encontramos de forma general que la mayoría de pacientes tenían edades comprendidas entre los 20-40 años, sin predominio por el sexo. La crisis convulsiva fue la forma de presentación clínica más común (18 pacientes) seguida de la forma apoplectiforme (10 pacientes). La tomografía axial computarizada fue el medio auxiliar más empleado y el más útil para aproximación diagnóstica de los pacientes no contándose hasta este momento con una gran disposición de la técnica de inmunoensayo, ligado a Enzimas (ELIZA) como prueba confirmativa. La punción lumbar solo fue realizada en 4 pacientes no obteniédose en ninguno de los casos resultados sugestivos. La radiografía simple de cráneo no fue útil como elemento diagnóstico, pero los estudios de partes blandas fueron positivos para calcificaciones (2 pacientes). La forma encefalitica única fue la lesión más frecuente por tomografía. Dos pacientes diagnosticados con la forma Meníngea activa con aracnoiditis cicatrizal fueron sometidos a implante valvular (Derivación Ventrículo Atrial). De las complicaciones médicos-quirúrgicas fueron encontrados 5 pacientes: hidrocefalia obstruida, convulsión recurrente, hipertensión intracraneal, obstrucción valvular, reemplazo valvular. Luego de su egreso los pacientes fuerón remetidos a la consulta de Medicina Neurológica o Neurocirugía

Elevated concentrations of eotaxin and interleukin-5 in human neurocysticercosis.

Symptomatic neurocysticercosis, a major cause of epilepsy worldwide, results from inflammation around Taenia solium larvae, but the mechanisms are unknown. Eotaxin, not previously reported in cases of human infection, and interleukin-5 (IL-5) but not IL-8 concentrations were elevated in patient serum, and IL-5 levels were also elevated in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). Eosinophil-selective mediators may be involved in the pathogenesis of cysticercosis. IL-6 concentrations were also elevated in patient CSF, possibly indicative of an acute-phase response.

Padronizaçäo de índices tomográficos do IV§ ventrículo e suas características em doentes com neurocisticercose / Standardization of tomographic indexes of the fourth ventricle and its characteristics in patients with neurocysticercosis

A cisticercose do IV§ ventrículo cursa com manifestaçöes de hipertensäo intracraniana (HIC) de fossa posterior, conseqüente à obstruçäo da circulaçäo do líquido cefalorraqueano (LCR) pela gliose, ependimite granular ou à presença de cistos parasitários. Sua dilataçäo isolada constitui uma entidade clínico-patológica denominada IV§ ventrículo isolado, cuja fisiopatogenia permanece controvertida. A terapêutica, clínica ou cirúrgica, apresenta indicaçöes e contra-indicaçöes específicas à gravidade do quadro. O diagnóstico ainda está no campo da subjetividade. Várias modificaçöes do método de Evans, que tentou impor mais objetividade na definiçäo de hidrocefalia, surgiram. Pouco se relata sobre a metodologia para o diagnóstico de dilataçäo isolada do IV§ ventrículo. Os objetivos desse trabalho foram propor um padräo de normalidade de parâmetros representativos das dimensöes do IV§ ventrículo em indivíduos com tomografias computadorizadas em crânio (TC) normais e estudar as características do IV§ ventrículo em doentes com neurocisticercose (NCC). Foram realizadas medidas da distância fronto-polar dos ventrículos laterais (FP) e dos diâmetros craniano interno (Cr), antero-posterior (AP) e latero-lateral (LL) do IV§ ventrículo em 114 indivíduos com TCs normais (grupo CONTROLE, ou GC) e em 80 doentes com o diagnóstico de NCC (grupo com NCC, ou GN) e estabelecidos os índices FP/Cr, AP/Cr, LL/Cr, AP/FP, LL/FP e AP/LL. Após análise estatística, os índices AP/Cr, AP/LL e AP/FP foram considerados os mais representativos das dimensöes do IV§ ventrículo, permitidno selecionar 51 doentes com NCC que apresentavam, pelo menos, um desses índices com valores acima de dois desvios-padräo da média estatística obtida no GC - grupo com comprometimento do IV§ ventrículo (GN-IV§), que foi analisado mais detalhadamente. No GC, os valores obtidos dos índices estudados foram: FP/Cr = 0,244 ñ 0,034; AP/Cr = 0,063 ñ 0,020; LL/Cr = 0,109 ñ 0,026; AP/FP = 0,267 ñ 0,100; LL/FP = 0,458 ñ 0,136 e AP/LL = 0,582 ñ 0,139. No GN, mostraram outros valores: FP/Cr = 0,257 ñ 0,041; AP/Cr = 0,082 ñ 0,037; LL/Cr = 0,102 ñ 0,034; AP/FP = 0,323 ñ 0,143; LL/FP = 0,409 ñ 0,139 e AP/LL = 0,797 ñ 0,213. Com exceçäo de LL/Cr e de LL/FP, essas diferenças entre os dois grupos foram estatisticamente significantes (GN > GC), näo havendo diferença (p > 0,10) no que diz respeito a sexo e faixa etária, em ambos grupos. No GN, os índices encontrados antes do tratamento com albendazol näo diferiram...

Immunoblot with cerebrospinal fluid from patients with neurocysticercosis using antigen from cysticerci of Taenia solium and Taenia crassiceps.

A comparative study was conducted on membrane (M) and vesicular fluid (VF) from cysticerci of Taenia solium (Tso) obtained from naturally infected swine and the Taenia crassiceps ORF strain (Tc) maintained by experimental infection of female BALB/c mice. The study was carried out using immunoblotting to detect antibodies in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) from patients with neurocysticercosis. No reactivity was observed in the 32 samples from a control group. Of the 23 CSF fluid samples from patients with neurocysticercosis, 22 (95.6%) were reactive in the M-Tso blot and 21 (91.3%) were reactive in the other three blots (VF-Tso, M-Tc, and VF-Tc). Immunodominant peptides in each antigen were 98-92 kD, 56-52 kD, and 72-68 kD in M-Tso; 72-68 kD, 120 kD, 155 kD, 98-94 kD, 76 kD, and 115-108 kD in VF-Tso: 72 kD, 62 kD, and 42 kD in M-Tc; and 72-68 kD and 95-92 kD in VF-Tc. The cross-reactivity observed in the immunoblots performed on CSF samples from patients with neurocysticercosis indicates that the parasites share important epitopes present at sufficient concentrations for use in immunologic tests.

Acute cysticercal meningitis in children: response to praziquantel.

Acute purulent meningitis as a manifestation of cerebral cysticercosis is uncommon. We report two children aged 12 months and 3 years who presented with clinical signs of acute meningitis and whose initial cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), except for negative culture, was typical of purulent meningitis. However, eosinophils were present in subsequent examinations of the CSF and the haemagglutination titre for cysticercus rose. Praziquantel was given to both children with dramatic improvement in clinical and CSF findings.

Human neurocysticercosis. IgE in cerebrospinal fluid.

The detection of IgE is technically difficult because of its reduced concentrations in serum, and even lower concentrations in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). In the present investigation we studied 86 CSF samples using an immunoenzymatic method with an anti-IgE-alkaline phosphatase conjugate and a fluorigenic substrate. The samples were from three groups: A) 29 patients with neurocysticercosis (NC), B) 36 patients with different neurologic disorders (neurosyphilis, neurotuberculosis, meningitis, tumors, hemorrhage) and C) 21 discharged individuals who had been hospitalized for bacterial meningitis. The results obtained were: A) 0.05 to 3.00 IU/ml (0.76 +/- 0.79), B) 0.00 to 1.50 IU/ml (0.23 +/- 0.34) and C) 0.05 to 1.25 IU/ml (0.34 +/- 0.34). The present results suggest that IgE appears to play a role in the pathogeny of NC and that efforts should be made to standardize a test for the detection of specific IgE antibodies.

Human neurocysticercosis: IgE in cerebrospinal fluid

The detection of IgE is technically difficult because of its reduced concentrations in serum, and even lower concentrations in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). In the present investigation we studied 86 CSF samples using animmunoenzymatic method with an anti-IgE-alkaline phosphatase conjugate and a fluorigenic substrate. The samples were from three groups: A) 29 patients with neurocysticercosis (NC), B) 36 patients with different neurologic disorders (neurosyphilis, neurotuberculosis, meningitis, tumors, hemorrhage) and C) 21 discharged individuals who had been hospitalized for bacterial meningitis. The results obtained were: A) 0.05 to 3.00 IU/ml (0.76 + 0.79), B) 0.00 to 1.50 IU/ml (0.23 + 0.34) and C) 0.05 to 1.25 IU/ml (0.34 + 0.34). The present results suggest that IgE appears to play a role in the pathogeny of NC and that efforts should be made to standardize a test for the detection of specific IgE antibodies.

Hemagglutination test for the diagnosis of human neurocysticercosis: development of a stable reagent using homologous and heterologous antigens

Foi padronizado o teste de hemaglutinacao (HA) utilizando as hemacias formolizadas e taninizadas de ganso sensibilizadas com extrato salino total de C. cellulosae (HA-Cc) e liquido vesicular de Cysticercus longicollis (HA-Cl). Foram ensaiadas 61 amostras de liquido cefalorraquiano (LCR), 41 de pacientes com neurocisticercose e 20 de um grupo de controle, respectivamente, regentes e nao-regentes no teste ELISA utilizando antigenos de C. cellulosae...

Hemagglutination test for the diagnosis of human neurocysticercosis: development of a stable reagent using homologous and heterologous antigens.

A hemagglutination (HA) test was standardized using formalin- and tannin-treated gander red blood cells sensitized with a total salt extract of C. cellulosae (HA-Cc) and an antigenic extract of Cysticercus longicollis (HA-Cl) vesicular fluid. A total of 61 cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) samples were assayed, 41 from patients with neurocysticercosis and 20 from a control group which were, respectively, reactive and non-reactive to ELISA using C. cellulosae. The CSF samples from the control group did not react and 35 (85.4%) and 34 (82.9%) CSF samples from patients were reactive to the HA-Cc and HA-Cl tests, respectively. The reagents ready for use were stable up to 6 months when stored at 4 degrees C in 50% glycerol. The present results confirm that the reagent using Cysticercus longicollis stabilized with glycerol can be used as an alternative in the immunological diagnosis of neurocysticercosis.

[Compulsory notification of cysticercosis in Ribeiräo Preto-SP, Brazil]. / Notificação compulsória da cisticercose em Ribeirão Preto-SP.

Cysticercosis is a severe public health problem in several regions of Asia, Africa and Latin America. Epidemiologic studies based on the frequency of cases observed in specialized neurology, neurosurgery and computed tomography services, at autopsy and in seroepidemiologic studies do not permit the determination of the true prevalence of the disease in the population. The objective of the present study was to investigate the prevalence of cysticercosis by compulsory notification. The coefficient of prevalence was 54 cases/100,000 inhabitants in the municipality of Ribeirão Preto. The results also indicated that cysticercosis is not under control in our region since 21% of cases presented the active form of the disease. Compulsory notification proved to be a valuable resource for the epidemiologic study of cysticercosis, also permitting the mapping of more affected areas for a better direction of prevention strategies.

DOT-Elisa for the detection of anti-Cysticercus cellulosae antibodies in cerebrospinal fluid using a new solid phase (resin-treated polyester fabric) and Cysticercus longicollis antigens

Foi desenvolvido o teste dot-Elisa para deteccao de anticorpos em liquido cefalorraquiano (LCR) no diagnostico imunologico da neurocisticercose humana, utilizando antigenos de membrana e escolex de Cysticercus cellulose (M+E-Cc) e, alternativamente, membrana (M) e liquido vesicular (LV) de Cysticercus longicollis (Cl) covalentemente ligados a um novo suporte constituido de tecido de poliester-resina de N-metilolacrilamida (dot-TR). O teste foi realizado a temperatura ambiente, com tempos de incubacao reduzidos e sem necessidade de cuidados na manipulacao do suporte...

Notificaçäo compulsória da cisticercose em Ribeiräo Preto - SP / Compulsory notification of cysticercosis in Ribeiräo Preto - SP

A cisticercose é grave problema de saúde pública em várias regioes da Asia, Africa e América Latina. Os estudos epidemiológicos baseados na frequência de casos nos serviços especializadas de neurologia, neurocirurgia, tomografia computadorizada, nas necrópsias e nos estudos soroepidemiológicos nao permitem a avaliaçao da real prevalência populacional. O presente estudo teve como objetivo a análise da prevalência da cisticercose no município de Ribeirao Preto, através da notificaçao compulsória implantada em caráter pioneiro no Brasil. O coeficiente de prevalência foi de 54 casos/lOOOOO habitantes, no período de 2O-outubro-l992 a 31-de-dezembro de 1995. Os resultados indicaram, adicionalmente, que a cisticercose nao está sob controle no nosso meio pois 21 por cento dos casos notificados apresentavam a forma ativa. A notificaçao compulsória revelou ser recurso valioso para o estudo epidemiológico da cisticercose, permitindo, adicionalmente, o mapeamento das áreas mais afetadas para melhor direcionamento das estratégias de prevençao.

Immunoperoxidase for the detection of antibodies in cerebrospinal fluid in neurocysticercosis: use of Cysticercus cellulosae and Cysticercus longicollis particles fixed on microscopy slides

A cepa ORF de Cysticercus longicollis (Cl) representa importante modelo para estudo de antigenos heterologos no imunodiagnostico da neurocisticercose (NC). Foi padronizada a tecnica de imunoperoxidase (IP) empregando suspensao antigenica particulada. Amostras de liquido cefalorraquiano (LCR) foram incubadas sobre o antigeno fixado em laminas de microscopia, o conjugado empregado foi anti-IgG-Peroxidase, a reacao enzimatica iniciou-se ao cobrirem-se as laminas com solucao cromogena (Diaminobenzidina/H2O2). Apos lavagens em agua destilada, a lamina foi corada com verde malaquita a 2 por cento em agua. De 21 LCR de pacientes com NC, 19 (90,5 por cento) foram reativos e 8 (100 por cento) LCR do grupo controle foram nao reativos. Os resultados do teste IP-Cl ensaiando 127 LCR de pacientes com suspeita de NC mostrou 89,7 por cento de concordancia com o teste ELISA empregando extrato salino de Cysticercus cellulosae (Cc) e 94,2 por cento de concordancia com o teste IP-Cc

Immunoperoxidase for the detection of antibodies in cerebrospinal fluid in neurocysticercosis: use of Cysticercus cellulosae and Cysticercus longicollis particles fixed on microscopy slides.

The ORF strain of Cysticercus longicollis represents an important model for the study of heterologous antigens in the immunodiagnosis of neurocysticcreosis (NC). The immunoperoxidase (IP) technique was standardized using a particulate antigen suspension of Cysticercus longicollis (Cl) and Cysitcercus cellulosae (Cc). Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) samples were incubated on the antigen fixed to microscopy slides; the conjugate employed was anti-IgG-peroxidase and the enzymatic reaction was started by covering the slides with chromogen solution (diaminobenzidine/H2O2). After washing with distilled water, the slide was stained with 2% malachite green in water. Of the CSF samples from 21 patients with NC, 19 (90.5%) were positive, whereas the 8 CSF samples from the control group (100%) were negative. The results of the [P-C] test applied to 127 CSF samples from patients with suspected NC showed 28.3% reactivity as opposed to 29.1% for the IP-Cc test. The agreement index for the IP test (Cl x Cc) was 94.2%, with no significant difference between the two antigens.

[Diagnosis of human neurocysticercosis by ELISA-IgG using a purified antigen]. / Diagnóstico de la neurocisticercosis humana mediante ELISA-IgG usando un antígeno purificado.

An analysis of immunodiagnosis data for human neurocysticercosis (NC) by ELISA-IgG, complement fixation test (CFT) and indirect hemagglutination test (IHAT) in 67 serum samples and 54 cerebrospinal fluids (CSF) from confirmed cases of different hospitals from the Metropolitan Area of Santiago, Chile, was performed. The cut-off value was determined by using serum samples from 60 apparently healthy persons, whose absorbance values were the mean plus three standard deviations. The sensitivity of ELISA was 97.0% and 100% for serum samples and CSF respectively. This assay was considered of statistical significance (p < 0.05) when it was compared with CFT. Specificity was established by testing a purified antigen over 109 different helminthiasis serum samples, 185 neurological affections other than NC and 60 control samples. A 98.3% of global specificity was found. The use of ELISA-IgG and a purified antigen in the approach of immune diagnosis of NC is considered a useful assay, particularly if it is performed on paired serum/CSF samples.

Severe forms of neurocysticercosis: treatment with albendazole

Study of 22 patients with the severe form of neurocysticercosis treated with albendazole (ABZ) administered in 6 different schedules ranging from 15 to 30 mg/kg/day for 21 to 60 days. Dextrochloropheniramine and ketoprofen were the adjuvant drugs. Multiple symptoms were observed in 90.9 per cent of patients. Intracranial hypertension was manifested in 90.9 per cent. Hydrocephaly occurred in 86.4 per cent. Evolution was satisfactory in 10 patients, 8 died and 4 had sequelae. Tomographic studies showed the appearance of an isolated IVth ventricle in 9 patients, after ventriculoperitoneal shunt, before ABZ treatment in 3 of them, during in 5 and after treatment in one. Median clinical follow-up duration was 10 months for the patients who died and 3-4 years for survivors. In 3 patients there was an increase in cyst size during the administration of the 15 mg/kg/day ABZ dose, which was not observed in any patient when the 30 mg/kg/day dose was used.