Optimization of Multiparameters for Increased Yields of Cytochrome B5 in Bioreactors.

The production of recombinant proteins is gaining increasing importance as the market requests high quality proteins for several applications. However, several process parameters affect both the growth of cells and product yields. This study uses high throughput systems and statistical methods to assess the influence of fermentation conditions in lab-scale bioreactors. Using this methodology, it was possible to find the best conditions to produce cytochrome b5 with recombinant cells of Escherichia coli. Using partial least squares, the height-to-diameter ratio of the bioreactor, aeration rate, and PID controller parameters were found to contribute significantly to the final biomass and cytochrome concentrations. Hence, we could use this information to fine-tune the process parameters, which increased cytochrome production and yield several-fold. Using aeration of 1 vvm, a bioreactor with a height-to-ratio of 2.4 and tuned PID parameters, a production of 72.72 mg/L of cytochrome b5 in the culture media, and a maximum of product to biomass yield of 24.97 mg/g could be achieved.

Detergent-free extraction, reconstitution and characterization of membrane-anchored cytochrome-b5 in native lipids.

Despite their denaturing properties, detergents are used to purify and study membrane proteins. Herein, we demonstrated a polymer-based detergent-free extraction of the membrane protein cytochrome-b5 along with E. coli lipids. Nuclear magnetic resonance experiments revealed the suitability of using nanodiscs for high-resolution studies and revealed the types of native lipids associated with the protein.

Expression, purification, and functional reconstitution of 19F-labeled cytochrome b5 in peptide nanodiscs for NMR studies.

Microsomal cytochrome b5 (cytb5) is a membrane-bound protein capable of donating the second electron to cytochrome P450s (cytP450s) in the cytP450s monooxygenase reactions. Recent studies have demonstrated the importance of the transmembrane domain of cytb5 in the interaction with cytP450 by stabilizing its monomeric structure. While recent NMR studies have provided high-resolution insights into the structural interactions between the soluble domains of ~16-kDa cytb5 and ~57-kDa cytP450 in a membrane environment, there is need for studies to probe the residues in the transmembrane region as well as to obtain intermolecular distance constraints to better understand the very large size cytb5-cytP450 complex structure in a near native membrane environment. In this study, we report the expression, purification, functional reconstitution of 19F-labeled full-length rabbit cytb5 in peptide based nanodiscs for structural studies using NMR spectroscopy. Size exclusion chromatography, dynamic light scattering, transmission electron microscopy, and NMR experiments show a stable reconstitution of cytb5 in 4F peptide-based lipid-nanodiscs. The reported results demonstrate the use of 19F NMR experiments to study 19F-labeled (with 5-fluorotryptophan (5FW)) cytb5 reconstituted in peptide-nanodiscs and the detection of residues from the transmembrane domain by solution 19F NMR experiments. 19F NMR results revealing the interaction of the transmembrane domain of cytb5 with the full-length rabbit cytochrome P450 2B4 (CYP2B4) are also presented. We expect the results presented in this study to be useful to devise approaches to probe the structure, dynamics and functional roles of transmembrane domains of a membrane protein, and also to measure intermolecular 19F-19F distance constraints to determine the structural interactions between the transmembrane domains.

P450 redox enzymes in the white rot fungus Phanerochaete chrysosporium: gene transcription, heterologous expression, and activity analysis on the purified proteins.

With an aim to understand the cytochrome P450 enzyme system in the white rot fungus Phanerochaete chrysosporium, here we report molecular characterization of its P450 redox proteins including the primary P450 oxidoreductase (POR) and two alternate P450 redox proteins cytochrome b5 (cyt b5) and cytochrome b5 reductase (cyt b5r) in terms of transcriptional regulation and heterologous expression. The transcript abundance followed the order POR > cyt b5r > cyt b5. Interestingly, the three genes showed an overall higher expression in the defined carbon-limited cultures with low nitrogen (LN) or high nitrogen (HN) versus the carbon-rich malt extract (ME) cultures. cDNA cloning and analysis revealed the following deduced protein characteristics: cyt b5 (238 amino acids, 25.38 kDa) and cyt b5r (321 amino acids, 35.52 kDa). Phylogenetic analysis revealed that the cloned cyt b5 belongs to a novel class of fungal cyt b5-like proteins. The two proteins cyt b5 and cyt b5r were heterologously expressed in E. coli and purified using affinity-based purification in an active form. The POR was heterologously expressed in Saccharomyces cerevisiae and was also purified in active form as evidenced by its cytochrome c reduction activity. This is the first report on cloning, heterologous expression, and purification of the alternate redox proteins cyt b5 and cyt b5r in E. coli and on yeast expression of POR from this model white rot fungus.

Constitutively overexpressed 21 kDa protein in Hodgkin lymphoma and aggressive non-Hodgkin lymphomas identified as cytochrome B5b (CYB5B).

BACKGROUND: We have previously reported a novel constitutively overexpressed 21 kDa protein in Hodgkin Lymphoma (HL) and aggressive Non-Hodgkin Lymphomas (NHL). The objective of the current study was to 1) identify this protein using two independent methods, 2) study the expression of the protein and its encoding mRNA in reactive lymph nodes, normal lymphocytes and CD34+ bone marrow precursor cells, 3) analyse patterns of expression of the protein in tissue microarrays assembled from a large number of diagnostic clinical biopsies from patients with HL, and 4) determine the copy number variation and mutation status of the encoding gene in HL cell lines. RESULTS: Peptide sequencing by LC-MS/MS and protein identification by protein array screening identified a single protein, CYB5B. No mutations were detected in the CYB5B gene in HL cell lines. Quantitative PCR showed CYB5B gene expression was increased in HL and NHL cell lines. Array CGH using a submegabase resolution tiling array revealed gains in the CYB5B locus in HL cell lines KMH2 and L428. Membrane expression was seen in Reed-Sternberg cells in clinical biopsies from patients with HL but not in reactive lymph nodes. Bone marrow CD34+ precursor cells were CYB5B negative on the cell surface. RT-PCR assays of RNA extracted from T and B cell enriched fractions obtained from normal peripheral blood mononuclear cells, reactive lymph nodes, tonsils and normal bone marrow samples showed no evidence of increased mRNA levels of CYB5B in comparison to housekeeping gene GAPDH. CONCLUSIONS: The 21 kDa protein overexpressed in HL and aggressive NHL is identical to CYB5B. CYB5B gene expression is increased in a subset of HL and NHL cell lines tested. This is associated with CYB5B gene amplification in HL cell lines KMH2 and L428. CYB5B may be a potential target for antibody-based therapy of HL and aggressive NHL as although cytoplasmic expression is present in reactive lymphocytes, it is not expressed on the cell surface of non-neoplastic lymphocytes or bone marrow precursor cells.

Investigation of the mechanisms underlying the differential effects of the K262R mutation of P450 2B6 on catalytic activity.

Human P450 2B6 is a polymorphic enzyme involved in the oxidative metabolism of a number of clinically relevant substrates. The lysine 262-to-arginine mutant of cytochrome P450 2B6 (P450 2B6.4) has been shown to have differential effects on P450 2B6 catalytic activity. We reported previously that the mutant enzyme was unable to metabolize 17-alpha-ethynylestradiol (17EE) or become inactivated by 17EE or efavirenz, which are inactivators of the wild-type enzyme. Studies were performed to elucidate the mechanism by which this mutation affects P450 2B6 catalytic activity. Studies using phenyldiazene to investigate differences between the active site topologies of the wild-type and mutant enzymes revealed only minor differences. Likewise, Ks values for the binding of both benzphetamine and efavirenz were comparable between the two enzymes. Using the alternate oxidant tert-butyl hydroperoxide, the mutant enzyme was inactivated by both 17EE and efavirenz. The stoichiometry of 17EE and efavirenz metabolism by P450s 2B6 and 2B6.4 revealed that the mutant enzyme was more uncoupled, producing hydrogen peroxide as the primary product. Interestingly, the addition of cytochrome b5 improved the coupling of the mutant, resulting in increased catalytic activity. In the presence of cytochrome b5 the variant readily metabolized 17EE and was inactivated by both 17EE and efavirenz. It is therefore proposed that the oxyferrous or iron-peroxo intermediate formed by the mutant enzyme in the presence of 17EE and efavirenz may be less stable than the same intermediates formed by the wild-type enzyme.

Analysis of the interactions of cytochrome b5 with flavocytochrome P450 BM3 and its domains.

Interactions between a soluble form of microsomal cytochrome b(5) (b(5)) from Musca domestica (housefly) and Bacillus megaterium flavocytochrome P450 BM3 and its component reductase (CPR), heme (P450) and FAD/NADPH-binding (FAD) domains were analyzed by a combination of steady-state and stopped-flow kinetics methods, and optical spectroscopy techniques. The high affinity binding of b(5) to P450 BM3 induced a low-spin to high-spin transition in the P450 heme iron (K(d) for b(5) binding = 0.44 microM and 0.72 microM for the heme domain and intact flavocytochrome, respectively). The b(5) had modest inhibitory effects on steady-state turnover of P450 BM3 with fatty acids, and the ferrous-carbon monoxy P450 complex was substantially stabilized on binding b(5). Single turnover reduction of b(5) by BM3 using stopped-flow absorption spectroscopy (k(lim) = 116 s(-1)) was substantially faster than steady-state reduction of b(5) by P450 BM3 (or its CPR and FAD domains), indicating rate-limiting step(s) other than BM3 flavin-to-b(5) heme electron transfer in the steady-state reaction. Steady-state b(5) reduction by P450 BM3 was considerably accelerated at high ionic strength. Pre-reduction of P450 BM3 by NADPH decreased the k(lim) for b(5) reduction approximately 10-fold, and also resulted in a lag phase in steady-state b(5) reduction that was likely due to BM3 conformational perturbations sensitive to the reduction state of the flavocytochrome. Ferrous b(5) could not reduce the ferric P450 BM3 heme domain under anaerobic conditions, consistent with heme iron reduction potentials of the two proteins. However, rapid oxidation of both hemoproteins occurred on aeration of the ferrous protein mixture (and despite the much slower autoxidation rate of b(5) in isolation), consistent with electron transfer occurring from b(5) to the oxyferrous P450 BM3 in the complex. The results demonstrate that strong interactions occur between a eukaryotic b(5) and a model prokaryotic P450. Binding of b(5) perturbs BM3 heme iron spin-state equilibrium, as is seen in many physiologically relevant b(5) interactions with eukaryotic P450s. These results are consistent with the conservation of structure of P450s (particularly at the heme proximal face) between prokaryotes and eukaryotes, and may point to as yet undiscovered roles for b(5)-like proteins in the control of activities of certain prokaryotic P450s.

The identification of two CYP17 alleles in the South African Angora goat.

South African Angora goats (Capra hircus) are susceptible to cold stress, due to the inability of the adrenal cortex to produce sufficient levels of cortisol. Two CYP17 isoforms were identified, cloned and characterized in this study. Sequence analysis revealed three amino acid differences between the two CYP17 isoforms, which resulted in a significant difference in 17,20 lyase activity of the expressed enzymes in both the presence and absence of cytochrome b(5). Furthermore, cotransfections with 3 beta HSD revealed that one CYP17 isoform strongly favours the Delta(5) steroid pathway. Our data implicates CYP17 as the primary cause of the observed hypoadrenocorticoidism in the South African Angora goat.

Screening and purification for novel cytochrome b5 from uncultured environmental micro-organisms.

AIMS: We describe a sequence-based PCR method suitable for the isolation of a novel soluble heme-binding domain of cytochrome b(5) (cyt b(5)) gene directly from metagenomic DNA is described. METHODS AND RESULTS: Using the degenerate primer set, a cyt b(5) gene was isolated directly from metagenomic DNA. Based on the sequence-based PCR method, the similar conserved motif of cyt b(5) from Rhodopseudomonas palustris strain makes the novel target gene. The gene encoding cyt b(5) was cloned and expressed in Escherichia coli BL21 (DE3) using pET expression system. The expressed recombinant enzyme was purified by Ni-nitrilotriacetic acid affinity chromatography and characterized. CONCLUSIONS: Sequence-based strategy is an effective method for application of the novel gene from metagenomic DNA. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY: Investigation of novel genes from metagenome, most of the micro-organism species are largely untapped, could represent an interesting and useful reservoir for biological processes.

Reductive detoxification of arylhydroxylamine carcinogens by human NADH cytochrome b5 reductase and cytochrome b5.

Heterocyclic and aromatic amine carcinogens are thought to lead to tumor initiation via the formation of DNA adducts, and bioactivation to arylhydroxylamine metabolites is necessary for reactivity with DNA. Carcinogenic arylhydroxylamine metabolites are cleared by a microsomal, NADH-dependent, oxygen-insensitive reduction pathway in humans, which may be a source of interindividual variability in response to aromatic amine carcinogens. The purpose of this study was to characterize the identity of this reduction pathway in human liver. On the basis of our findings with structurally similar arylhydroxylamine metabolites of therapeutic drugs, we hypothesized that the reductive detoxification of arylhydroxylamine carcinogens was catalyzed by NADH cytochrome b5 reductase (b5R) and cytochrome b5 (cyt b5). We found that reduction of the carcinogenic hydroxylamines of the aromatic amine 4-aminobiphenyl (4-ABP; found in cigarette smoke) and the heterocyclic amine 2-amino-1-methyl-6-phenylimidazo [4,5-b] pyridine (PhIP; found in grilled meats) was indeed catalyzed by a purified system containing only human b5R and cyt b5. Specific activities were 56-346-fold higher in the purified system as compared to human liver microsomes (HLM), with similar Michaelis-Menten constants (K(m) values) in both systems. The stoichiometry for b5R and cyt b5 that yielded the highest activity in the purified system was also similar to that found in native HLM ( approximately 1:8 to 1:10). Polyclonal antisera to either b5R or cyt b5 significantly inhibited N-hydroxy-4-aminobiphenyl (NHOH-4-ABP) reduction by 95 and 89%, respectively, and immunoreactive cyt b5 protein content in individual HLM was significantly correlated with individual reduction of both NHOH-4-ABP and N-hydroxy-PhIP (NHOH-PhIP). Finally, titration of HLM into the purified b5R/cyt b5 system did not enhance the efficiency of reduction activity. We conclude that b5R and cyt b5 are together solely capable of the reduction of arylhydroxylamine carcinogens, and we further hypothesize that this pathway may be a source of individual variability with respect to cancer susceptibility following 4-ABP or PhIP exposure.

Expression of outer mitochondrial membrane cytochrome b5 in Escherichia coli. purification of the recombinant protein and studies of its interaction with electron-transfer partners.

In the present work, we report expression in Escherichia coli, purification, and characterization of recombinant full-length cytochrome b(5) from outer mitochondrial membrane. Optimization of expression conditions for cytochrome b(5) from outer mitochondrial membrane allowed reaching expression level up to 10(4) nmol of the hemeprotein per liter of culture. Recombinant cytochrome b(5) from outer mitochondrial membrane was purified from cell lysate by using metal-affinity chromatography. It has physicochemical, spectral, and immunochemical properties similar to those of cytochrome b(5) from rat liver outer mitochondrial membrane. Immobilized recombinant mitochondrial cytochrome b(5) was used as affinity ligand to study its interaction with electron transfer proteins. By using this approach, it is shown that in interaction of NADPH:cytochrome P450 reductase with both forms of cytochrome b(5) an important role is played by hydrophobic interactions between proteins, although the contribution of these interactions in complex formation with NADPH:cytochrome P450 reductase is different for isoforms of cytochrome b(5).

Expression of lipase-solubilized bovine liver microsomal cytochrome b5 in Escherichia coli as a glutathione S-transferase fusion protein (GST-cyt b5).

The gene coding for the lipase-solubilized bovine liver microsomal cytochrome b5 (cyt b5) was expressed in Escherichia coli BL21 cells as a glutathione S-transferase fusion protein (GST-cyt b5) using the constructed expression vector pGEX-cyt b). The GST-cyt b5 fusion protein can be matured in vivo as a holoprotein with heme incorporated into cyt b5 during the fermentation, and the purification procedures were simplified by using a one-step affinity column chromatography with glutathione-agarose gel. The fusion protein was characterized by its spectroscopic and electrochemical properties, the interaction between GST-cyt b5 and cyt c was also investigated. The results show that GST-cyt b5 fusion protein shares similar properties and functions to that of isolated cyt b5. Although cyt b5 and GST were fused together, the two partners have not made significant structural and functional alterations of their counterparts, the protein-protein interactions between them are apparently very weak. To our knowledge, the present study is the first report to express cyt b5 as a GST-cyt b5 fusion protein, which provides a good example for the in vivo maturation of a hemoprotein as a GST fusion protein and sheds new light on the protein-protein interactions within the GST fusion protein.

A cytosolic cytochrome b5-like protein in yeast cell accelerating the electron transfer from NADPH to cytochrome c catalyzed by Old Yellow Enzyme.

A 410-nm absorbing species which enhanced the reduction rate of cytochrome c by Old Yellow Enzyme (OYE) with NADPH was found in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. It was solubilized together with OYE by the treatment of yeast cells with 10% ethyl acetate. The purified species showed visible absorption spectra in both oxidized and reduced forms, which were the same as those of the yeast microsomal cytochrome b5. At least 14 amino acid residues of the N-terminal region coincided with those of yeast microsomal b5, but the protein had a lower molecular weight determined to be 12,600 by SDS-PAGE and 9775 by mass spectrometry. The cytochrome b5-like protein enhanced the reduction rate of cytochrome c by OYE, and a plot of the reduction rates against its concentration showed a sigmoidal curve with an inflexion point at 6x10(-8) M of the protein.

High level expression of peptides and proteins using cytochrome b5 as a fusion host.

A novel fusion protein system based on the highly soluble heme-binding domain of cytochrome b5 has been designed. The ability of cytochrome b5 to increase the levels of expression and solubility of target proteins has been tested by expressing several proteins and peptides, viz., alpha hemoglobin stabilizing protein, the regulatory subunits of acetohydroxy acid synthase I (ilvM) and II (ilvN), the carboxy terminal domains of mouse neuronal kinesin and pantothenate synthatase, two peptide toxins from cone snails, and the inactivation gate from the brain voltage gated sodium channel, NaV1.2. The fusion protein system has been designed to incorporate protease cleavage sites for commonly used proteases, viz., enterokinase, Factor Xa, and Tobacco etch virus protease. Accumulation of expressed protein as a function of time may be visually ascertained by the fact that the cells take on a bright red color during the course of induction. In all the cases tested so far, the fusion protein accumulates in the soluble fraction to high levels. A novel purification protocol has been designed to purify the fusion proteins using metal affinity chromatography, without the need of a hexahistidine-tag. Mass spectral analysis has shown that the fusion proteins are of full length. CD studies have shown that the solubilized fusion proteins are structured. The proteins of interest may be cleaved from the parent protein by either chemical or enzymatic means. The results presented here demonstrate the versatility of the cytochrome b5 based fusion system for the production of peptides and small proteins (<15 kDa).

Regulation of 17,20 lyase activity by cytochrome b5 and by serine phosphorylation of P450c17.

Cytochrome P450c17 catalyzes the 17alpha-hydroxylase activity required for glucocorticoid synthesis and the 17,20 lyase activity required for sex steroid synthesis. Most P450 enzymes have fixed ratios of their various activities, but the ratio of these two activities of P450c17 is regulated post-translationally. We have shown that serine phosphorylation of P450c17 and the allosteric action of cytochrome b5 increase 17,20 lyase activity, but it has not been apparent whether these two post-translational mechanisms interact. Using purified enzyme systems, we now show that the actions of cytochrome b5 are independent of the state of P450c17 phosphorylation. Suppressing cytochrome b5 expression in human adrenal NCI-H295A cells by >85% with RNA interference had no effect on 17alpha-hydroxylase activity but reduced 17,20 lyase activity by 30%. Increasing P450c17 phosphorylation could compensate for this reduced activity. When expressed in bacteria, human P450c17 required either cytochrome b5 or phosphorylation for 17,20 lyase activity. The combination of cytochrome b5 and phosphorylation was not additive. Cytochrome b5 and phosphorylation enhance 17,20 lyase activity independently of each other, probably by increasing the interaction between P450c17 and NADPH-cytochrome P450 oxidoreductase.

Novel targeting signals mediate the sorting of different isoforms of the tail-anchored membrane protein cytochrome b5 to either endoplasmic reticulum or mitochondria.

Tail-anchored membrane proteins are a class of proteins that are targeted posttranslationally to various organelles and integrated by a single segment of hydrophobic amino acids located near the C terminus. Although the localization of tail-anchored proteins in specific subcellular compartments in plant cells is essential for their biological function, the molecular targeting signals responsible for sorting these proteins are not well defined. Here, we describe the biogenesis of four closely related tung (Aleurites fordii) cytochrome b5 isoforms (Cb5-A, -B, -C, and -D), which are small tail-anchored proteins that play an essential role in many cellular processes, including lipid biosynthesis. Using a combination of in vivo and in vitro assays, we show that Cb5-A, -B, and -C are targeted exclusively to the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), whereas Cb5-D is targeted specifically to mitochondrial outer membranes. Comprehensive mutational analyses of ER and mitochondrial Cb5s revealed that their C termini, including transmembrane domains (TMD) and tail regions, contained several unique physicochemical and sequence-specific characteristics that defined organelle-specific targeting motifs. Mitochondrial targeting of Cb5 was mediated by a combination of hydrophilic amino acids along one face of the TMD, an enrichment of branched beta-carbon-containing residues in the medial portion of the TMD, and a dibasic -R-R/K/H-x motif in the C-terminal tail. By contrast, ER targeting of Cb5 depended primarily upon the overall length and hydrophobicity of the TMD, although an -R/H-x-Y/F- motif in the tail was also a targeting determinant. Collectively, the results presented provide significant insight into the early biogenetic events required for entry of tail-anchored proteins into either the ER or mitochondrial targeting pathways.

Structure of a cDNA for Ciona Cytochrome b(5) and the ubiquitous expression of mRNA in embryonic tissues.

A cDNA clone for cytochrome b(5) was isolated from a cDNA library of an ascidian, Ciona savignyi, by a plaque hybridization method using a digoxigenin-labeled cDNA for the soluble form of human cytochrome b(5). The cDNA is composed of 5'- and 3'-noncoding sequences, and a 396-base pair coding sequence. The 3'-noncoding sequence contains polyadenylation signal sequences. The amino acid sequence of 132 residues deduced from the nucleotide sequence of the cDNA showed 61% identity and 82% similarity to the cytochrome b(5) of another ascidian species, Polyandrocarpa misakiensis, which we previously cloned. The amino-terminal hydrophilic domain of 98 residues contains well-conserved structures around two histidine residues for heme binding. A cDNA expression system was constructed to prepare a putative soluble form of Ciona cytochrome b(5). The recombinant soluble cytochrome b(5) showed an asymmetrical absorption spectrum at 560 nm as is shown by mammalian cytochromes b(5) upon reduction with NADH and NADH-cytochrome b(5) reductase. The recombinant Ciona cytochrome b(5) is reduced by NADH-cytochrome b(5) reductase with an apparent K(m) value of 3.3 microM. This value is similar to that of the cytochrome b(5) of Polyandrocarpa misakiensis. The expression of Ciona cytochrome b(5) mRNA during development was examined by an in situ hybridization method and ubiquitous expression in embryonic tissues was observed. The results indicate that cytochrome b(5) plays important roles in various metabolic processes during development.

Identification of outer mitochondrial membrane cytochrome b5 as a modulator for androgen synthesis in Leydig cells.

Outer mitochondrial membrane cytochrome b5 is an isoform of microsomal membrane cytochrome b5. In rat testes the outer mitochondrial membrane cytochrome b5 is present in both mitochondria and microsomes, whereas microsomal membrane cytochrome b5 is undetectable. Outer mitochondrial membrane cytochrome b5 present in the testis was localized in Leydig cells with cytochrome P-45017alpha, which catalyzes androgenesis therein. We therefore analyzed the functions of outer mitochondrial membrane cytochrome b5 in rat testis microsomes by using a proteoliposome system. In a low but physiological concentration of NADPH-cytochrome P-450 reductase and excess amount of progesterone, outer mitochondrial membrane cytochrome b5 stimulated the cytochrome P-45017alpha-catalyzed reactions, 17alpha-hydroxylation and C17-C20 bond cleavage. The effects were different from those by microsomal membrane cytochrome b5 as follows: preferential elevation of the 17alpha-hydroxylase activity by outer mitochondrial membrane cytochrome b5 in an amount-dependent manner versus that of the lyase activity by microsomal membrane cytochrome b5 at the low concentration, and the inhibition of both activities at the high concentration. At a low concentration of progesterone reflecting a physiological cholesterol supply, outer mitochondrial membrane cytochrome b5 elevated primarily the production of 17alpha-hydroxyprogesterone and then facilitated the conversion of the released intermediate to androstenedione. Thus, we demonstrated that outer mitochondrial membrane cytochrome b5 and not microsomal membrane cytochrome b5 functions as an activator for androgenesis in rat Leydig cells.

Assessment of the ability of type 2 cytochrome b5 to modulate 17,20-lyase activity of human P450c17.

The 17 alpha-hydroxylase and 17,20-lyase activities of P450c17 lead to the production of 17 alpha-hydroxypregnenolone (17 alpha-OH-Preg) and dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA), respectively, in different tissues. The mechanisms of differential regulation of these two activities are not yet fully elucidated. It has been previously shown that cytochrome b5 (cyt-b5) could facilitate the 17,20-lyase activity of human P450c17. Recently, a cDNA (type 2 cyt-b5) sharing 45.8% homology with type 1 cyt-b5 has been isolated from human testis. Since high 17,20-lyase activity is required for the production of androgens in the testis, we wanted to determine the importance of this second cDNA in the modulation of P450c17 17,20-lyase activity and hence, its role in the formation of active androgens. We therefore isolated type 2 cyt-b5 from human testis by RT-PCR and analyzed, by transient transfection in transformed human embryonic kidney cells (HEK-293) of various amounts of vectors expressing cyt-b5, P450-reductase and P450c17, its ability to modulate the 17,20-lyase activity of human P450c17. Results show that, in the presence of NADPH cytochrome P450 reductase (P450-red), type 2 cyt-b5 increases 17,20-lyase activity to a level comparable to that of type 1. These results support the idea that types 1 and 2 cyt-b5 could be involved in the differential modulation of 17 alpha-hydroxylase and 17,20-lyase activities of P450c17. Furthermore, the analysis of mRNA expression of types 1 and 2 cyt-b5 by RT-PCR using primers specific to each type showed that both types are present in the liver but also in the adrenal and testis.