Mechanism for improving the in vitro digestive properties of coconut milk by modifying the structure and properties of coconut proteins with monosodium glutamate.

In this paper, the effect of monosodium glutamate (MSG) on coconut protein (CP) solubility, surface hydrophobicity, emulsification activity, ultraviolet spectroscopy and fluorescence spectroscopy was investigated. Meanwhile, the changes in the in vitro digestive properties of coconut milk were also further analyzed. MSG treatment altered the solubility and surface hydrophobicity of CP, thereby improving protein digestibility. Molecular docking showed that CP bound to pepsin and trypsin mainly through hydrogen bonds and salt bridges. And MSG increased the cleavable sites of pepsin and trypsin on CP, thus further improving the protein digestibility. In addition, MSG increased the Na+ concentration in coconut milk, promoted flocculation and aggregation between coconut milk droplets, which prevented the binding of lipase and oil droplets and inhibited lipid digestion. These findings may provide new ideas and insights to improve the digestive properties of plant-based milk.

Coconut husk-lignin derived carbon dots incorporated carrageenan based functional film for intelligent food packaging.

Carbon dots (CDs) derived from sustainable natural feed-stocks like lignin have gained wide acceptance by virtue of their renewability and promising potential in intelligent sensing applications. The precursor lignin is isolated from agro-biomass waste, coconut husk through sodium hydroxide based extraction process. CDs are synthesised from amine functionalized lignin through solvothermal process and integrated into carrageenan biopolymer matrix (1, 2 and 3 wt%). The composite film with 2 wt% CDs (CARR2CD) showed optimum fluorescent emission intensity, excellent pH dependent fluorescent color change in the food pH range, reasonable tensile strength (46.50 ± 1.32 MPa) and 27 % increase in elongation at break. CDs imparted UV-light blocking properties (70 % UV-light) and enhanced hydrophobicity of the carrageenan matrix. CARR2CD film showed 84 % visible light transparency, 79 % reduction in oxygen transmittance rate (OTR), 81 % reduction in CO2 gas permeability and excellent antioxidant and antibacterial properties (against E. coli and S. aureus). As a practical application, the developed responsive packaging material is used to track pH change associated with milk spoilage via noticeable color change in fluorescent emission of the composite film. Thus, the developed responsive composite film paves a way for use as green and sustainable transparent intelligent food packaging material.

Unveiling the mechanistic aspects of methylene blue adsorption onto a novel phosphate-decorated coconut fiber lignin.

The aim of this work was to evaluate the adsorptive performance of the phosphorylated coconut fiber lignin (PCFL) obtained through an innovative biorefinery process for removing methylene blue (MB). PCFL was obtained using coconut fiber mixed with 85 % wt. H3PO4 at 70 °C for 1 h. Milled wood lignin (MWL) and PCFL were characterized by FTIR, CP-MAS 31P NMR, phosphorous and hydroxyl contents, pHPZC, and BET analyses. The batch adsorption tests evaluated the effects of the biosorbent (0.25 - 4 g L-1) and adsorbate dosages (2.5 - 7.5 mg L-1), contact time (0 - 60 min), pH (4 - 8), ionic strength (0.001 - 0.1 mol L-1) and temperature (298.15 - 318.15 K) on MB adsorption. Kinetic, equilibrium, and thermodynamic modeling were used. The phosphorous content on PCFL was 2.5 times higher than that of MWL. PCFL presented an enhanced adsorptive performance for removing MB, which was spontaneous (ΔG0 < 0), endothermic (ΔH0 > 0), with affinity between the biosorbent and adsorbate (ΔS0 > 0), and driven by physisorption (Ea > 40 kJ mol-1). The adsorptive performance of PCFL was enhanced due to the grafting of new active sites by using an innovative biorefinery process, showing its potential to be used for textile effluent remediation.

Conversion of archeological iron rust employing coconut husk lignin.

Rust powder collected from an archeological iron was evaluated by complementary analyses such as FTIR, XRD, XRF, and SEM/EDX. The analyses revealed that lepidocrocite (L) was the major component in the archeological iron. Coconut husk (CH) can be classified as a type of lignocellulosic biomass of renewable resources that are widely available, especially in coastal areas. In this research, the isolated lignin extracted from CH is being studied as a potential alternative for environmentally friendly applications. The isolated lignin from soda and organosolv pulping went through several analyses such as FTIR, NMR (13C and 2D-HSQC), and TGA analyses. The analyses showed that lignin isolated via soda pulping has superior antioxidant capabilities due to its greater phenolic-OH content compared to lignin isolated from organosolv pulping. The effects of lignin concentrations, pH, and reaction time were utilized in rust conversion studies of an archeological iron. 5 wt% of soda lignin (SL) was revealed as the ideal condition in this rust conversion study with a value of 84.21 %. The treated rust powder with 5 wt% of SL was then further gone through several complementary analyses, which revealed that the treated rust had nearly transformed into an amorphous state.

Mechanism for improving coconut milk emulsions viscosity by modifying coconut protein structure and coconut milk properties with monosodium glutamate.

In this study, monosodium glutamate (MSG) was used to improve the viscosity of coconut milk and the underlying mechanism was explored by investigating the changes in structures of coconut milk protein and physicochemical properties of coconut milk. Firstly, the effect of MSG on the properties of coconut milk was studied. The results showed that MSG increased the pH and zeta potential, reduced the particle size, thus enhancing the droplet interaction and increasing the viscosity of coconut milk. Subsequently, the effects of MSG on the structure and properties of coconut proteins (CP) were investigated. FTIR spectroscopy and circular dichroism spectroscopy showed that MSG was able to change the secondary structure of CP. The results of SDS-PAGE showed that MSG was able to bind to CP to form a larger molecular weight protein, thus improving the viscosity of coconut milk. Moreover, MSG was also able to increase the water-binding capacity of CP. In addition, molecular docking and driving force analysis revealed that hydrogen bonds, electrostatic forces, disulfide bonds, and hydrophobic interactions are the main interactions between MSG and CP. Studying the effect of MSG on the viscosity of coconut milk provides theoretical support to improve the viscosity of other plant protein emulsions.

A Preliminary Survey of Transfer RNA Modifications and Modifying Enzymes of the Tropical Plant Cocos nucifera L.

The coconut (Cocos nucifera L.) is a commercial crop widely distributed among coastal tropical regions. It provides millions of farmers with food, fuel, cosmetics, folk medicine, and building materials. Among these, oil and palm sugar are representative extracts. However, this unique living species of Cocos has only been preliminarily studied at molecular levels. Benefiting from the genomic sequence data published in 2017 and 2021, we investigated the transfer RNA (tRNA) modifications and modifying enzymes of the coconut in this survey. An extraction method for the tRNA pool from coconut flesh was built. In total, 33 species of modified nucleosides and 66 homologous genes of modifying enzymes were confirmed using a nucleoside analysis using high-performance liquid chromatography combined with high-resolution mass spectrometry (HPLC-HRMS) and homologous protein sequence alignment. The positions of tRNA modifications, including pseudouridines, were preliminarily mapped using a oligonucleotide analysis, and the features of their modifying enzymes were summarized. Interestingly, we found that the gene encoding the modifying enzyme of 2'-O-ribosyladenosine at the 64th position of tRNA (Ar(p)64) was uniquely overexpressed under high-salinity stress. In contrast, most other tRNA-modifying enzymes were downregulated with mining transcriptomic sequencing data. According to previous physiological studies of Ar(p)64, the coconut appears to enhance the quality control of the translation process when subjected to high-salinity stress. We hope this survey can help advance research on tRNA modification and scientific studies of the coconut, as well as thinking of the safety and nutritional value of naturally modified nucleosides.

A comprehensive review of coconut-based porous materials for wastewater treatment and CO2 capture.

For several decades, water pollution has become a major threat to aquatic and non-aquatic species, including humans. Different treatment techniques have already been proposed and implemented depending on wastewater characteristics. But many of these treatment techniques are expensive and inefficient. Adsorption-based techniques have shown impressive performances as an inexpensive treatment method previously. Coconut-based resources have been considered as adsorbents for wastewater treatment because of their abundance, low cost, and favorable surface properties. However, over the last decade, no comprehensive study has been published regarding biochar from coconut-based materials for wastewater treatment and CO2 capture. This review discusses biochar production technology for coconut-based materials, its modification and characterization, its utilization as an adsorbent for removing metals and organics from wastewater, and the associated removal mechanisms and the economic aspects of coconut-based biochar. Coconut-based materials are cheap and effective for removing various organic compounds such as pesticides, hormones, phenol, and phenolic compounds from solutions and capturing CO2 from air mainly through the pore-filling mechanism. Utilizing coconut-based biochars in a hybrid system that combines adsorption and other techniques, such as biotechnology or chemical coagulation is a promising way to increase their performance as an adsorbent in wastewater treatment.

Physicochemical characterization and fatty acid profiles of testa oils from various coconut (Cocos nucifera L.) genotypes.

BACKGROUND: Cocos nucifera (L.) is an important plantation crop with immense but untapped nutraceutical potential. Despite its bioactive potential, the biochemical features of testa oils of various coconut genotypes are poorly understood. Hence, in this study, the physicochemical characteristics of testa oils extracted from six coconut genotypes - namely West Coast Tall (WCT), Federated Malay States Tall (FMST), Chowghat Orange Dwarf (COD), Malayan Yellow Dwarf (MYD), and two Dwarf × Dwarf (D × D hybrids) viz., Cameroon Red Dwarf (CRD) × Ganga Bondam Green Dwarf (GBGD) and MYD × Chowghat Green Dwarf (CGD) - were analyzed. RESULTS: The proportion of testa in the nuts (fruits) (1.29-3.42%), the proportion of oil in the testa (40.97-50.56%), and biochemical components in testa oils - namely proxidant elements Fe (34.17-62.48 ppm) and Cu (1.63-2.77 ppm), and the total phenolic content (6.84-8.67 mg GAE/100 g), and phytosterol content (54.66-137.73 mg CE/100 g) varied depending on the coconut genotypes. The saturated fatty acid content of testa oils (67.75 to 78.78%) was lower in comparison with that of coconut kernel oils. Similarly, the lauric acid (26.66-32.04%), myristic (18.31-19.60%), and palmitic acid (13.43-15.71%,) content of testa oils varied significantly in comparison with the coconut kernel oils (32-51%, 17-21% and 6.9-14%, respectively). Liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) analysis revealed the presence of 18 phenolic acids in coconut testa oil. Multivariate analysis revealed the biochemical attributes that defined the principal components loadings. Hierarchical clustering analysis of the genotypes showed two distinct clusters. CONCLUSION: This study reveals the genotypic variations in the nutritionally important biochemical components of coconut testa oils. The relatively high concentration of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) and polyphenol content in testa oils warrant further investigation to explore their nutraceutical potential. © 2022 Society of Chemical Industry.

Ameliorative Effects of Coconut Water on Hematological and Lipid Profiles of Phenylhydrazine-treated Rats.

Anaemia is a widespread health issue affecting young children and pregnant women, characterized by reduced red blood cells or haemoglobin levels. Coconut water, rich in nutrients such as L-arginine, iron, vitamin C, vitamin B6, folic acid and fatty acids, is believed to aid in blood formation (hematopoesis). The study aimed to examine the impact of coconut water on hematological indices and lipid profiles in rats with phenylhydrazine-induced anemia. 30 rats were divided into 5 groups: a normal control, phenylhydrazine untreated, coconut water (0.5ml/kg), iron, and ferrous treated groups. Hemoglobin, hematocrit, and erythrocyte levels were measured using a Hematology Analyzer. Results showed a significant decrease in LDL and TG levels, and an increase in HDL levels in phenylhydrazine induced anemia compared to the control group. Coconut water administration at 0.5ml/kg reduced LDL, VLDL and TG levels, and increased HDL levels in rats with induced anemia. The study found that coconut water had a positive effect on hematological indices, as it increased hemoglobin and erythrocyte levels in rats with induced anemia. These findings suggest that coconut water may have potential therapeutic benefits for individuals with anemia, particularly in lowering lipid levels and improving blood formation. However, further research is needed to fully understand the mechanisms underlying these effects and to determine the most effective dosage and duration of treatment. Overall, the study highlights the importance of coconut water as a potentially beneficial alternative treatment for anemia.

Spectroscopic investigations and density functional theory calculations reveal differences in retention mechanisms of lead and copper on chemically-modified phytolith-rich biochars.

A better understanding of different retention mechanisms of potentially toxic elements (PTEs) by biochars during the remediation of contaminated sites is critically needed. In this study, different spectroscopic techniques including synchrotron-based micro-X-ray fluorescence (µ-XRF), X-ray absorption fine structure (XAFS), and near-edge XAFS spectroscopy (NEXAFS), were used to investigate the spatial distributions and retention mechanisms of lead (Pb) and copper (Cu) on phytolith-rich coconut-fiber biochar (CFB), and ammonia, nitric acid and hydrogen peroxide modified CFB (MCFB) (i.e., ACFB, NCFB and HCFB). The µ-XRF analyses indicated that sorption sites on ACFB and NCFB were more efficient compared to those on CFB and HCFB to bind Pb/Cu. XAFS analyses revealed that the percentage of Pb species as Pb(C2H3O2)2 increased from 22.2% (Pb-loaded CFBs) to 47.4% and 41.9% on Pb-loaded NCFBs and HCFBs, while the percentage of Cu(OH)2 and Cu(C2H3O2)2 increased from 5.8% to 32.8% (Cu-loaded CFBs) to 41.5% and 43.4% (Cu-loaded NCFBs), and 27.1% and 35.1% (Cu-loaded HCFBs), respectively. Due to their similar atomic structures of Pb/Cu, Pb(C2H3O2)2/Pb-loaded montmorillonite and Cu(C2H3O2)2/Cu(OH)2 were identified as the predominant Pb/Cu species observed in Pb- and Cu-loaded MCFBs. The NEXAFS analyses of carbon confirmed that increasing amounts of carboxylic groups were formed on HCFB and NCFB by oxidizing carbon-containing functional groups, which could provide additional active binding sites for Pb/Cu retention. Results from the X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy analyses of nitrogen showed that azido-groups of ACFB played major roles in Pb/Cu retention, while amide-groups and pyridine-groups of NCFB primarily participated in Pb/Cu retention. Overall, density functional theory calculations suggested that silicate and the synergistic effect of hydroxyl and carboxylic-groups on MCFBs were highly efficient in Pb retention, while azido-groups and/or carboxylic-groups played major roles in Cu retention. These results provide novel insights into the PTE retention mechanisms of MCFBs.

Highly effective adsorption of caffeine by a novel activated carbon prepared from coconut leaf.

The disposal of coconut wastes is costly and damaging to the environment, but its uses are advantageous activated carbons production. Coconut leaves waste were used for activated carbon production by pyrolysis at 500° C and activation with potassium carbonate. The activated carbon was used for caffeine removal from aqueous solution. The coconut leaves activated carbon showed a predominantly amorphous structure from X-ray diffraction analysis and a pH at the zero charge point of 7.9. From the N2 adsorption/desorption method, the adsorbent showed a predominance of mesopores, with average pore size of 45.48 ηm and a surface area of 678.03 m2/g. From kinetic studies the data followed the pseudo-second order, where the intraparticle diffusion can be neglected. The adsorption isotherms were satisfactorily adjusted for the Redlich-Peterson model and a type curve L was identified. The thermodynamic parameters showed that adsorption occurred spontaneously, was exothermic and governed by physical adsorption. The artificial neural networks developed were capable of predicting both kinetics and equilibrium adsorption data under different operating conditions and was comparable to the traditional models available in literature in the training experiments, encouraging its use for data generalization when an efficient dataset is used. In conclusion, coconut leaves waste showed to be a promising feedstock to produce activated carbon aiming caffeine removal from water and wastewater.

On the potential of pristine Cocos nucifera L. tissues for green desalination.

Coconut palm tree (Cocos nucifera L.) tissues were used as a readily available, low-cost and green adsorbent to desalinate seawater. The tree bark (CB), husk (CH), leaves (CL) and roots (CR) were examined in their fresh (F) and dry (D) forms. The salinity removal (adsorption) efficiency followed the trend: F_CB ≈ F_CR > F_CL > D_CR > F_CL > D_CR. The sorbents from the coastal region desalinated more efficiently than those from a non-coastal region. Also, the fresh tissues were more effective and efficient than the dry parts. The salinity retention ability (desalination : desorption) follows the trend: F_CR (22.2) > F_CB (19.0) ≫ D_CR (12.3) > D_CB (11.0) > D_CL (6.14) ≈ F_CL (6.10) > F_CH (4.3) > D_CH (2.1). Moreover, the desalination fitted the pseudo-second-order kinetics than the pseudo-first-order, suggesting the predominance of chemisorption over physical removal. Overall, water pH, conductivity, total dissolved solids and dissolved oxygen (DO) correlated positively and strongly with desalination. By contrast, the density and redox potential correlated negatively, whereas temperature and DO showed no definite influence. Conclusively, F_CR and F_CB are the most suitable coconut palm tree tissues for desalination. Future studies should include chemical characterization of the tissues and system optimization for upscaling. This article is part of the theme issue 'Developing resilient energy systems'.

Elucidating the adsorption mechanism of Rhodamine B on mesoporous coconut coir-based biosorbents through a non-linear modeling and recycling approach.

The search for renewable adsorbent materials has increased continuously, being the agro-wastes an interesting alternative. This work aimed to elucidate the mechanism of adsorption of Rhodamine B on crude and modified coconut fibers from aqueous systems and the feasibility of reusing the biosorbents. The chemical modification of crude coconut fiber was carried out by the organosolv process. The biosorbents were characterized by lignocellulosic composition, FTIR, TGA, WCA, SEM, nitrogen adsorption/desorption (BET-BJH), and pH of zero point of charge (pHPZC) analyses. The batch adsorption tests evaluated the effects of the adsorbent and adsorbate dosages, contact time, and temperature on Rhodamine B adsorption. For elucidating the adsorption mechanisms involved in the process, the non-linear forms of kinetic and isotherm models were used. The regeneration of the biosorbents was evaluated by carrying out the desorption experiments. Modified coconut fiber had an increase in the amount of α-cellulose, which influenced its structural, morphological, surface, and porous properties. The removal efficiency of Rhodamine B was about 90% for modified coconut fiber and 36% for crude coconut fiber. The dye adsorption was spontaneous and endothermic for both biosorbents, showing higher spontaneity and affinity with the adsorbate for biosorbent modified. Therefore, the coconut fiber can be considered an alternative to the traditional adsorbent materials that allows the reuse by four times without performance loss, in which its adsorptive capacity has increased through its chemical modification by a biorefinery process.

Non alcoholic palm nectar from Cocos nucifera as a promising nutraceutical preparation.

Nonalcoholic Palm Nectar from Cocos nucifera (NPNC), a bio-refresher obtained from the juvenile inflorescence of coconut palm; is prominent as a nutritional health drink. The aim of this study was to investigate the nutritional and medicinal properties of NPNC and its products; sugar (NPNCS) and honey (NPNCH). The collected samples were subjected to physicochemical evaluations such as pH, Titrable Acidity, Total Soluble Solids, and Ash value, using standard techniques. The analysis revealed the suitability of NPNC as a natural health drink over conventionally available beverage. The elemental compositions of the samples were determined by using Inductive Coupled Plasma-Atomic Emission Spectrometry and demonstrated that NPNCH is enriched with iron and NPNCS with calcium. Vitamin C present in the samples was determined by using 2,6-Dichlorophenol indophenol redox titration method. Hydrolysable polyphenols, tannins, and flavonoids are determined by Folin-Ciocalteu, by Folin-Denis's technique and by aluminium chloride colorimetric methods, respectively. In NPNC, the dominance of Vitamin C as antioxidant is observed. Diuretic activity of samples was determined by Lipschitz method, and the results revealed that NPNC exhibited significant diuretic activity, comparable with furosemide. Immunomodulatory activities of the samples were evaluated by using indirect hemagglutination test and by using delayed type hypersensitivity (DTH) response. NPNC, NPNCS, and NPNCH exhibited stimulatory effect on humoral and cell-mediated immunity, which is comparable with that of standard immunomodulator levamizole. Subacute toxicity studies of selected samples were done in Wistar rats and the results proved the boicompatibility of the samples without systemic toxic effects. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS: The use of commercially available carbonated beverages and energy drinks in young adults are associated with negative health outcomes with increased incidence of diabetes, sleep disturbances, and dental problems. Even though, such complications are there, the energy drink industries have grown dramatically accounting for major percentage of market sale. Researchers are in search for natural health drinks with some medicinal value to avoid the negative impact on consumers' health. Nonalcoholic Palm Nectar from Cocos nucifera (NPNC) is considered as zero alcoholic natural health drink. The focus of this study is to reveal the potential medicinal properties of NPNC and its products; honey (NPNCH) and sugar (NPNCS). If the nutritional and medicinal values of the selected preparations from natural sources can be proved with scientific evidence, its ability to beat commercially available carbonated beverages and energy drinks with negative health consequences may get widespread acceptance.

Chemical, technological, and sensory evaluation of the suitability of coconut by-products in white rolls.

BACKGROUND: Fortification of rolls, one of the most popular snacks for children and adults, with coconut by-products can be interesting in terms of both nutritional enrichment and reduction of food waste. Coconut by-products, such as residues from coconut milk (RCM) and coconut oil (RCO) extraction, are a valuable source of dietary fiber. In the study, coconut flours obtained from RCM and RCO were used (FCM and FCO, respectively) for supplementation of rolls; white wheat flour was replaced with FCM or FCO at levels of 6, 12, and 18 g per 100 g. RESULTS: The effect of the addition of the coconut by-products on the nutritional value, sensory evaluation, physical properties, and texture of rolls was determined after 24 and 72 h of storage. The research showed a positive effect of FCM and FCO on the roll yield, crumb moisture, and baking loss. The sensory evaluation revealed that the 12% addition of coconut residues yielded products with high overall acceptability (8 points on a 9-point scale). Compared with the control, a 12% addition of FCO or FCM contributed to an increase in proteins of 7.9% and 3.9% respectively and an increase in dietary fiber of 76% and 57% respectively. Despite the increase in the fat and protein contents, the energy value of the coconut rolls was significantly lower (244.6 kcal and 245.3 kcal for FCO and FCM respectively) than in the control wheat rolls (266.0 kcal). CONCLUSION: White rolls with coconut flours obtained after grinding residues from oil or coconut milk extraction significantly increased the nutritional value of the rolls. © 2021 Society of Chemical Industry.

Anti-cataract effects of coconut water in vivo and in vitro.

OBJECTIVE: To determine the anti-cataract effects of coconut water (CW) in vivo and in vitro, and to explore the potential pathogenic mechanism. METHODS: In this study, 48 male Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided into 4 groups: control (CO), diabetic (DM), diabetic treated with CW (DM + CW), and diabetic treated with Glibenclamide (DM + Gli). Except for the CO group, in the other three groups, intraperitoneal injection of STZ (60 mg/kg) was conducted to establish diabetic models. The experiment was conducted for 20 weeks. The slit-lamp examination was undertaken during the period of experiment (20 weeks), and then, all rats were sacrificed. The levels of superoxide dismutase (SOD), malondialdehyde (MDA), and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) in the left lens were measured by using biochemical assays. The right lens was used for pathological analysis. The rat lens epithelial cells (LECs) were cultured in vitro and the subcultured cell were divided into four groups, namely the normal glucose group (5 mmol /L glucose, Group I), the high glucose group (40 mmol/L glucose, Group II), high glucose +5% CW group (Group III), and high glucose +10% CW group (Group IV). LECs were cultured under the conditions as described above for 48 h. Cell proliferation and the morphological changes were observed with interted phase contrast microscope.The level of cell apoptosis was determined by flow cytometry. the level of SOD, MDA and GSH-Px were also detected. RESULTS: The lens opacity index decreased in diabetic rats, and LECs apoptosis ratio also decreased in high glucose environments that received CW. Under treatment with CW, reduced MDA level and elevated activities of SOD and GSH-Px were detected, both in vivo and in vitro experiments. The increased severity of cataract and LECs apoptosis were noted in diabetic rats that received normal water, while CW markedly mitigated the enhanced cataract severity and the reduction of LECs induced by diabetes mellitus. CONCLUSION: CW is a functional food that can protect the lens from diabetic cataract. The possible underlying mechanism may be partly explained via the decreased oxidative stress in lens. However, further research needs to be conducted to indicate the pathogenic mechanism of anti-diabetic effects of CW.

Evaluation of carbon sources from sugar industry to bacterial nanocellulose produced by Komagataeibacter xylinus.

Nanocellulose derived from microorganism is crucial bio-based products due to its unique physicochemical and mechanical properties for material science. Thus, optimizing bacterial cellulose (BNC) production is essential to widen applications and reduce production cost. Using various carbon sources derive from fruits as alternatives for synthesizing BNC could produce a low-cost BNC with comparable properties. Although Komagataeibacter xylinus grown in different natural juices, including clarified juice (CJ), sugarcane juice (SC) and coconut juice (CN) demonstrated a lower yield than that of control medium (HS), FTIR confirmed no change in chemical functional groups of BNCs. Similarly, different sugar sources have slightly effects on mechanical and thermal properties of BNC. However, the internal morphology illustrated the pore structure in oval shape for HS and CN while CJ and SC resulted in irregular pores which could lead to the highest crystallinity index value for BNC from HS compared to that from alternative media.

The Antioxidative Role of Natural Compounds from a Green Coconut Mesocarp Undeniably Contributes to Control Diabetic Complications as Evidenced by the Associated Genes and Biochemical Indexes.

The purpose of this study was to look into the effects of green coconut mesocarp juice extract (CMJE) on diabetes-related problems in streptozotocin- (STZ-) induced type 2 diabetes, as well as the antioxidative functions of its natural compounds in regulating the associated genes and biochemical markers. CMJE's antioxidative properties were evaluated by the standard antioxidant assays of 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), superoxide radical, nitric oxide, and ferrous ions along with the total phenolic and flavonoids content. The α-amylase inhibitory effect was measured by an established method. The antidiabetic effect of CMJE was assayed by fructose-fed STZ-induced diabetic models in albino rats. The obtained results were verified by bioinformatics-based network pharmacological tools: STITCH, STRING, GSEA, and Cytoscape plugin cytoHubba bioinformatics tools. The results showed that GC-MS-characterized compounds from CMJE displayed a very promising antioxidative potential. In an animal model study, CMJE significantly (P < 0.05) decreased blood glucose, serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), creatinine, uric acid, and lipid levels and increased glucose tolerance as well as glucose homeostasis (HOMA-IR and HOMA-b scores). The animal's body weights and relative organ weights were found to be partially restored. Tissue architectures of the pancreas and the kidney were remarkably improved by low doses of CMJE. Compound-protein interactions showed that thymine, catechol, and 5-hydroxymethylfurfural of CMJE interacted with 84 target proteins. Of the top 15 proteins found by Cytoscape 3.6.1, 8, CAT and OGG1 (downregulated) and CASP3, COMT, CYP1B1, DPYD, NQO1, and PTGS1 (upregulated), were dysregulated in diabetes-related kidney disease. The data demonstrate the highly prospective use of CMJE in the regulation of tubulointerstitial tissues of patients with diabetic nephropathy.

Liquid Chicken Oil Could Be a Healthy Dietary Oil.

Liquid chicken oil is similar to the human lipid ratio, and is similar to the ideal fatty acids ratio suggested by Hayes, but its benefits remain unclear (Hwang, K.N.; Tung, H.P.; Shaw, H.M. J. Oleo. Sci. 69, 199-206 (2020)). Using soybean oil as a control, liquid chicken oil, coconut oil, lard oil, and olive oil, were tested on SD rats with the rodent diet 5001 plus 1% of high cholesterol addition and moderate 10 % of test oils. Positive results showed that a 10% liquid chicken oil diet reduced LDL and triglycerides, atherogenic index while increasing superoxide dismutase more than the soybean oil control (0.05 ≦ p < 0.10). Moreover, increment of hepatic endogenous glutathione peroxidase was found to be significantly different from the soybean oil control (p < 0.05). In this study, liquid chicken oil had more benefits than vegetable soybean dietary oil, with little evidence of hyperlipidemia. Comparison of the test oils with categories of fatty acids to the idea ratio SFA : MUFA : PUFA = 1 : 1.5 : 1, scored by its average weight implied a parallel trend of lipidemia and hepatic antioxidant activity to its score. It is difficult to use the test of rat to reflect human physiology, it remain 19% different of the fatty acids ratio from human ratio, however, this study reveal that the healthiness of a dietary oil seems relate well to its compatibility to the idea ratio or the host oil ratio, in this case, it is the human ratio.

Effect of Coconut and Chestnut Flour Supplementations on Texture, Nutritional and Sensory Properties of Baked Wheat Based Bread.

Wheat bread, produced by the single-phase method, is a common food consumed all over the world. Due to changes in lifestyle and nutritional trends, alternative raw materials are sought to increase the nutritional value and improve the taste of daily consumed products. Additionally, customers seek a wide variety of foods, especially when it comes to basic foods. Nuts, such as coconuts or chestnuts, might provide an attractive flavour with benefits to the nutritional quality. In this study, the effect of substituting wheat flour with coconut or chestnut flour (flour contribution level: 5, 10, 15, 30, 50% w/w), was evaluated in terms of the breads specific volume, texture, colour, nutritional composition, and dietary fibre fraction contents. Moreover, a sensory evaluation was conducted to assess potential consumer acceptance. Based on the consumer's perception, the overall acceptance of bread with 15% w/w of coconut and chestnut flour was in privilege compared to the control sample. As a result, taking all of the tested parameters into account, the breads with 5, 10, and 15% supplementation of chestnut or coconut flour were still of good quality compared to the wheat bread and their fibre content was significantly higher.