[Diagnostic performance of biliopancreatic endosonography in patients with intermediate risk of choledocholithiasis]. / Rendimiento diagnóstico de la endosonografía biliopancreática en pacientes con riesgo intermedio de coledocolitiasis.

OBJECTIVE: Determine the sensitivity and specificity of the ESBP for diagnosis in patients with intermediate risk of choledocholithiasis, referred to the specialized surgical Gastroenterology center of Unión de Cirujanos SAS - Oncologists of the West Zentria group - Manizales - Colombia between March 01, 2020 to January 31, 2022. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Retrospective cross-sectional study in patients with intermediate risk for choledocholithiasis. The diagnostic performance of ESBP was calculated and confirmed with ERCP. Negative ESBPs were followed up by telephone. RESULTS: 752 cases with ESBP were analyzed, of which 43.2% (n=325) were positive and 56.8% (n=427) were negative. ERCP was performed in positive cases who accepted the procedure (n=317); 73.5% (n:233) were positive for choledocholithiasis, 25.8% (n=82) tumors and 0.6% (n=2) biliary roundworms. Patients with positive ESBP underwent ERCP. S= 98.3% (95% CI: 95.7-99.5) was obtained; E= 88.1% (95% CI: 79.2-94.1); PPV = 95.8% (95% CI: 92.4-98.0); NPV = 94.9% (95% CI: 87.4-98.7). The AUC of ESBP was 0.9319 (95% CI 0.8961-0.967). CONCLUSION: In patients with intermediate risk for choledocholithiasis, ESBP is a useful diagnostic option in the study of pancreatic pathologies, extrahepatic biliary tree, and the identification of biliary microlithiasis; Therefore, it also allows us to complement it with a therapeutic intervention such as ERCP in a single time.

Colangiografía videolaparoscópica intraoperatoria y colangiopancreatografía retrógrada endoscópica en pacientes con sospecha de colédocolitiasis / Intraoperative Videolaparoscopic Cholangiography and Endoscopic Retrograde Cholangiopancreatography in Patients with Suspected Choledocholithiasis

Introducción: La coledocolitiasis se ha convertido en un problema de salud para el cual existen disímiles opciones de tratamiento. Objetivo: Exponer los resultados obtenidos con la colangiografía videolaparoscópica intraoperatoria y la colangiopancreatografía retrógrada endoscópica en pacientes con sospecha de coledocolitiasis. Métodos: Se realizó un estudio descriptivo retrospectivo en pacientes con sospecha de coledocolitiasis sometidos a colangiografía videolaparoscópica y la colangiopancreatografía endoscópica en el Hospital Militar Clínico Quirúrgico Docente de Camagüey Dr. Octavio de la Concepción y de la Pedraja durante el período de enero de 2015 a diciembre de 2019. El universo lo conformaron los 117 pacientes sometidos a ambos procederes. Se controlaron las variables de sospecha de coledocolitiasis, grupos de edades, sexo, hallazgos imagenológicos, complicaciones e índice de sospecha de coledocolitiasis. Resultados: En la colangiografía videolaparoscópica intraoperatoria fue mayor la posibilidad diagnóstica y menor las complicaciones. El diagnóstico de coledocolitiasis fue mayor en los pacientes sometidos a colangiopancreatografía retrógrada endoscópica, aunque esta no permitió evaluar a pacientes con bajo riesgo. Los pacientes del sexo femenino fueron más frecuentes en ambos grupos y la sospecha de coledocolitiasis se observó en grupo de edades entre 31 y 45 años. Sin embargo, fue normal el hallazgo de las vías biliares en ambos procederes. Conclusiones: Ambos métodos son seguros y útiles en el estudio en pacientes con sospecha de coledocolitiasis, con mayor eficacia diagnóstica para la técnica videolaparoscópica y menos complicaciones. El hallazgo normal de la vía biliar fue el resultado que prevaleció en ambos procederes(AU)

Introduction: Choledocholithiasis has become a health problem for which there are dissimilar treatment options. Objective: To present the results obtained with intraoperative videolaparoscopic cholangiography and endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography in patients with suspected choledocholithiasis. Methods: A retrospective and descriptive study was conducted in patients with suspected choledocholithiasis and submitted to videolaparoscopic cholangiography and endoscopic cholangiopancreatography at Hospital Militar Clínico Quirúrgico Docente Dr. Octavio de la Concepción y de la Pedraja, of Camagüey, during the period from January 2015 to December 2019. The study universe consisted of 117 patients submitted to both procedures. The variables of suspected choledocholithiasis, age groups, sex, imaging findings, complications and index of suspected choledocholithiasis were controlled. Results: Intraoperative videolaparoscopic cholangiography had a higher diagnostic possibility and lower complications. The diagnosis of choledocholithiasis was higher in patients submitted to endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography, although this did not allow the assessment of low-risk patients. Female patients were more frequent in both groups, while suspected choledocholithiasis was observed in patients between 31 and 45 years of age. However, the finding of a normal biliary tract was common to both procedures. Conclusions: Both methods are safe and useful in the study in patients with suspected choledocholithiasis, with greater diagnostic efficacy, as well as fewer complications, for the videolaparoscopic technique. The finding of a normal biliary tract was the prevailing result in both procedures(AU)

Long-Term Outcomes of Laparoscopic Common Bile Duct Exploration Through Diathermy, Choledochotomy, and Primary Closure: A 6-Year Retrospective Cohort Study.

Background and Objective: Choledocholithiasis is a frequent pathology, unfortunately when its endoscopic management fails, there is no consensus of how it should be addressed. The aim of this study was to evaluate the safety, feasibility, and long-term outcomes of laparoscopic common bile duct exploration (LCBDE) using electrosurgery (coagulation) for choledochotomy followed by primary closure after endoscopic treatment failure. Materials and Methods: A retrospective cohort study of patients who underwent LCBDE from 2013 to 2018 was conducted in Bogotá, Colombia. Clinical demographics, operative outcomes, recurrence rate of common bile duct stones, and long-term bile duct complications were analyzed. A descriptive analysis was performed. Results: A total of 168 patients were analyzed. Most of the patients were males (53.37%) with a median age of 73 years with no comorbidities (65%). Stone clearance was successful in 167 patients (99.4%). Nonlethal complications were noted in 3 patients during the surgery or in the immediate postoperative (1.79%) and managed with T-tube or endoscopically. No cases of mortality surgery related were observed. There were no signs of any type of biliary injury or stricture observed in any of the patients during the 24-month follow-up period. Conclusions: LCBDE with diathermy and primary closure is a safe and effective treatment option for choledocholithiasis for failed endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography in terms of long-term outcome as well as short-term outcome.

[Clinical practice guideline for Diagnosis and management of cholelithiasis, cholecystitis and choledocholithiasis for the Peruvian Social Security (EsSalud)]. / Guía de práctica clínica para el diagnóstico y manejo de la colelitiasis, colecistitis aguda y coledocolitiasis en el Seguro Social del Perú (EsSalud).

INTRODUCTION: This article summarizes the clinical practice guide (CPG) for the diagnosis and management of cholelithiasis, acute cholecystitis and choledocholithiasis in the Peruvian Social Security (EsSalud). OBJECTIVE: To provide clinical recommendations based on evidence for the management of patients with cholelithiasis, acute cholecystitis and choledocholithiasis in EsSalud. METHODS: a guideline task force (GTF) was formed with internists, general surgeons, gastroenterologists, and methodologists. The group proposed 10 clinical questions to be answered in this Clinical practice guideline (CPG). Systematic searches of preview reviews were performed and when it was necessary, primary studies from PubMed and CENTRAL during 2017 were reviewed. The evidence was selected aiming to answer each proposed question. Certainty of evidence was evaluated using Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development, and Evaluation (GRADE) methodology. In periodical work sessions, the group used GRADE methodology for reviewing the evidence and formulating recommendations, good clinical practice items and three flowcharts for diagnosis and treatment. Finally, the CPG was approved by Resolution Nº 046-IETSI-ESSALUD-2017. RESULTS: This CPG approached 10 clinical questions divided into two topics: diagnosis and management. Based on these questions; one strong recommendation, five weak recommendations, and 17 good clinical practice items and three flowcharts were formulated. CONCLUSION: This paper abstracts the methodology and evidence-based conclusions of the CPG for diagnosis and management of cholelithiasis, acute cholecystitis and choledocholithiasis in EsSalud.

Puntos críticos en la evaluación y tratamiento de octogenarios con colecistolitiasis / Critical points in the evaluation and treatment of octogenarians with colecistolitiasis

Resumen Introducción: Existe una tendencia global al envejecimiento y con ello un aumento de patologías asociadas. En Chile la prevalencia de la colelitiasis o colecistolitiasis aumenta con la edad, siendo la cole-cistectomía una de las cirugías más frecuentes. Existen escasos estudios latinoamericanos referentes a la realidad de la población octogenaria expuesta a este problema. Objetivo: Estudiar la morbimortalidad posoperatoria en pacientes octogenarios operados de colecistectomía. Definir la precisión de distintas herramientas diagnósticas preoperatorias, estudiar variables operatorias y precisar costos hospitalarios. Materiales y Método: Estudio observacional retrospectivo de la ficha clínica electrónica del Hospital Clínico de la Universidad de Chile, entre enero de 2012 y mayo de 2017. Se incluyeron pacientes con edad igual o mayor a 80 años, en quienes se realizó una colecistectomía electiva o de urgencia por patología benigna. Resultados: Se incluyeron 145 pacientes, 51,7% fueron mujeres, el promedio de edad fue de 84,1 años y un 74,5% presentaba comorbilidades. El 62,1% de los casos ingresó por urgencia. 26,2% de toda la muestra presentó coledocolitiasis. La colecistectomía fue laparoscópica en 73,8% de la muestra global, la tasa de conversión fue de 14,5% en población de urgencia y 1,8% en población electiva (p = 0,009). La población operada totalmente por vía laparoscópica con coledocolitiasis fue resuelta en un 95,2% a través de Rendez-vous, con una tasa de éxito del 100%. La tasa de complicaciones fue de 17,9% siendo en su mayoría médicas, la mortalidad quirúrgica fue de 2,1%, siendo todos casos de urgencia. El costo promedio de atención en salud hospitalaria fue de $5.888.104 pesos chilenos (U$9.000). Conclusión: El paciente octogenario con colecistolitiasis representa un desafío quirúrgico, dado un mayor número de comorbilidades, un cuadro clínico más agresivo y una elevada tasa de coledocolitiasis. Es aconsejable valorar el abordaje mínimamente invasivo y realizar una colangiografía intraoperatoria de rutina.

Introduction: There is a global tendency to aging and associated pathologies. In Chile, the prevalence of cholecystolithiasis increases with age, cholecystectomy is one of the most frequent surgeries in the contry. There are few latinamerican studies regarding the reality of the elderly exposed to this problem. Objective: Study postoperative morbimortality in octogenarian patients undergoing cholecystectomy. Define the accuracy of different preoperative diagnostic tools, study operative variables and specify hospital costs. Materials and Method: Retrospective observational study of the Clinical Hospital of the University of Chile, between January 2012 and May 2017. Patients with age equal to or greater than 80 years were included, in whom an elective or emergency cholecystectomy was performed for benign pathology. Results: A total of 145 patients were included, 51.7% were women, the average age was 84.1 years, and 74.5% had comorbidities. The admission was throw the emergency department in 62.1% of the cases. Choledocholithiasis was diagnosed in 26.2% of the entire sample. Cholecystectomy was fully laparoscopic in 73.8% of the overall sample, the conversion rate was 14.5% in the emergency population and 1.8% in the elective population (p = 0.009). The population operated fully laparoscopically, that had choledocholithiasis, was resolved in 95.2% through Rendezvous technique, with a 100% clearance rate of common bile duct. The complication rate was 17.9%, most being medical. The surgical mortality was 2.1%, all cases operated from emergency. The average cost of hospital health care was $5,888,104.3 Chilean pesos (U$9.000). Conclusion: The octogenarian patient with cholecystolithiasis represents a surgical challenge, given a greater number of comorbidities, a more aggressive clinical setting and a high rate of choledocolithiasis. It is advisable to assess the minimally invasive approach and perform routine intraoperative cholangiography. In the postoperative period, the cardiopulmonary status and the infectious complications of the surgical site should be monitored closely.

Laparoscopic Transcystic Common Bile Duct Exploration in the Emergency Is as Effective and Safe as in Elective Setting.

BACKGROUND: Emergent laparoscopic transcystic common bile duct exploration (LTCBDE) has been reported to be on the increase in some institutions, reflecting the growing confidence with the technique. However, no study has focused on the outcomes of LTCBDE in the non-elective setting. The aim of this study is to investigate whether LTCBDE can be performed effectively and safely in the emergency. METHODS: This is a retrospective study of 500 consecutive patients with choledocholithiasis subjected for LTCBDE at the Hospital Italiano de Buenos Aires from January 2009 to January 2018. Procedures were classified according to the setting as emergent or elective. Demographic data and perioperative parameters were compared between groups. RESULTS: Throughout the period comprised, 500 patients were admitted for choledocholithiasis and gallstones. A single-step treatment combining LTCBDE and laparoscopic cholecystectomy was attempted: 211 (42.2%) were performed electively and the 289 (57.8%) as an emergency. There was no significant difference in the success rate of LTCBDE (93.9% versus 93.8%, p = 0.975) for the two groups. The operative time was slightly longer in the emergency group (122 ± 63 versus 106 ± 53 min, p = 0.002). Postoperative recovery was slower in the emergency group, as reflected by a higher rate of prolonged postoperative stay (21.1% vs 5.7%, p < .001). The rates of postoperative complications were similar between groups (2.8% vs 5.9%, p = 0.109). CONCLUSION: Emergent LTCBDE can be performed with equivalent efficacy and morbidity when compared to an elective procedure. Patients undergoing emergent procedures have longer procedures and hospital stays.

[Accuracy of ASGE predictors in diagnosis of coledocolithiasis in a public hospital of Lima, Peru]. / Precisión de los predictores de la ASGE en el diagnóstico de coledocolitiasis en un hospital público de Lima, Perú.

BACKGROUND: The predictors proposed by the American Society of Gastrointestinal Endoscopy (ASGE) are commonly used topredict the presence and management of choledocholithiasis. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the performance and precision of thepredictors of choledocholithiasis proposed by ASGE. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Prospective and longitudinal study performed ata third level hospital during January 2015 to June 2017. All patients with high and intermediate probability of choledocholithiasiswho underwent endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) were included according to the criteria proposedby the ASGE. RESULTS: A total of 246 patients with suspected choledocholithiasis were analyzed. Of the 228 patients withhigh probability criteria 144 (63.2% = performance) had choledocholithiasis in ERCP with an accuracy of 62% (sensitivity:94.1% and specificity: 9.7%). Among the 18 patients with intermediate probability criteria, 9 (50% = performance) hadcholedocholithiasis with an accuracy of 38% (sensitivity: 5.9% and specificity: 90.3%). In the multivariate analysis, the presenceof stone in the bile duct by ultrasonography (OR: 1.937, 95% CI 1.048-3.580, p=0.035) and age 55 and over (OR: 2.121, 95%CI, 1.101-4.088, p=0.025) were the strongest predictors for choledocholithiasis. CONCLUSIONS: The application of the criteriaof the ASGE to predict the probability of choledocholithiasis, in our population has a performance greater than 50%, however,it is necessary to improve these parameters to avoid an unnecessary performance of ERCP.

Guía de práctica clínica para el diagnóstico y manejo de la colelitiasis, colecistitis aguda y coledocolitiasis: guía en versión extensa / Clinical practice guide for the diagnosis and management of cholelithiasis, acute cholecystitis and choledocholithiasis: an extensive version guide

Este documento abarca el diagnóstico y manejo de la colelitiasis, colecistitis aguda y coledocolitiasis.

Precisión de los predictores de la ASGE en el diagnóstico de coledocolitiasis en un hospital público de Lima, Perú / Accuracy of ASGE predictors in diagnosis of coledocolithiasis in a public hospital of Lima, Peru

Antecedentes: Habitualmente se utilizan los predictores propuestos por la Sociedad Americana de Endoscopía Gastrointestinal (ASGE) para predecir la presencia y manejo de coledocolitiasis. Objetivo: Evaluar el rendimiento y precisión de los predictores de coledocolitiasis propuestos por la ASGE. Materiales y métodos: Estudio prospectivo y longitudinal realizado en un hospital de tercer nivel desde enero del 2015 hasta junio del 2017. Se incluyeron a todos los pacientes con probabilidad alta e intermedia de coledocolitiasis y que fueron sometidos a colangiopancreatografía retrógrada endoscópica (CPRE) según los criterios propuestos por la ASGE. Resultados: Se analizó un total de 246 pacientes con sospecha de coledocolitiasis. De los 228 pacientes con criterios de alta probabilidad, 144 (63,2% = rendimiento) tenían coledocolitiasis en la CPRE con una precisión de 62% (sensibilidad: 94,1% y especificidad: 9,7%). Entre los 18 pacientes con criterios de probabilidad intermedia: 9 (50% = rendimiento) tenían coledocolitiasis con una precisión de 38% (sensibilidad: 5,9% y especificidad: 90,3%). En el análisis multivariado la presencia de cálculo en el colédoco por ecografía (OR: 1,937; IC 95% 1,048- 3,580; p=0,035) y la edad mayor de 55 años (OR: 2,121; IC 95% 1,101-4,088; p=0,025) fueron los predictores más fuertes para coledocolitiasis. Conclusiones: La aplicación de los criterios de la ASGE para predecir probabilidad de coledocolitiasis, en nuestra población tiene un rendimiento mayor del 50%; sin embargo, se necesita mejorar estos parámetros para evitar una realización innecesaria de CPRE.

Background: The predictors proposed by the American Society of Gastrointestinal Endoscopy (ASGE) are commonly used to predict the presence and management of choledocholithiasis. Objective: To evaluate the performance and precision of the predictors of choledocholithiasis proposed by ASGE. Materials and methods: Prospective and longitudinal study performed at a third level hospital during January 2015 to June 2017. All patients with high and intermediate probability of choledocholithiasis who underwent endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) were included according to the criteria proposed by the ASGE. Results: A total of 246 patients with suspected choledocholithiasis were analyzed. Of the 228 patients with high probability criteria 144 (63.2% = performance) had choledocholithiasis in ERCP with an accuracy of 62% (sensitivity: 94.1% and specificity: 9.7%). Among the 18 patients with intermediate probability criteria, 9 (50% = performance) had choledocholithiasis with an accuracy of 38% (sensitivity: 5.9% and specificity: 90.3%). In the multivariate analysis, the presence of stone in the bile duct by ultrasonography (OR: 1.937, 95% CI 1.048-3.580, p=0.035) and age 55 and over (OR: 2.121, 95% CI, 1.101-4.088, p=0.025) were the strongest predictors for choledocholithiasis. Conclusions: The application of the criteria of the ASGE to predict the probability of choledocholithiasis, in our population has a performance greater than 50%, however, it is necessary to improve these parameters to avoid an unnecessary performance of ERCP.

Diagnostic and therapeutic cholangioscopy in biliary diseases: a prospective study in Peru / Uso diagnóstico y terapéutico de la colangioscopía en enfermedades de la vía biliar: un estudio prospectivo en Perú

Introduction: Cholangioscopy is a test that allows the evaluation of the biliary epithelium. It is used for diagnosis and management of biliary diseases. Objectives: Determine the success rate of complete removal of difficult stones with the use of laser lithotripsy through cholangioscopy as well as its complications. Determine the visual impression accuracy of bile duct injuries. Materials and methods: This is a prospective and descriptive study. We included 39 patients between July 2016 and July 2017 with diagnosis of difficult stones in the biliary tract and indeterminate stenosis of the biliary tract that were submitted to cholangioscopy. Results: Success rate of complete removal of difficult stones was 65.3%, there was one complication. Two laser sessions were required in 4 of the 17 patients who obtained complete removal of the stones. The visual impression accuracy of lesions in the bile duct to determine malignancy coincided in all cases with the final diagnosis of the patient. Conclusions: Laser lithotripsy allows a safe and effective treatment of the difficult stones of the bile duct. Precession of visual impression of lesions in the bile duct is very high.

Introducción: La colangioscopía es un examen que permite evaluar la luz biliar, el epitelio biliar y sirve para diagnóstico y manejo de enfermedades de la vía biliar. Objetivos: Determinar la tasa de éxito de remoción completa de cálculos difíciles con el uso de litotripcia con láser a través de la colangioscopía asi como las complicaciones de ésta. Determinar la precisión de impresión visual de lesiones de la vía bilar. Materiales y métodos: Estudio prospectivo, descriptivo. Se incluyeron a 39 pacientes entre Julio 2016 a Julio 2017 con diagnóstico de cálculo difícil en la vía biliar y estenosis indeterminada de la vía biliar que fueron sometidos a colangioscopía. Resultados: La tasa de éxito de remoción completa de cálculos difíciles fue de 65,3% con una complicación. Se requirió de dos sesiones con láser en 4 de los 17 pacientes que obtuvieron remoción completa de cálculos. La precisión de impresión visual de lesiones en la vía biliar para determinar malignidad coincidió en todos los casos con el diagnóstico final del paciente. Conclusiones: La colangioscopía con uso de litotripcia con láser permite un tratamiento seguro y eficaz en los cálculos difíciles de la vía biliar. La precesión de la impresión visual de lesiones en la vía biliar es muy alta.

[Surgical treatment of choledocholithiasis in a patient with situs inversus totalis: a case report and literature review]. / Tratamiento quirúrgico de coledocolitiasis en situs inversus totalis: reporte de caso y revisión de la literatura.

Situs inversus totalis (SIT) is a rare condition, in which there is transposition of the thoraco-abdominal organs. This situation leads to diagnostic and therapeutic difficulties in patients with acute surgical abdomen. The objective of this report is to present the case of a patient who presented with colonic pain in the epigastrium and left hypochondrium, in which the diagnosis of SIT, cholelithiasis and choledocholithiasis was reached after the respective imaging studies. Once the diagnosis was made, treatment was performed through retrograde endoscopic cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) and subsequent surgical exploration of bile ducts. Both procedures were failed due to technical difficulties generated by the patient's condition. In conclusion, in spite of the report of successful cases in the literature of ERCP and surgical treatment of the biliary tract in SIT, there may be situations that do not allow a successful approach, so meticulous surgical planning and the use of support methods are necessary In the management of these patients.

El situs inversus totalis es una rara condición en la que existe trasposición de los órganos torácicos abdominales. Esta situación da lugar a dificultades diagnósticas y terapéuticas en pacientes con cuadros de abdomen agudo quirúrgico. El objetivo de este reporte es dar cuenta del caso de un paciente que presentó con dolor de tipo cólico en epigastrio e hipocondrio izquierdo. Luego de los estudios imagenológicos del caso, el paciente fue diagnosticado como situs inversus totalis, con colelitiasis y coledocolitiasis. El tratamiento fue realizado mediante una colangiopancreatografía retrograda endoscópica y posterior exploración quirúrgica de vías biliares. Ambos procedimientos fueron fallidos, debido a dificultades técnicas generadas por la condición del paciente. En conclusión, pese al reporte de casos exitosos en la literatura de colangiopancreatografía retrograda endoscópica y tratamiento quirúrgico de la vía biliar en situs inversus totalis, pueden existir situaciones que no permitan un abordaje exitoso. Es por ello que una planificación quirúrgica meticulosa y el uso de métodos de apoyo son necesarios en el manejo de estos pacientes.

[Performance of ASGE predictive criteria in diagnosis of choledocholithiasis in the Edgardo Rebagliati Martins Hospital]. / Rendimiento de los criterios predictivos de la ASGE en el diagnóstico de coledocolitiasis en el Hospital EdgardoRebagliati Martins.

BACKGROUND: In Peru, there are still no local studies designed for evaluating the performance of clinical guidelines designed to stratify patients according to probability of choledocholithiasis. OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the performance of predictive criteria proposed by the American Society for Gastrointestinal Endoscopy (ASGE) in diagnosis of choledocholithiasis. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A retrospective cohort study conducted in a hospital in Lima (Rebagliati hospital). Were included all patients with suspected choledocholithiasis who underwent endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) between July 2014 and June 2015. Predictors of choledocholithiasis proposed by the ASGE and the diagnostic performance of the risk categories were evaluated. RESULTS: 118 patients met the inclusion criteria. In multivariate analysis, only age >55 years (OR: 3.07 [95: 1.14-8.31], p = 0.027) and the finding of stones in the common bile duct by abdominal ultrasound (OR: 1.68 [95% CI: 1.09-2.59], p = 0.018) were associated with the presence of choledocholithiasis on ERCP. The performance of the high and intermediate risk categories were 75.82% and 70.37% respectively. The performance of the high-risk category improved to 85.90% using a second set of biochemical markers. CONCLUSIONS: The performance of the predictors and risk categories proposed by the ASGE in diagnosis of choledocholithiasis is acceptable in our hospital, according to the proposed standards; however, it must be further improved to prevent the use of diagnostic ERCP.

Rendimiento de los criterios predictivos de la ASGE en el diagnóstico de coledocolitiasis en el Hospital Edgardo Rebagliati Martins / Performance of ASGE predictive criteria in diagnosis of choledocholithiasis in the Edgardo Rebagliati Martins Hospital

Antecedentes: En el Perú no se cuenta con ningún estudio que evalúe el rendimiento de la guía clínica actual orientada a estratificar a los pacientes según probabilidad de presentar coledocolitiasis. Objetivos: Evaluar el rendimiento de los criterios predictivos propuestos por la Sociedad Americana de Endoscopía Gastrointestinal (ASGE) en el diagnóstico de coledocolitiasis. Materiales y métodos: Cohorte retrospectiva realizada en el hospital Rebagliati. Se incluyeron a todos los pacientes con sospecha de coledocolitiasis que contaron con una colangiopancreatografía retrógrada endoscópica (CPRE) entre julio del 2014 y junio del 2015. Se evaluaron los predictores de coledocolitiasis propuestos por la ASGE y el rendimiento diagnóstico de las categorías de riesgo. Resultados: Se incluyeron 118 pacientes que cumplieron con los criterios de inclusión. En el análisis multivariado sólo la edad >55 años (OR:3,07, [IC 95: 1,14-8,31], p=0,027) y el hallazgo de litiasis en la vía biliar común mediante ecografía (OR: 1,68 [IC 95%: 1,09-2,59], p=0,018) se asociaron a la existencia de coledocolitiasis en la CPRE. Los rendimientos de las categorías de riesgo elevado y de riesgo intermedio fueron de 75,82% y 70,37% respectivamente. El rendimiento de la categoría de riesgo elevado mejoró a 85,90% utilizando un segundo set de pruebas de laboratorio control. Conclusiones: El rendimiento de los predictores y las categorías de riesgo propuestos por la ASGE en el diagnóstico de coledocolitiasis es aceptable en nuestro hospital, acorde con los estándares propuestos; sin embargo, creemos que aún debe mejorar para evitar el uso de CPREs diagnósticas.

Background: In Peru, there are still no local studies designed for evaluating the performance of clinical guidelines designed to stratify patients according to probability of choledocholithiasis. Objectives: To evaluate the performance of predictive criteria proposed by the American Society for Gastrointestinal Endoscopy (ASGE) in diagnosis of choledocholithiasis. Materials and methods: A retrospective cohort study conducted in a hospital in Lima (Rebagliati hospital). Were included all patients with suspected choledocholithiasis who underwent endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) between July 2014 and June 2015. Predictors of choledocholithiasis proposed by the ASGE and the diagnostic performance of the risk categories were evaluated. Results: 118 patients met the inclusion criteria. In multivariate analysis, only age >55 years (OR: 3.07 [95: 1.14-8.31], p = 0.027) and the finding of stones in the common bile duct by abdominal ultrasound (OR: 1.68 [95% CI: 1.09-2.59], p = 0.018) were associated with the presence of choledocholithiasis on ERCP. The performance of the high and intermediate risk categories were 75.82% and 70.37% respectively. The performance of the high-risk category improved to 85.90% using a second set of biochemical markers. Conclusions: The performance of the predictors and risk categories proposed by the ASGE in diagnosis of choledocholithiasis is acceptable in our hospital, according to the proposed standards; however, it must be further improved to prevent the use of diagnostic ERCP.

Diagnostic and therapeutic cholangioscopy in biliary diseases: a prospective study in Peru.

INTRODUCTION: Cholangioscopy is a test that allows the evaluation of the biliary epithelium. It is used for diagnosis and management of biliary diseases. OBJECTIVES: Determine the success rate of complete removal of difficult stones with the use of laser lithotripsy through cholangioscopy as well as its complications. Determine the visual impression accuracy of bile duct injuries. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This is a prospective and descriptive study. We included 39 patients between July 2016 and July 2017 with diagnosis of difficult stones in the biliary tract and indeterminate stenosis of the biliary tract that were submitted to cholangioscopy. RESULTS: Success rate of complete removal of difficult stones was 65.3%, there was one complication. Two laser sessions were required in 4 of the 17 patients who obtained complete removal of the stones. The visual impression accuracy of lesions in the bile duct to determine malignancy coincided in all cases with the final diagnosis of the patient. CONCLUSIONS: Laser lithotripsy allows a safe and effective treatment of the difficult stones of the bile duct. Precession of visual impression of lesions in the bile duct is very high.

Apresentação de forma rara de coledocolitíase e análise de conflitos gerados pela solicitação de exames complementares / A rare form of choledocholithiasis and an analysis of conflicts generated by request of complementary tests

Coledocolitíase refere-se à presença de cálculos no ducto biliar comum e é secundário à passagem de cálculos da vesícula biliar para o ducto colédoco. A associação dos critérios clínicos, laboratoriais e ultrassonográficos determina sensibilidade de 98% para o diagnóstico de coledocolitíase. A sensibilidade para detectar cálculos segundo os exames de imagens pouco varia entre as técnicas disponíveis, representando acurácia de 90% para ultrassonografia abdominal. A medicina avança continuamente através de novos meios de diagnóstico. À medida que novas tecnologias surgem, anamnese e exame físico aprofundado são desvalorizados. Quanto mais exames forem solicitados, maior a chance de resultados falso-positivos, e resultados mal interpretados podem ocasionar adiamentos e cancelamentos de procedimentos essenciais. O relato refere-se a uma paciente do sexo feminino apresentando icterícia, febre, dor em hipocôndrio direito, transaminases excessivamente elevadas e ultrassom abdominal compatível com cálculo na vesícula biliar e material no colédoco terminal. O relato objetiva evidenciar que a integração entre história, exames físicos e laboratoriais é fundamental para se determinar quais exames adicionais solicitar. A paciente apresentava quadro de coledocolitíase e colangite evidenciados ao exame físico e testes complementares. Entretanto, solicitou-se colangiorressonância ­ desnecessariamente ­ para confirmação diagnóstica a uma paciente sem condições financeiras para investigação adicional. É indiscutível que os modernos recursos tecnológicos proporcionam meios necessários para diagnóstico mais preciso. Deve-se basear em critérios clínicos, laboratoriais e ultrassonográficos na investigação de coledocolitíase. Os exames são como a própria denominação se dá (complementares), e eles servem para auxiliar, complementar o raciocínio médico, e não para, sozinhos, realizar o diagnóstico (AU)

Choledocholithiasis refers to the presence of stones in the common bile duct and is secondary to the passage of calculi from the gallbladder to the common bile duct. The association of clinical, laboratory and ultrasonographic criteria determines a 98% sensitivity for the diagnosis of choledocholithiasis. The sensitivity to detect stones according to imaging varies little across the available techniques, representing an accuracy of 90% for abdominal ultrasonography. Medicine advances continuously through new diagnostic means. As new technologies emerge, anamnesis and in-depth physical examination are devalued. The more tests are requested, the greater the chance of false-positive results, and misinterpreted results may lead to delays and cancellations of essential procedures. The report refers to a female patient with jaundice, fever, right hypochondrium pain, excessively elevated transaminases, and abdominal ultrasound consistent with stone in the gallbladder and material in the terminal bile duct. The aim of the report is to show that the integration between history, physical and laboratory tests are fundamental to determine which additional tests to request. The patient had a picture of choledocholithiasis and cholangitis evidenced on physical examination and complementary tests. However, cholangio resonance was requested ­ unnecessarily ­ for diagnostic confirmation to a patient who could not afford further investigation. It is indisputable that modern technological resources provide the means needed for more accurate diagnosis. The investigation of choledocholithiasis should be based on clinical, laboratory and ultrasonographic criteria. The tests are like the denomination itself (complementary), and they serve to aid, complement the medical reasoning, and not to make the diagnosis alone (AU)

Effects of melatonin on the acute inflammatory response associated with endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography: A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. / Efectos de la melatonina en la respuesta inflamatoria aguda asociada con la colangiopancreatografía retrógrada endoscópica: un ensayo clínico aleatorizado, doble ciego y controlado con placebo.

INTRODUCTION: Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) is associated with an acute inflammatory response and melatonin has a variety of immunomodulatory and antioxidant effects studied experimentally in pancreatobiliary pathology. AIMS: The aim of our study was to evaluate the effects of peri-procedural administration of melatonin on the inflammatory response and lipid peroxidation associated with ERCP. METHODS: In this proof-of-concept clinical trial, 37 patients with a high probability of choledocholithiasis were randomized to receive peri-procedure (ERCP) melatonin or placebo. We measured the serum concentration of tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha), interleukin-6 (IL-6), vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), lipid peroxidation, amylase, and liver function tests 24h before and after the procedure. RESULTS: We found no pre-procedure or post-procedure differences between the melatonin group or the placebo group (P>.05) in the serum concentrations of TNF-alpha (melatonin: 153.8 vs. 149.4ng/m; placebo: 103.5 vs. 107.3ng/ml), IL-6 (melatonin: 131.8 vs. 133.3ng/ml; placebo: 177.8 vs. 197.8ng/ml), or VEGF (melatonin: 157.3 vs. 157.8pg/ml; placebo: 97.3 vs. 97.8pg/ml), or in relation to lipid peroxidation (melatonin: 39.2 vs. 72.3µg/ml; placebo: 66.4 vs. 90.5µg/ml). After ERCP, a significant decrease in the AST, ALT, and total bilirubin levels was found only in the melatonin group (P<.05). The administration of melatonin was safe and tolerable. CONCLUSIONS: Melatonin is safe and tolerable in patients undergoing ERCP, but it does not appear to affect inflammatory cytokine concentrations or lipid peroxidation.

Predictor factors for choledocholithiasis.

BACKGROUND: The choledocolithiasis has an incidence of 8-20% in patients with cholecystolithiasis. The preoperative diagnosis guides the interventional treatment on the bile duct AIM: To evaluate the sensitivity and specificity of the laboratory markers and imaging studies for choledocholithiasis preoperatively. METHODS: The study comprised 254 patients divided into two groups: the control group (207 patients), patients without choledocholithiasis intraoperatively and cases group (47 patients), that enrolled the patients with choledocholithiasis intra-operatively. Were evaluated the laboratory markers, image exams and intra-operative diagnostic aspects. RESULTS: The sample was homogeneous for age and gender. It was observed that 47% of the cases the patients did not show comorbidities. Hospitalization showes in cases group acute pancreatitis in12.8%, jaundice in 30%, fever in 30% and pain in the right hypochondrium in 95%. By comparing them, was observed that fever and jaundice were the signs and symptoms with statistical significance. Patients with choledocholithiasis had transaminases, alkaline phosphatase, gamma-glutamyl transferase and higher bilirubin with statistical significance (p<0.001). In regard to imaging studies, ultrasound was fairly accurate for cholelithiasis and choledocholithiasis (p<0.001). CONCLUSION: Changes in canalicular and transaminase enzymes are suggestive for preoperative choledocholithiasis; GGT showed better sensitivity and alkaline phosphatase greater specificity; ultrasonography and nuclear magnetic resonance cholangiopancreatography showed high specificity.

Predictor factors for choledocholithiasis / Fatores preditores para coledocolitíase

BACKGROUND: The choledocolithiasis has an incidence of 8-20% in patients with cholecystolithiasis. The preoperative diagnosis guides the interventional treatment on the bile duct AIM: To evaluate the sensitivity and specificity of the laboratory markers and imaging studies for choledocholithiasis preoperatively. METHODS: The study comprised 254 patients divided into two groups: the control group (207 patients), patients without choledocholithiasis intraoperatively and cases group (47 patients), that enrolled the patients with choledocholithiasis intra-operatively. Were evaluated the laboratory markers, image exams and intra-operative diagnostic aspects. RESULTS: The sample was homogeneous for age and gender. It was observed that 47% of the cases the patients did not show comorbidities. Hospitalization showes in cases group acute pancreatitis in12.8%, jaundice in 30%, fever in 30% and pain in the right hypochondrium in 95%. By comparing them, was observed that fever and jaundice were the signs and symptoms with statistical significance. Patients with choledocholithiasis had transaminases, alkaline phosphatase, gamma-glutamyl transferase and higher bilirubin with statistical significance (p<0.001). In regard to imaging studies, ultrasound was fairly accurate for cholelithiasis and choledocholithiasis (p<0.001). CONCLUSION: Changes in canalicular and transaminase enzymes are suggestive for preoperative choledocholithiasis; GGT showed better sensitivity and alkaline phosphatase greater specificity; ultrasonography and nuclear magnetic resonance cholangiopancreatography showed high specificity. .

RACIONAL: A coledocolitíase tem incidência de 8-20% em pacientes com colecistolitíase. O diagnóstico pré-operatório orienta o tratamento intervencionista sobre a via biliar OBJETIVO: Avaliar a sensibilidade e especificidade dos marcadores laboratoriais e exames de imagem para coledocolitíase no pré-operatório. MÉTODO: Total de 254 pacientes foi dividido em dois grupos: grupo controle (207 pacientes) com os pacientes que não apresentaram coledocolitíase no intra-operatório e o grupo casos (47 pacientes), que foram os que apresentaram coledocolitíase no intra-operatório. Foram avaliados os marcadores laboratoriais, exames de imagem (ultrassonografia e colangiorresonância) e conclusão intra-operatória para diagnóstico. RESULTADOS: A amostra foi homogênea para sexo e idade. Foi observado que no grupo casos 47% dos pacientes não apresentaram comorbidades. Quanto ao motivo de internação observou-se no grupo casos que 12,8% apresentavam pancreatite aguda, 30% icterícia, 30% febre e 95% dor em hipocôndrio direito. Ao comparar os grupos observou-se que febre e icterícia foram o sinal e sintoma com relevância estatística. Os pacientes com coledocolitíase apresentaram transaminases, fosfatase alcalina, gama-glutamil transferase e bilirrubinas mais elevadas com significância estatística (p<0,001). Em relação aos exames de imagem, observou-se que a ultrassonografia demonstrou boa acurácia para colecistolitíase e coledocolitíase (p<0,001) . CONCLUSÃO: As alterações das enzimas canaliculares e transaminases são sugestivas para investigação pré-operatória de coledocolitíase, sendo que a GGT apresentou melhor sensibilidade e a fosfatase alcalina maior especificidade. A ultrassonografia e a colangioressonância nuclear magnética apresentaram alta especificidade. .

Pruebas de laboratorio como predictores de coledocolitiasis en pacientes sometidos a CPRE en un hospital nacional de referencia / Laboratory tests as predictors of choledocholithiasis in patients undergoing to ERCP in a referral national hospital

Objetivos: Determinar las pruebas de laboratorio más certeros para predecir coledocolitiasis. Material y Métodos: Se realizó un estudio en el Hospital Nacional Arzobispo Loayza, Lima, en un periodo de julio del 2013 a junio del 2014. Se incluyeron todos los pacientes con diagnóstico sugestivo de coledocolitiasis sometidos a CPRE que cumplan con los criterios de inclusión y se tomaron como parámetros: sexo, edad, indicación del examen, antecedente de colecistectomía, estudios de laboratorio (bilirrubina total, transaminasa glutámico oxaloacética, transaminasa glutámico pirúvica y fosfatasa alcalina) y el diagnóstico final después del procedimiento. En el análisis estadístico se calculó la sensibilidad, especificidad, valor predictivo positivo y valor predictivo negativo. Se comparó también valores de laboratorios entre pacientes colecistectomizados o no colecistectomizados. Resultados: Se estudiaron 588 pacientes, 152 hombres (25.9 por ciento) y 436 mujeres (74.1 por ciento), con una relación hombre/mujer de 1/2.8, la mediana de edad fue de 49 años (±18.66); se hallaron 370 pacientes (62.9 por ciento) con coledocolitiasis y 218 (37.1 por ciento) sin litiasis. En el grupo con coledocolitiasis 240 (64.9 por ciento) eran no colecistectomizados y 130 (35.1 por ciento) eran colecistectomizados. En el análisis univariado solo la fosfatasa alcalina (FA), fue un factor pronóstico para coledocolitiasis con niveles de p<0.05. Lograron valor estadístico la edad, y la FA. Conclusiones: La fosfatasa alcalina es la prueba de laboratorio más certera para predecir coledocolitiasis. Las indicaciones más frecuentes por la que se realiza el procedimiento son el dolor abdominal y la ictericia. Dentro de las pruebas de función hepática, la transaminasa glutámico pirúvica (TGP) es el examen de mayor sensibilidad y la FA es la prueba de mayor especificidad, valor predictivo positivo (VPP) y valor predictivo negativo (VPN).

Objectives: To determine the most accurate laboratory tests for predicting choledocholithiasis. Patients and Methods: The study was performed at Arzobispo Loayza National Hospital, in Lima, in a period from January to June 2014. We included all patients with suggestive diagnosis of choledocholithiasis undergoing ERCP who meet the inclusion criteria and were taken parameters such as sex, age, indication exam, history of cholecystectomy, laboratory studies (total bilirubin, glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase, glutamic pyruvic transaminase and alkaline phosphatase) and the final diagnosis after the procedure. In the statistical analysis, the sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value and negative predictive value were calculated. We also compare laboratory values between patients with and without cholecystectomy. Results: 588 patients, 152 men (25.9 per cent) and 436 women (74.1 per cent), with a man/woman relation of 1/2.8, the mean age was 49 years (± 18.66); 370 patients (62.9 per cent) with choledocholithiasis and 218 (37.1 per cent) without stones were found. Of the CBD stones group 130 (35.1 per cent) without cholecystectomy and 240 (64.9 per cent) with cholecystectomy. In univariate analysis only the FA, was a predictor for choledocholithiasis with levels of p<0.05. They achieved statistical significance age, and the FA. Conclusions: Alkaline phosphatase is the laboratory test more accurate in predicting choledocholithiasis. The most common indications for which the procedure is performed are abdominal pain and jaundice. Within the liver function tests, the TGP is the most sensitive test and test FA is greater specificity, PPV and NPV.

Algoritmo para el tratamiento mínimamente invasivo de la coledocolitiasis / Algorithm for minimally invasive treatment of the choledocholithiasis

La coledocolitiasis se presenta en más del 10 por ciento de los pacientes jóvenes sometidos a la colecistectomía laparoscópica y se incrementa por encima de 25 por ciento en los pacientes mayores de 60 años. Una vez que se identifica el cálculo en la vía biliar principal (VBP), esto puede convertirse en un dilema terapéutico. En la actualidad, diferentes algoritmos se han planteado y están establecidos, pero las publicaciones internacionales continúan redefiniendo las indicaciones de la colangiopancreatografía retrógrada endoscópica sobre la exploración laparoscópica de la vía biliar principal y viceversa. El objetivo de este estudio fue presentar el algoritmo para el tratamiento de la coledocolitiasis del Centro Nacional de Cirugía de Mínimo Acceso de La Habana. Se realizó una amplia revisión bibliográfica acerca del manejo actual de la coledocolitiasis con vesícula in situ y se evaluaron los resultados de dichas técnicas en el Centro Nacional de Cirugía de Mínimo Acceso. Las opciones para el manejo de la coledocolitiasis incluyen la exploración transcística de la vía biliar principal, la exploración laparoscópica de la vía biliar principal mediante coledocotomía, la colangiopancreatografía retrógrada endoscópica preoperatoria e intraoperatoria con esfinterotomía. Se presenta el algoritmo para el tratamiento mínimamente invasivo de la coledocolitiasis. El manejo de esta enfermedad en la actualidad depende de la experiencia de cada equipo quirúrgico y de su disponibilidad de acceso a los avances tecnológicos(AU)

Choledocholithiasis may be encountered at the time of laparoscopic cholecystectomy in up to 10 percent of young patients and increases to over 25 percent in patients aged 60 and older. Once a stone is identified in the main biliary duct, it can become a therapeutic dilemma. Definite algorithms have been established and agreed upon, but international publications continue re-defining the indications for endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography over common laparoscopic bile duct exploration and vice versa. The objective of this study was to present the algorithm for treatment of choledocholithiasis in the National Center of Minimal Access Surgery in Havana. A comprehensive literature review was made on present management of choledocholithiasis with the in situ gallbladder and the results of these techniques achieved in the National Center. The management choices for choledocholithiasis include transcystic common bile duct exploration, laparoscopic common bile duct exploration via choledochotomy, and preoperative and intraoperative endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography with sphincterotomy. Our algorithm for minimally invasive treatment of the choledocholithiasis was presented here. The management of this disease currently depends on the experience of the surgical team and their access to technological advances(AU)