A Data-Driven Design Framework for Structural Optimization to Enhance Wearing Adaptability of Prosthetic Hands.

Prosthetic hands have significant potential to restore the manipulative capabilities and self-confidence of amputees and enhance their quality of life. However, incompatibility between prosthetic devices and residual limbs can lead to secondary injuries such as skin pressure ulcers and restricted joint motion, contributing to a high prosthesis abandonment rate. To address these challenges, this study introduces a data-driven design framework (D3Frame) utilizing a multi-index optimization method. By incorporating motion/ pressure data, as well as clinical criteria such as pain threshold/ tolerance, from various anatomical sites on the residual limbs of amputees, this framework aims to optimize the structural design of the prosthetic socket, including the Antecubital Channel (AC), Lateral Epicondylar Region Contour (LC), Medial Epicondylar Region Contour (MC), Olecranon Region Contour (OC), Lateral Flexor/ Extensor Region (LR), and Medial Flexor/ Extensor Region (MR). Experiments on five forearm amputees verified the improved adaptability of the optimized socket compared to traditional sockets under three load conditions. The experimental results revealed a modest score enhancement on standard clinical scales and reduced muscle fatigue levels. Specifically, the percent effort of muscles and slope value of mean/ median frequency decreased by 19%, 70%, and 99% on average, respectively, and the average values of mean/ median frequency in the motion cycle both increased by approximately 5%. The proposed D3Frame in this study was applied to optimize the structural aspects of designated regions of the prosthetic socket, offering the potential to aid prosthetists in prosthesis design and, consequently, augmenting the adaptability of prosthetic devices.

The Overlay, a New Solution for Volume Variations in the Residual Limb for Individuals with a Transtibial Amputation.

BACKGROUND: The company Ethnocare has developed the Overlay, a new pneumatic solution for managing volumetric variations (VVs) of the residual limb (RL) in transtibial amputees (TTAs), which improves socket fitting. However, the impact of the Overlay during functional tasks and on the comfort and pain felt in the RL is unknown. METHODS: 8 TTAs participated in two evaluations, separated by two weeks. We measured compensatory strategies (CS) using spatio-temporal parameters and three-dimensional lower limb kinematics and kinetics during gait and sit-to-stand (STS) tasks. During each visit, the participant carried out our protocol while wearing the Overlay and prosthetic folds (PFs), the most common solution to VV. Between each task, comfort and pain felt were assessed using visual analog scales. RESULTS: While walking, the cadence with the Overlay was 105 steps/min, while it was 101 steps/min with PFs (p = 0.021). During 35% and 55% of the STS cycle, less hip flexion was observed while wearing the Overlay compared to PFs (p = 0.004). We found asymmetry coefficients of 13.9% with the Overlay and 17% with PFs during the STS (p = 0.016) task. Pain (p = 0.031), comfort (p = 0.017), and satisfaction (p = 0.041) were better with the Overlay during the second visit. CONCLUSION: The Overlay's impact is similar to PFs' but provides less pain and better comfort.

Application of ultrasound to monitor in vivo residual bone movement within transtibial prosthetic sockets.

Transtibial prosthetic users do often struggle to achieve an optimal prosthetic fit, leading to residual limb pain and stump-socket instability. Prosthetists face challenges in objectively assessing the impact of prosthetic adjustments on residual limb loading. Understanding the mechanical behaviour of the pseudo-joint formed by the residual bone and prosthesis may facilitate prosthetic adjustments and achieving optimal fit. This study aimed to assess the feasibility of using B-mode ultrasound to monitor in vivo residual bone movement within a transtibial prosthetic socket during different stepping tasks. Five transtibial prosthesis users participated, and ultrasound images were captured using a Samsung HM70A system during five dynamic conditions. Bone movement relative to the socket was quantified by tracking the bone contour using Adobe After-Effect. During the study a methodological adjustment was made to improve data quality, and the first two participants were excluded from analysis. The remaining three participants exhibited consistent range of motion, with a signal to noise ratio ranging from 1.12 to 2.59. Medial-lateral and anterior-posterior absolute range of motion varied between 0.03 to 0.88 cm and 0.14 to 0.87 cm, respectively. This study demonstrated that it is feasible to use B-mode ultrasound to monitor in vivo residual bone movement inside an intact prosthetic socket during stepping tasks.

Quantifying Bone and Skin Movement in the Residual Limb-Socket Interface of Individuals With Transtibial Limb Loss Using Dynamic Stereo X-Ray: Protocol for a Lower Limb Loss Cadaver and Clinical Study.

BACKGROUND: Relative motion between the residual limb and socket in individuals with transtibial limb loss can lead to substantial consequences that limit mobility. Although assessments of the relative motion between the residual limb and socket have been performed, there remains a substantial gap in understanding the complex mechanics of the residual limb-socket interface during dynamic activities that limits the ability to improve socket design. However, dynamic stereo x-ray (DSX) is an advanced imaging technology that can quantify 3D bone movement and skin deformation inside a socket during dynamic activities. OBJECTIVE: This study aims to develop analytical tools using DSX to quantify the dynamic, in vivo kinematics between the residual limb and socket and the mechanism of residual tissue deformation. METHODS: A lower limb cadaver study will first be performed to optimize the placement of an array of radiopaque beads and markers on the socket, liner, and skin to simultaneously assess dynamic tibial movement and residual tissue and liner deformation. Five cadaver limbs will be used in an iterative process to develop an optimal marker setup. Stance phase gait will be simulated during each session to induce bone movement and skin and liner deformation. The number, shape, size, and placement of each marker will be evaluated after each session to refine the marker set. Once an optimal marker setup is identified, 21 participants with transtibial limb loss will be fitted with a socket capable of being suspended via both elevated vacuum and traditional suction. Participants will undergo a 4-week acclimation period and then be tested in the DSX system to track tibial, skin, and liner motion under both suspension techniques during 3 activities: treadmill walking at a self-selected speed, at a walking speed 10% faster, and during a step-down movement. The performance of the 2 suspension techniques will be evaluated by quantifying the 3D bone movement of the residual tibia with respect to the socket and quantifying liner and skin deformation at the socket-residuum interface. RESULTS: This study was funded in October 2021. Cadaver testing began in January 2023. Enrollment began in February 2024. Data collection is expected to conclude in December 2025. The initial dissemination of results is expected in November 2026. CONCLUSIONS: The successful completion of this study will help develop analytical methods for the accurate assessment of residual limb-socket motion. The results will significantly advance the understanding of the complex biomechanical interactions between the residual limb and the socket, which can aid in evidence-based clinical practice and socket prescription guidelines. This critical foundational information can aid in the development of future socket technology that has the potential to reduce secondary comorbidities that result from complications of poor prosthesis load transmission. INTERNATIONAL REGISTERED REPORT IDENTIFIER (IRRID): DERR1-10.2196/57329.

Rescate articular con colgajo anterolateral del muslo / Joint rescue with anterolateral thigh flap

La preservación del nivel de amputación tanto de la extremidad superior como de la inferior, puede mejorar la función residual y el proceso de rehabilitación protésica de la misma. Ambas van a estar condicionadas por la longitud restante de la extremidad, la presencia o no de articulaciones operativas y la calidad de la cobertura del muñón. Presentamos 2 casos de amputaciones. El primero es un caso agudo de amputación traumática de extremidad superior a la altura del tercio proximal de antebrazo, que asocia avulsión cutánea circular desde el tercio medio del brazo y con articulación de codo conservada. El segundo, es la secuela de una amputación infracondílea de extremidad inferior por osteosarcoma que presenta fístulas cutáneas con drenaje supurativo por osteomielitis en el muñón tibial. En ambos pacientes realizamos cobertura con colgajo anterolateral de muslo anastomosado a la arteria radial en el caso de la extremidad superior, y a la arteria genicular descendente en la extremidad inferior. En los dos casos el postoperatorio transcurrió sin complicaciones, logrando preservar las articulaciones del codo y de la rodilla respectivamente, así como la posterior rehabilitación protésica. Consideramos que el colgajo anterolateral del muslo permite aportar tejido de buena calidad como cobertura del muñón de amputación. Dadas las características del tejido aportado y su volumen, es idóneo tanto para cobertura de defectos agudos como de déficits de almohadillado en casos crónicos (AU)

Sometimes, the severity of the trauma or the existence of a cancer force to amputate a limb. The prosthetic rehabilitation process and residual function will be influenced by the remaining length of the limb, the presence or absence of functional joints and the quality of the coverage of the stump. Two cases of amputations are shown. The former is an acute traumatic upper limb amputation at the level of the proximal third of forearm with skin avulsion from the middle third of the arm and the elbow joint preserved. The second case is the sequelae of an amputation below the knee due to lower extremity osteosarcoma, which was referred with suppurative draining cutaneous fistulas as a consequence of an osteomyelitis of the femur in the stump. In both patients the stumps were covered with anterolateral thigh flap anastomosed over the radial artery in the case of the upper extremity, and over the descending genicular artery in the lower extremity. In both cases the postoperative course was uneventful, preserving the elbow and knee respectively and allowing the subsequent prosthetic rehabilitation. We consider that anterolateral thigh flap is a suitable option for the treatment of the amputation stump. Given the characteristics of the tissue and volume provided by this flap, it is appropriate for coverage of acute defects and for padding deficits in chronic cases (AU)

Tratamiento epidural del dolor en isquemia vascular periférica. Parte II. Revisión bibliográfi ca basada en la evidencia del tratamiento epidural en la isquemia vascular periférica / Epidural pain treatment in peripheral vascular ischemia (II)

Introducción: La isquemia arterial periférica puede ser el resultado de diversas enfermedades que afectan la vascularización de los miembros, generando dolor, discapacidad y deterioro de la calidad de vida del paciente, y en los casos de isquemia crítica, produciendo una considerable morbimortalidad y dolor crónico. Objetivo: Realizar una revisión histórica y crítica de publicaciones científicas sobre la analgesia epidural como método de control del dolor por isquemia vascular periférica y de sus efectos tróficos vasculares, y compararlos con otras técnicas analgésicas, así como recopilar diversas pautas de analgesia epidural y sus resultados. Material y métodos: Búsqueda en Medline, recopilación de datos y posterior análisis crítico, siguiendo los criterios de la medicina basada en la evidencia, de las publicaciones científicas sobre analgesia epidural y el dolor en el contexto de la isquemia arterial periférica. Resultados: a) La analgesia con infusión de fármacos epidurales en isquemia de miembros sólo alcanzó un nivel de evidencia 4 en la presente revisión; b) la anestesia epidural lumbar para cirugía de revascularización de miembros inferiores se relaciona con unas menores tasas de trombosis postoperatoria y de reintervenciones de revascularización que la anestesia general (nivel de evidencia 2b); c) no hay evidencia científica concluyente que apoye la utilización de analgesia epidural preventiva de los síndromes de dolor crónico postamputación de extremidades con isquemia, y d) la aplicación de neuroestimulación epidural medular en la isquemia crítica de origen ateroclusivo de miembros no reconstruibles mediante técnicas quirúrgicas está apoyada por un nivel de evidencia 1. En la enfermedad de Buerger, la enfermedad de Raynaud y trastornos vaso espásticos, la aplicación de la neuro-estimulación eléctrica epidural viene avalada por un nivel de evidencia 4 (...) (AU)

Introduction: Peripheral arterial ischemia can be caused by several diseases that compromise limb vascularization, leading to pain and disability and impairing quality of life. Critical ischemia produces substantial morbidity and mortality, as well as chronic pain. Objective: To perform a critical literature review of scientific publications on epidural analgesia to control pain due to peripheral vascular ischemia and on its vascular trophic effects, to compare this treatment modality with other analgesic techniques, and to describe several epidural analgesia strategies and their results. Material and methods: We searched MEDLINE for articles on epidural analgesia and pain in the context of peripheral arterial ischemia to gather data for subsequent critical analysis, following the criteria of evidence-based medicine. Results: a) Analgesia with epidural drug infusion in limb ischemia only reached level 4evidence in the present review; b) lumber epidural anesthesia for surgical revascularization of the lower extremities is associated with lower rates of postoperative thrombosis and revascularization reinterventions than general anesthesia (level 2b evidence); c) there is no conclusive scientific evidence supporting the use of preventive epidural analgesia of chronic pain syndromes after amputation of ischemic limbs, and d) the application of epidural spinal cord stimulation in critical atherosclerotic occlusive ischemia of non reconstructible limbs using surgical techniques is supported by level I evidence. In Buerger’s disease, Raynaud’s disease and vasospastic disorders, the application of epidural electrical stimulation is supported by level 4 evidence (...) (AU)

Dolor de miembro residual y sensación de miembro fantasma 50 años después de la amputación / Residual limb pain and chronic phantom sensation 50 years after amputation

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Dolor de miembro fantasma / Phantom limb pain

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Dolor de miembro fantasma tras hematoma de muñón postraumático 40 años después de la amputación: a propósito de un caso / Phantom limb pain secondary to post-trauma stump hematoma 40 years after amputation: description of one case

El dolor de miembro postamputación incluye dos síndromes, a veces difíciles de diferenciar entre sí: por un lado, el del dolor de miembro fantasma (DMF), que implica la percepción de sensaciones dolorosas desagradables en la distribución de una parte del cuerpo amputada y, por otro lado, el del dolor de muñón (DM) procedente de la parte residual del miembro amputado. Presentamos el caso de un paciente de 69 años con antecedentes de amputación supracondílea postraumática del miembro inferior derecho hace 40 años tras accidente de tráfico, que inició un cuadro de dolor agudo de características mixtas nociceptivas y neuropáticas en la zona de muñón amputado, coincidiendo con una caída accidental sobre el mismo. A la exploración física, destacaba una zona marginal tumefacta y dolorosa a la palpación que ecográficamente confirmó ser un hematoma de muñón desencadenante del cuadro. El tratamiento bidireccional del dolor de muñón, con descarga y crioterapia, y del dolor de miembro fantasma con antiinflamatorios no esteroideos, antidepresivos tricíclicos, anticonvulsivantes y neurolépticos permitió un buen control del síndrome doloroso. En nuestro paciente, el hecho de que hubieran transcurrido cuarenta años no impidió la aparición de un DMF por primera vez. El tratamiento precoz y desde un punto de vista etiopatogénico resultó ser fundamental para la resolución del cuadro (AU)

Amputaciones del muslo por causa vascular / Amputation of the thigh for vascular causes

La amputación de muslo es el último recurso terapéutico del cirujano en el tratamiento de la insuficiencia arterial crónica de las extremidades inferiores. Es una operación frecuente (0,6% de las operaciones en nuestro Servicio) con una letalidad de 10%. En el presente artículo se establecen las indicaciones y las condiciones necesarias para decidir amputar a nivel del muslo, y se esquematiza una técnica quirúrgica sencilla y eficaz