Examining contributing factors for the implementation of inclusion students with disabilities from the perspective of university academics in Saudi Arabia.

Inclusive education focuses on implementing education for individuals who do not follow typical learning trajectory and require special educational needs (SEN). Educational systems in many countries around the world, including Saudi Arabia, tend to implement and practise inclusive education in order to fulfill relevant international conventions and achieve educational standards of acceptable quality in educating children and young people with medical and neurodevelopmental conditions. This study seeks to reveal some of the factors that may help to overcome the obstacles faced in the implementation of inclusive education from the point of view of academics of special education in Saudi universities. To achieve this goal, the study used semi-structured interviews as its primary tool for data collection. Sixteen male and female faculty members specialized in special education in several Saudi public universities were interviewed. The data were analysed thematically. Two master themes were derived from the thematic analyses, 1) theoretical factors and 2) applied factors. Both master themes had several sub-themes. A number of factors were identified as helping to implement inclusive education thereby changing the behaviours and attitudes towards including students with disabilities Saudi context. It is suggested here that similar factors might exist in other countries in Middle East and beyond.

The Efficacy and Impact of a Special Education Legislative Advocacy Program Among Parents of Children with Disabilities.

With the looming reauthorization of the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA), it is important for parent input to inform legislative changes. Unfortunately, parent input has been limited in past IDEA reauthorizations. Thus, it is critical to develop and test interventions to improve parent legislative advocacy. With 37 parents of children with disabilities, we conducted a randomized controlled trial to determine the efficacy and impact of an advocacy program. Results indicate significant increases in special education knowledge and special education legislative advocacy activities for the intervention (versus waitlist-control) group. However, there were no significant changes in civic engagement. Implications for research and practice are discussed.

Implications of COVID-19 on School Services for Children with Disabilities: Opportunities for Interagency Collaboration.

ABSTRACT: The transition to virtual and hybrid schooling given the COVID-19 pandemic in the United States has upended the education system and may be widening gaps in service disparities, particularly for children with disabilities. Schools often function as "de facto" service systems for most children with disabilities, particularly those from racially and ethnically minoritized, economically vulnerable, and bilingual populations. The impact of school closures on children with disabilities poses significant ramifications for the medical, behavioral health, and educational systems in which they are served, necessitating the need for pediatric clinicians to collaborate with schools in purposeful ways. This commentary (1) presents an overview of the current guidance for providing school-based services to children with disabilities during the COVID context with many schools operating in virtual or hybrid formats, (2) reviews potential service inequities exacerbated by school closures and lack of on-site services, and (3) offers recommendations for collaborating with school staff and community agencies in support of children and families with disabilities.

Family-centeredness of services for young children with Down syndrome: an observational study from Turkey

Background/aim: Physicians require information on the family centeredness of services for children with Down syndrome, one of the most frequently encountered disabilities in childhood. We aimed to determine the family-centeredness of services for young children with Down syndrome and using a bioecological theory framework we hypothesized that child, family and service-related factors would be associated with such services. Materials and methods: In a crosssectional design, children with Down syndrome seen at Ankara University Developmental Pediatrics Division (AUDPD) between February 2020 and June 2020 were included if they had received services in the community for at least 12 months. Mothers responded to the measure of process of care-20 (MPOC-20) used to measure family centeredness. Results: All 65 eligible children were included; 57% were boys and median age was 25.0 (IQR: 18.5­38.0) months. The MPOC-20 subscale scores were highest for the "respectful and supportive care (RSC)" (median 6.0; IQR: 4.8­6.8) and lowest for the "providing specific information" (median 3.0; IQR: 4.4­6.5) subscales. On univariate analyses, maternal education

Descriptive study of young disabled children aged 2-6, enrolled in mainstream schools, and benefiting from special needs assistants in the Bouches-du-Rhône in 2014.

BACKGROUND: Since the law of February 11, 2005, in France, the number of children with disabilities enrolled in ordinary schools has increased steadily. As a result, the amount of personal support provided by a special needs assistant (personal support) is also increasing. The aim of the study was to describe the diseases and impairments of disabled children aged 2-6, enrolled in mainstream schools and benefiting from personal support for schooling by special needs assistants in the Bouches-du-Rhône (France) in 2014. METHODS: A cross-sectional descriptive study was performed. Children included were benefiting from either an individual or shared personal support. Physicians from the territorial organization in charge of disability coded diseases and deficiencies using the International Classification of Diseases, 10th revision, and nomenclature inspired by the International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health. RESULTS: Medical data were coded for 990 children out of 1260 of the total population. These young disabled children were most frequently children with pervasive developmental disorders (23.3%), lack of expected normal physiological development (19.9%), or mixed specific developmental disorders (13.5%), and most often had behavioral, personality, and relational skills disorders (61.8%), psychomotor function impairments (51.9%), or written or oral language learning impairment (43.2%). Finally, the two main types of impairments most represented among these children were psychological impairments (86.7%) and language and speech impairments (79.8%). The children were most often supported by an individual personal support (for one child only) than by a shared personal support (60% vs. 40%). They were mainly boys (almost 75%). CONCLUSION: This study provides working guidelines for the management of health policies relating to disability at the territorial or even national level.

Anxiety, meaning in life, self-efficacy and resilience in families with one or more members with special educational needs and disability during COVID-19 pandemic in Greece.

BACKGROUND: According to World Health Organization, the COVID-19 pandemic sweeps across the world inducing considerable fear, worry and concern in the population. AIMS: This study explores anxiety, meaning in life, self-efficacy and resilience in university students belonging to families with one or more members with SEND during the COVID-19 pandemic in Greece, the differences between participants and the regression coefficients. METHODS & PROCEDURES: Study population consisted of 61 participants, aged 20-58 years. A Self-report Questionnaire, the Spielberger State-Trait Anxiety Inventory, the Meaning in Life Questionnaire, the General Self-Efficacy Scale, the Resilience Scale and the Brief Resilience Scale were used for data collection. OUTCOMES & RESULTS: Participants presented higher levels of anxiety, meaning in life (presence), general self-efficacy and resilience (than average scale). Parents had higher values than university students in state anxiety, state-trait anxiety (total), meaning in life (presence) and resilience. Individuals with higher levels of resilience and meaning in life had lower anxiety levels. A significant correlation was observed for the regression coefficients according to pathway analysis. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS: Families having members with SEND, although experiencing difficult situations and anxiety due to the unprecedented conditions of the pandemic, activate mechanisms, such as self-efficacy, meaning in life and resilience, to maintain their balance and mental health.

Necessidades do bebê com deficiência física na creche: a percepção de educadoras / Necesidades del bebé con discapacidad física en la guardería: percepción de educadoras / The needs of children with physical disabilities in day care: the perception of educators

RESUMO. Este estudo teve como objetivo investigar a percepção de educadoras frente às necessidades de duas bebês com deficiência física em contexto de inclusão na creche. Realizou-se um estudo de caso múltiplo, com seis educadoras que atendiam a turma de Mariana (24 meses), e quatro educadoras que atendiam a turma de Vitória (18 meses), as quais responderam uma entrevista semiestruturada. Ambas as bebês tinham deficiência física e frequentavam escolas de educação infantil da rede pública de Porto Alegre. Os dados foram analisados através de diversas leituras do material, produzindo um relato clínico. Em relação à Mariana, as educadoras destacaram a necessidade de estímulo e de suporte físico à bebê, bem como a importância do afeto na relação educadora-bebê, presente em um 'olhar a mais', mais sensível. Quanto à Vitória, as educadoras reforçaram a importância da integração entre as áreas da saúde e da educação, assim como de um olhar mais atento às diferentes necessidades da bebê com deficiência. A partir dos resultados, foi possível compreender nesse 'olhar a mais', destacado pelas educadoras como necessário para atender à demanda das bebês com deficiência física, uma exigência de maior disponibilidade corporal e psíquica.

RESUMEN. Este estudio tuvo como objetivo investigar la percepción de educadoras frente a las necesidades del bebé con discapacidad física en el contexto de inclusión en la guardería. Se realizó un estudio de caso múltiple, cuyas participantes fueron seis educadoras que atendían a la clase de Mariana, y cuatro educadoras que atendían a la clase de Vitória, las cuales respondieron una entrevista semiestructurada. Ambas bebés tenían deficiencia física y frecuentaban escuelas de Educación Infantil de la red pública de la ciudad de Porto Alegre/Brasil. Los datos fueron analizados a través de diversas lecturas del material, produciendo un relato clínico. En cuanto a Mariana, 24 meses, las educadoras destacaron la necesidad de estímulo y de soporte físico a la bebé, así como la importancia del afecto en la relación educadora-bebé, que hace presente en una 'mirada a más', más sensible. En cuanto a Vitória, 18 meses, las educadoras reforzaron la importancia de la integración entre las áreas de la salud y la educación, así como de una mirada más atenta a las diferentes necesidades de la bebé con discapacidad. A partir de los resultados, fue posible comprender en esa 'mirada a más', destacada por las educadoras como necesario para atender a la demanda de los bebés con discapacidad física, una exigencia de mayor disponibilidad corporal y psíquica.

ABSTRACT. This study aimed to investigate the perception of educators regarding the needs of two babies with physical disabilities in the context of inclusion in the day care center. A multiple-case study was carried out. The participants were six educators who oversaw Mariana's class, and four educators who oversaw Vitoria's class, and all 10 educators answered a semi-structured interview. Both babies were physically disabled and attended public schools in Porto Alegre/Brazil. The data were analyzed through several readings of the material, which resulted in a clinical report. In relation to Mariana (age 24 months) the educators emphasized the baby's need for stimuli and physical support, as well as the importance of affection in the educator-baby relationship, which was present as a more sensitive 'extra thought'. As for Vitória (age 18 months), educators reinforced the importance of integration between the health and education fields, as well as closer attention to the different needs of the disabled baby. Based on the results, it was possible to observe within that 'extra thought' - highlighted by the educators as necessary to fulfill the needs of babies with physical disabilities - a demand for greater physical and psychic availability.

La paz en la diversidad: análisis sobre la inclusión a la inversa en contextos educativos / Peace in diversity: analysis about reverse inclusion in educational contexts

En el presente artículo se demuestra la importancia de la construcción de cultura de paz, de niños y niñas de quinto de primaria en la Institución Educativa Francisco Luis Hernández Betancur en el año 2018. Para la escritura del marco teórico se tuvo en cuenta el concepto cultura de paz y algunas fuentes de expertos sobre el tema, las cuales definen y mencionan la responsabilidad del Estado y la escuela en lo correspondiente a la formación moral para lograr desarrollar una cultura de paz. Asimismo, el estudio se acoge a un paradigma cualitativo de corte descriptivo y se orienta bajo el tipo de investigación etnográfica. Las técnicas de recolección de información aplicadas para dar cumplimiento a los objetivos propuestos son: la observación participante, entrevistas semiestructuradas y el grupo focal. Entre los resultados relevantes, se destaca que las unidades de análisis mismas concluyen que las acciones violentas no dan solución a los problemas que se presentan en el escenario educativo

This article demonstrates the importance of building a culture of peace for boys and girls in the fifth grade of the Francisco Luis Hernández Betancur Educational Institution in 2018. For the writing of the theoretical framework, the concept of the culture of peace and some sources of experts on the subject, which define and mention the responsibility of the State and the school, in what corresponds to the moral formation to develop a culture of peace. Likewise, the study follows a qualitative descriptive paradigm and is oriented under the type of ethnographic research. The information-gathering techniques applied to fulfill the proposed objectives are participant observation, semi-structured interviews, and the focus group. From the relevant results, it is highlighted that the units of the analysis themselves conclude that violent actions do not provide a solution to the problems that arise in the educational setting

Managing job stress in teachers of children with autism: A rational emotive occupational health coaching control trial.

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVE: Teaching has been found to be 1 of the most stressful occupations worldwide. Stress associated with teaching is more critical among teachers teaching children with special needs in general and those with autism specifically, partly due to the heterogeneous nature of the disorders. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effectiveness of Rational Emotive Occupational Health Coaching (REOHC) in minimizing job stress in teachers of children with autism (CWA). METHODS: A group-randomized waitlist control-trial design was adopted. A sample of 87 teachers of CWA who participated in the study was randomized into the immediate intervention group (IIG) and waitlist group (WLG). Participants were evaluated on 3 occasions: pretest, post-test and follow-up. Three instruments (Occupational Stress Index, Perceived Occupational Stress Scale and Stress Symptom Scale) were used to measure dimensions of job stress. After the pretest exercise, the IIG participated in a 2-hour REOHC programme weekly for a period of 12 weeks. Post- and follow-up evaluations were conducted respectively at 2 weeks and 3 months after the REOHC programme. Those in WLG were exposed to the REOHC after the follow-up assessment. Data collected were analysed using t-test statistics, repeated measures analysis of variance and bar charts. RESULTS: Results revealed that the perceived stress and stress symptoms of the REOHC group reduced significantly over WLG at post-test, and follow-up assessments. Changes in the occupational stress index scores across pre-, post- and follow-up measurements were minimal and could not account for a significant difference between the IIG and WLG. CONCLUSION: It was concluded that REOHC is effective in reducing subjective feelings and physiological symptoms of job stress, even when the objective stressors remain constant among teachers of CWA and other employees who work in stressful occupational environments.

Challenges and Opportunities of Evidence Use in Practice in Australian Children's Development Programs.

This paper explores the role of evidence and its use in a cluster of Australian community-based child development programs. The paper draws on findings from a 2016-2017 study commissioned by a not-for-profit organization to review their programs' alignment with government evidence-based program expectations. Cunningham and Duffee's (2009) evidence-based practice style typology is utilized to examine how different purposes of use drive styles of and approaches to evidence sourcing, application, and reporting. Perspectives on what constitutes evidence and how such evidence is valued, used, and reported can vary considerably between individual programs, irrespective of enforced standards and expectations. It is argued that a single-dimensional approach to program evidence-based evaluation and reporting is not appropriate and potentially damaging in contexts where community-based programs have different purposes, structures, cultures, and intentions. Given a program's particular evidence-use style, evidence-based criteria, processes, and reporting requirements should be matched accordingly.

Malaysian teachers' experience using augmentative and alternative communication with students.

Teachers play an important role in the successful implementation of augmentative and alternative communication (AAC) for students with complex communication needs. The goal of this two-phase, mixed-methods study was to explore Malaysian teachers' use of, experience with, and perceptions about AAC. Phase 1 involved 252 teachers who completed a questionnaire that was aimed at collecting nationwide data about their use and overall perceptions of AAC. Phase 2 involved semi-structured interviews with 13 teachers who had experience supporting students who used AAC. Approximately half of the participants who completed the questionnaire knew about AAC and had used AAC with their students. Almost all of the participants had positive views of AAC though some misconceptions were reported. Most participants had limited knowledge about AAC that led them to experience difficulties supporting their students. Teachers were motivated to receive AAC-related training to enable them to use AAC more successfully with their students given the small number of SLPs in the country.

A Meta-analysis of Challenging Behavior Interventions for Students with Developmental Disabilities in Inclusive School Settings.

Challenging behavior is a significant barrier in accessing the general education curriculum for students with developmental disabilities. This necessitates the identification of evidence-based practices for addressing challenging behavior in inclusive settings. The purpose of our meta-analysis is to (a) quantify the magnitude of effect of interventions targeting the reduction of challenging behavior in students with developmental disabilities in inclusive educational settings and (b) determine if participant and intervention characteristics moderate intervention effects. A systematic search of academic databases was conducted to identify studies, which were evaluated for methodological rigor and analyzed for effects using Tau-U. Results indicate a strong overall effect of .94 (95% CI [.87, 1]) and moderating variables associated with behavior topography, interventionist, and intervention components were identified.

Exploring Skills Gained Through a Robotics Program for Youth With Disabilities.

Children with disabilities often have fewer opportunities to engage in science, technology, engineering, and math programs that can enhance their educational and career opportunities. This study explored the quality, experience, and skills learned in a group-based robotics program for youth with disabilities. Survey responses of 23 youth (16 males, 7 females), aged 9 to 14 with a disability, were analyzed using descriptive statistics and thematic analysis. Our results showed that youth with disabilities who participated in a robotics program rated the quality of their experience, perceived impact of the program, and skills gained highly across most items. Children enjoyed participating in the program and especially building the robots and making friends. Clinicians should consider engaging children with disabilities in robotics programs to enhance their participation and skill development.

Impacts of early intervention on family outcomes: A multicenter cross-sectional study in Japan.

BACKGROUND: Recently, the concept of "family-centered" practice was integrated into early intervention programs in Japan. Services provided through early intervention can result in beneficial family outcomes. We previously validated the Family Outcomes Survey-Revised (FOS-R) for use in Japan, but the impact on families was not evaluated. OBJECTIVES: To evaluate potential impacts of early intervention on family outcomes and factors associated with outcome attainment. METHOD: An anonymous, self-administered questionnaire was given to mothers of pre-school-age children with disabilities who were currently receiving early intervention at one of 12 development support centers across Japan. We evaluated scores of the Japanese version of the FOS-R using multivariable random effect models. RESULTS: Data from a total of 394 mothers were analyzed. Longer duration of early intervention was positively associated with family outcomes (<12 mo vs. 12-23 mo; coefficient = 0.19, p = .02, 95% CI: 0.02, 0.36). Perceived helpfulness of early intervention was significantly associated with family outcomes (coefficient = 0.49, p < .001, 95% CI: 0.42, 0.55). CONCLUSIONS: This study suggests that early intervention is associated with better outcomes for families, especially for families who perceive early intervention as helpful.

Changes in participation patterns of youth with physical disabilities following the Pathways and Resources for Engagement and Participation intervention: A time-geography approach.

Background: The PREP (Pathways and Resources for Engagement and Participation), an innovative 12-week occupational therapy intervention that focuses on changing the environment, was found effective in improving the participation of youth in specific chosen community-based activities.Objective: To complement existing evidence, this study explored changes in overall participation patterns of youth with physical disabilities following the PREP intervention.Methods: Guided by time-geography approach, 13 youth aged 12-17 completed a 24-hr diary using the Aday app during one typical weekday and another day during the weekend, pre- and post-intervention. Data of 50 diaries were plotted and analyzed using the VISUALTimePAcTS program.Results: Following the PREP, youth were engaged in less digital media and more in study-related activities. Number of occurrences and time spent doing activities with friends were greater post-intervention, whereas time spent doing activities at home was quite similar, particularly during the weekdays. During the weekends, however, youth spent slightly less time at home.Conclusions and significance: Findings provide preliminary support for the effectiveness of the PREP, extending beyond the accomplishment of specific targeted activities towards a change in the overall daily patterns of youth. Such knowledge can redirect occupational therapists' attention to environment-focused interventions involving real-life experiences.

Estudio de caso sobre prácticas inclusivas y democráticas en educación secundaria obligatoria: implicaciones para la orientación educativa / Case study on inclusive and democratic practices in Compulsory secondary education: implications for Educational guidance

Este artículo se centra en comprender cómo se pueden articular prácticas más inclusivas y democráticas a través del estudio de un aula de 1º de educación secundaria obligatoria y extraer sus implicaciones para el asesoramiento y la orientación educativa desde una perspectiva inclusiva. El diseño metodológico de este trabajo se encuadra en la investigación cualitativa, específicamente se aborda a través de un estudio de caso. Los métodos de recogida de datos utilizados han sido: la observación científica, la entrevista, un inventario de prácticas de aula y el análisis documental. El análisis de contenido de los datos se ha efectuado mediante el ATLAS.ti. En los resultados se recogen los elementos a tener en cuenta para llevar a cabo el asesoramiento y la orientación al profesorado en sus prácticas didácticas. A modo de conclusión, se puede decir que los orientadores educativos son una pieza clave a la hora de impulsar la mejora educativa

This article focuses on understanding how more inclusive and democratic practices can be articulated through the study of a secondary mandatory school classroom and extract its implications for educational counseling and guidance from an inclusive perspective. The methodological design of this work is framed in qualitative research, specifically addressed through a case study. The data collection methods used were: scientific observation, interview, inventory of classroom practices, and documentary analysis. The analysis of data content has been carried out using ATLAS.ti. The results include the elements to take into account to carry out advice and guidance to teachers in their teaching practices. As conclusion, it can be said that educational counselors are a crucial piece in promoting academic improvement.

Interdisciplinariedad e inclusión escolar de niños con discapacidad desde los relatos maternos / Interdisciplinarity and school inclusion of disabled children from maternal stories

RESUMEN Fundamento: La mirada inclusiva sobre las escuelas debe ser de cambios y amplitud para establecer en el sistema educacional la comprensión del ser humano, considerando sus historias, concepciones, percepciones, creencias, experiencias y trayectorias personales de forma interdisciplinar, especialmente de los niños con deficiencia. Objetivo: Analizar las experiencias de los niños con deficiencias, vivenciadas en una escuela de un municipio brasileño, a partir de los relatos maternos. Metodología: Estudio transversal, exploratorio con abordaje cualitativo. Se aplicó una encuesta a 20 madres de niños con deficiencias que estaban en seguimiento en un Centro de Salud, ubicado en una ciudad del estado de Minas Gerais, Brasil. Fue adoptado el referencial teórico-metodológico de la perspectiva hermenéutica dialéctica, buscando comprender la realidad situada en su contexto, atada a la confrontación y análisis crítico de las categorías empíricas. Resultados: Emergieron puntos problemáticos relativos a la inclusión escolar, inequidades de los derechos, escasez de profesionales de educación y de salud capacitados para el cuidado de los niños con deficiencias, así como las inadecuaciones arquitectónicas, selección y adaptación de mobiliarios para los niños. Conclusiones: La inclusión escolar se presenta como un reto multidimensional, una vez que aún son necesarias condiciones estructurales y contextuales adecuadas en correspondencia con un enfoque de desarrollo sostenible, de modo que la educación inclusiva en las escuelas se efectúe de manera concreta y real, ultrapasando el idealismo referido en las propuestas de políticas públicas.

ABSTRACT: The inclusive view on schools must be of changes and breadth to establish in the educational system the understanding of the human being, considering their histories, conceptions, perceptions, beliefs, experiences and personal trajectories in an interdisciplinary way, especially from disabled children. Objective: To analyze the experiences of disabled children, experienced in a school from a Brazilian municipality, based on the maternal stories. Methodology: Cross-sectional, exploratory study with qualitative approach. A survey was applied to 20 mothers of disabled children being followed up in a health center, located in a city in the state of Minas Gerais, Brazil. The theoretical-methodological reference of the dialectical hermeneutical perspective was adopted, seeking to understand the reality located in its context, tied to the confrontation and critical analysis of the empirical categories. Results: Problematic points emerged regarding school inclusion, rights inequities, scarcity of education and health professionals trained for the care of disabled children, as well as architectural inadequacies, selection and adaptation of furniture for children. Conclusions: School inclusion is presented as a multidimensional challenge, since adequate structural and contextual conditions are still necessary in correspondence with a sustainable development approach, so that inclusive education in schools is carried out in a concrete and real way, exceeding the idealism referred to in public policy proposals.

Interdisciplinariedad e inclusión escolar de niños con discapacidad desde los relatos maternos / Interdisciplinarity and school inclusion of disabled children from maternal stories

RESUMEN Fundamento: La mirada inclusiva sobre las escuelas debe ser de cambios y amplitud para establecer en el sistema educacional la comprensión del ser humano, considerando sus historias, concepciones, percepciones, creencias, experiencias y trayectorias personales de forma interdisciplinar, especialmente de los niños con deficiencia. Objetivo: Analizar las experiencias de los niños con deficiencias, vivenciadas en una escuela de un municipio brasileño, a partir de los relatos maternos. Metodología: Estudio transversal, exploratorio con abordaje cualitativo. Se aplicó una encuesta a 20 madres de niños con deficiencias que estaban en seguimiento en un Centro de Salud, ubicado en una ciudad del estado de Minas Gerais, Brasil. Fue adoptado el referencial teórico-metodológico de la perspectiva hermenéutica dialéctica, buscando comprender la realidad situada en su contexto, atada a la confrontación y análisis crítico de las categorías empíricas. Resultados: Emergieron puntos problemáticos relativos a la inclusión escolar, inequidades de los derechos, escasez de profesionales de educación y de salud capacitados para el cuidado de los niños con deficiencias, así como las inadecuaciones arquitectónicas, selección y adaptación de mobiliarios para los niños. Conclusiones: La inclusión escolar se presenta como un reto multidimensional, una vez que aún son necesarias condiciones estructurales y contextuales adecuadas en correspondencia con un enfoque de desarrollo sostenible, de modo que la educación inclusiva en las escuelas se efectúe de manera concreta y real, ultrapasando el idealismo referido en las propuestas de políticas públicas.

ABSTRACT: The inclusive view on schools must be of changes and breadth to establish in the educational system the understanding of the human being, considering their histories, conceptions, perceptions, beliefs, experiences and personal trajectories in an interdisciplinary way, especially from disabled children. Objective: To analyze the experiences of disabled children, experienced in a school from a Brazilian municipality, based on the maternal stories. Methodology: Cross-sectional, exploratory study with qualitative approach. A survey was applied to 20 mothers of disabled children being followed up in a health center, located in a city in the state of Minas Gerais, Brazil. The theoretical-methodological reference of the dialectical hermeneutical perspective was adopted, seeking to understand the reality located in its context, tied to the confrontation and critical analysis of the empirical categories. Results: Problematic points emerged regarding school inclusion, rights inequities, scarcity of education and health professionals trained for the care of disabled children, as well as architectural inadequacies, selection and adaptation of furniture for children. Conclusions: School inclusion is presented as a multidimensional challenge, since adequate structural and contextual conditions are still necessary in correspondence with a sustainable development approach, so that inclusive education in schools is carried out in a concrete and real way, exceeding the idealism referred to in public policy proposals.

The Effectiveness of Parenting Interventions on Psychosocial Adjustment in Parents of Children and Adolescents with Type 1 Diabetes: A Meta-Analysis.

AIMS: Parenting interventions in this review refer to supportive parenting training provided for parents or primary caregivers of children and adolescents with type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM). The review aimed to synthesize evidence about parenting interventions in parents or caregivers of children and adolescents with T1DM, and to evaluate the effect of interventions in reducing parents' or caregivers' psychological distress, helping them share diabetes management responsibility, seek social support, and improve their quality of life. METHODS: We searched PubMed, MEDLINE, EMBASE, CINAHL, Cochrane, and Web of Science from January 1978 to October 2018. Randomized controlled trials (RCTs) comparing an intervention group of parenting programs with a control group of usual care were included. The primary outcomes were stress, family responsibility and conflict, and social support. Secondary outcomes included other psychological index and quality of life. Pooled effect sizes of weighted mean difference (WMD) were calculated. RESULTS: A total of 17 RCTs with 962 participants met the inclusion criteria. Findings of the meta-analysis showed parenting interventions could significantly reduce parents' depression (WMD = -5.78, 95% CI: -6.23 to -5.33, I2  = 0%) and distress (WMD = -5.28, 95% CI: -10.31 to -.25, I2  = 0%), and help them ask for positive social support (WMD = .83, 95% CI: .03 to 1.64, I2  = 0%). No beneficial changes of other outcomes were found. LINKING EVIDENCE TO ACTION: Parents of children and adolescents with T1DM need support from the multidisciplinary team in health care, especially in mental health, family management of childhood diabetes, and social support. Parenting interventions may help parents reduce psychological distress and depression and assist them to ask for social support. Future research should include well-designed RCTs with large samples, appropriate measures with clear definitions, objective assessment, and separation of effects on mothers and fathers.