La Cruz Roja española en la profesionalización enfermera entre 1912 y 1939 / Spanish Red Cross In Nursing Professionalization Between 1912 And 1939. Bibliographic Review

Introducción: La fundación de la Cruz Roja Española se puede remontar a la tercera Guerra Carlista, los fines, principios y el servicio de esta institución repercutieron en el desarrollo de la profesión de enfermería en la época. Objetivo: determinar la implicación de la Cruz Roja Española en la profesionalización enfermera entre 1912 y 1939. Material y método: se realizó una búsqueda bibliográfica en los principales portales de búsqueda, así como en bibliotecas de especialización en historia de la enfermería. Resultados: la Cruz Roja Española participó en el desarrollo asistencial y formativo de la enfermería, fundando y regentando hospitales propios y hospitales de campaña para atender a los heridos surgidos de diferentes conflictos bélicos, como las propias Guerras Carlistas, la Guerra del Rif o la Guerra Civil Española. En la formación fundaron diversos Hospitales-Escuelas que impartían una formación teórico-práctica, supervisada por monjas religiosas. Conclusión: la participación de la Cruz Roja en la profesionalización enfermera radica en la colaboración, atención y asistencia de los heridos en numerosos conflictos bélicos a nivel nacional, como fueron las Guerras Carlistas, la Guerra del Rif y la Guerra Civil Española. La Cruz Roja también participó en el avance y mejora de la formación reglada hasta la época, contando con figuras como la de Dama Enfermera, Enfermeras profesionales y enfermeras especialistas. (AU)

Background: The foundation of the Spanish Red Cross can be traced back to the third Carlist War, the purposes, principles, and service of this institution had an impact on the development of the nursing profession at the time. Objective: to determine the involvement of the Spanish Red Cross in nursing professionalization between 1912 and 1939. Methods: A bibliographic search was carried out in the main search portals, as well as in specialized libraries in nursing history. Results: The Spanish Red Cross participated in the development of nursing care and training, founding and running its own hospitals and field hospitals to care for the wounded from various wars, such as the Carlist Wars themselves, the Rif War or the Spanish Civil War. In the training they founded various Hospital-Schools that provided theoretical practical training, supervised by religious nuns. Conclusion: The participation of the Red Cross in the professionalization of nursing lies in the collaboration, care, and assistance of the wounded in numerous armed conflicts at the national level, such as the Carlist Wars, the Rif War and the Spanish Civil War. The Red Cross also participated in the advancement and improvement of regulated training up to that time, with figures such as the Lady Nurse, professional nurses, and specialist nurses. (AU)

Curso y final de la vida profesional de Elvira López Mourín / Course and professional end of the nurse elvira lópez mourín

Introducción: Elvira López Mourín fue una enfermera profesional y militar que formó parte de la primera promoción de enfermeras profesionales de la Cruz Roja española. Se trasladó al Hospital de Melilla para atender las demandas sani tarias de la Guerra del Rif. Su participa ción en el acto del primer vuelo sanitario español la convirtió en noticia en los me dios de la época y ha permitido recupe rar su figura. Su recorrido profesional se pierde después del año 1933 cuando se incorpora como enfermera del Cuerpo Auxiliar Subalterno del Ejército en el Hospital Militar de Urgencia de Madrid. Objetivo: determinar el curso y final profesional de la enfermera Elvira López Mourín. Método: se realizó una revisión bibliográfica en los medios electrónicos y de biblioteca disponibles. Se solicitó a los principales archivos históricos docu mentación de sus años de servicio. Se realizaron entrevistas a tres informantes y vecinos del pueblo natal de Elvira que la habían conocido. Resultados: Elvira López Mourín presta sus servicios como enfermera profesional y militar en el Cuerpo Auxiliar Subalterno del Ejército hasta el año 1939, cuando es sometida a un Consejo de Guerra, bajo el gobierno de la dicta dura franquista, del que queda absuelta de todos los cargos. A partir del 12 de mayo de 1940 se reincorpora al Cuerpo Auxiliar Subalterno del Ejército prestando sus servicios en el Hospital Militar de Ur gencia de Madrid hasta el 4 de septiem bre de 1958 cuando se retiró. Conclusión: el acto que rememo ra a Elvira López Mourín es su exitosa participación en la primera misión de vuelo sanitario en España. Durante su carrera profesional ejerció como enfer mera en Melilla y como parte del Cuerpo Auxiliar Subalterno del Ejército en el Hospital Militar de Urgencia de Madrid (AU)

Background: Elvira López Mourín was a professional and military nurse who was part of the first promotion of professional nurses of the Spanish Red Cross. She moved to the Melilla Hospital to meet the health demands of the Rif War. Her participation in the act of the first Spanish sanitary flight made her news in the media of the time and has allowed her figure to be recovered. Her professional career was lost after 1933 when she joined the Army's Junior Auxi liary Corps as a nurse at the Madrid Emergency Military Hospital. Purpose: to determine the course and professional end of the nurse Elvira López Mourín. Methods: A bibliographic review was carried out in the available electronic and library media. Documentation of his years of service was requested from the main historical archives. Interviews were conducted with three informants and re sidents of Elvira's hometown who had known her. Results: Elvira López Mourín pro vided her services as a professional and military nurse in the Subordinate Auxiliary Corps of the Army until 1939, when she was subjected to a War Council, under the government of the Franco dictators hip, from which she was acquitted of all charges. As of May 12, 1940, she rejoi ned the Subordinate Auxiliary Corps of the Army, providing her services at the Emergency Military Hospital in Madrid until September 4, 1958, when she reti red. Conclusion: the act that comme morates Elvira López Mourín is her suc cessful participation in the first medic flight mission in Spain. During her pro fessional career, she worked as a nurse in Melilla and as part of the Subordinate Auxiliary Corps of the Army at the Madrid Emergency Military Hospital. She retired at the age of 65 in 1958 and worked as a nurse during the reign of Alfonso XIII and Victoria Eugenia and the Rif War, the dic tatorship of Primo de Rivera, the go vernment of the Second Republic, the Civil War, and the government of the Franco dictatorship (AU)

La Cruz Roja Británica al auxilio de refugiados húngaros en 1956 / The British Red Cross to the aid of Hungarian refugees in 1956

Tras la Segunda Guerra Mundial, Hungría cayó bajo la esfera de la influencia rusa. Durante la represión del levantamiento que tuvo lugar en Hungría en octubre de 1956, más de 200.000 húngaros huyeron como refugiados a otros países, entre ellos, Inglaterra. La Cruz Roja dispuso el bienestar de 7.500 refugiados húngaros en su llegada al país. Este trabajo dará a conocer algunos de los cuidados que realizó esta institución, concretamente, en la provincia de Hampshire. Para ello, se consultan fuentes documentales primarias de los Archivos Históricos de Winchester y la Universidad de Southampton (AU)

Exploring The Netley British Red Cross Magazine: An example of the development of nursing and patient care during the First World War.

Netley Hospital played a crucial role in caring for the wounded during the nineteenth century and twentieth century, becoming one of the busiest military hospitals of the time. Simultaneously, Florence Nightingale delved into the concept of health and developed the theoretical basis of nursing. This research aims to describe the experiences related to nursing and patient care described in The Netley British Red Cross Magazine during the First World War. The analysis displays different nurses' roles and the influence of environmental factors in the delivery of the soldiers' care. There are indications that Nightingale's ideas would have infiltrated the nursing practices and other aspects of the soldiers' recovery at Netley. The history of the Netley Red Cross Hospital shows the theoretical and practical advancement of nursing care towards a holistic approach.

A female genealogy of humanitarian action: compassion as a practice in the work of Josephine Butler, Florence Nightingale and Sarah Monod.

Taking the Second Conference of the International Abolitionist Federation as a starting point, this article reconstructs a female genealogy of humanitarian action by shedding light on the transnational connections established by Josephine Butler, Florence Nightingale and Sarah Monod between the abolitionist cause against the state regulation of prostitution and the nursing movement. By using gender and emotion histories as the main methodologies, their letters, journals and drawings are analysed in order to question their alleged natural compassion towards the unfortunate by examining this emotion as a practice performed according to gender, class, religious and ethnic differences. As an expression of maternal imperialism, this essentialist vision provided them with an agency while taking care of victims. However, Butler, Nightingale and Monod's care did not only work in complicity with late-nineteenth century British and French Empires, as it frequently came into conflict with the decisions taken by male authorities, such as those represented by politicians, military officials and physicians. By carefully looking at the conformation of their subjectivities through their written and visual documents, their compassion ultimately appears more as a tactic, for asserting their very different stances concerning Western women's role in society, than as an authentically experienced emotion.

The 'merciful and loving sex': Concepción Arenal's narratives on Spanish Red Cross women's war relief work in the 1870s.

Spain signed the Geneva Convention in 1864 and the Spanish Red Cross Society (SRC) was established in July of that year. Yet, only after 1870 the SRC revived and quickly expanded, forming local and provincial committees as well as ladies' sections. This revival mostly resulted from, first, the activation of humanitarian sensibilities and networks on the occasion of the Franco-Prussian war (1870-1871), and then, the general mobilization of the SRC in reaction to the Carlist war of 1872-1876. This article examines the humanitarian work of Spanish women throughout this period through the intervention of the SRC ladies' sections, especially the central one. It reveals that these women played a crucial role in organizing, deploying and sustaining its humanitarian relief to the combatants. They empowered themselves by taking advantage of, and contributing to, the spreading of a view of women - very common at the time - as having a specific gender 'instinct' that made them 'naturally' suited to charitable and compassionate tasks. Pacifism is present in the humanitarian views and practices of these women, particularly in the case of Concepción Arenal (1820-1893), a social reformer, lawyer and writer, who was fully involved with the SRC during the Carlist war.

Asamblea Local de Cruz Roja Española de Elche (1909-1930) / Local Assembly of the Spanish Red Cross of Elche(1909-1930) / Assembléia local da Cruz Vermelha Espanhola de Elche(1909-1930)

La Asamblea Local de Cruz Roja Española de Elche inició su andadura con carácter formal en el mes de septiembre de 1909; el talante altruista de la "brigada de camilleros"y su vida económica, compuesta principalmente por cuotas de socios, subvenciones del ayuntamiento y celebraciones para recaudar fondos, así como los servicios prestados para toda la población, advierten de la existencia de cobertura sanitaria en un momento de valor singular, como es la dictadura de Miguel Primo de Rivera. Los principios que rigen la Asamblea son los mismos que propone el Comité Internacional de la Cruz Roja en 1921: caridad, universalidad, independencia e imparcialidad. OBJETIVO: identificar qué se conoce sobre los inicios de la Cruz Roja Española en la ciudad de Elche y la relación existente con sus principios: caridad, universalidad, independenciae imparcialidad. MÉTODO: se llevó a cabo una investigación histórica basada en la revisión bibliográfica. Fuentes documentales: catálogos documentales de bibliotecas y archivos documentales, bases de datos electrónicas, catálogos de revistas especializadas en historia y otras fuentes de red. Descriptores utilizados: Cruz Roja, Cruz Roja Española, Cruz Roja Local. RESULTADOS: en el análisis se incluyeron documentos procedentes de estudios basados en fuentes primarias y los resultados se presentan en 4 apartados: Composición y vida económica, Celebraciones para recaudar fondos: la Fiesta de la Banderita, Acuerdos municipales y Servicios prestados. CONCLUSIÓN: existe una clara relación de la labor desarrollada por la Asamblea de la Cruz Roja Española de Elche y los principios en los que se orienta, desarrollando cada uno de ellos en su vida cotidiana; así se deprende de los documentos analizados de la época tanto de comunicaciones y actas del ayuntamiento como de prensa histórica

The Local Assembly of the Spanish Red Cross of Elche began its formal activity in September 1909; the altruistic mood of the "brigade of stretchers" and its economic life, mainly composed of membership fees, grants from the city council and fundraising celebrations, as well as services provided for the entire population, warn of the existence of health coverage in a moment of singular value, as is the dictatorship of Miguel Primo de Rivera. The principles governing the Assembly are the same as those proposed by the International Committee of the Red Cross in 1921: charity, universality, independence and impartiality. OBJECTIVE: identify what is known about the beginnings of the Spanish Red Cross in the city of Elche and the relationship with its principles: charity, universality, independence and impartiality. METHOD: a historical investigation based on the literature review was carried out. Documentary sources: documentary catalogs of libraries and documentary archives, electronic databases, catalogs of magazines specialized in history and other network sources. Descriptors used: Red Cross, Spanish Red Cross, Local Red Cross. RESULTS: the analysis included documents from studies based on primary sources and the results are presented in 4 sections: Composition and economic life, Celebrations to raise funds: the Feast of the Banderita, Municipal Agreements and Services provided. CONCLUSION: there is a clear relationship of the work carried out by the Assembly of the Spanish Red Cross of Elche and the principles on which it is oriented, developing each of them in their daily lives; This follows from the documents analyzed at the time of both the communications and the minutes of the town hall and the historical press

A Assembléia Local da Cruz Vermelha Espanhola de Elche iniciou sua atividade formal em setembro de 1909; o humor altruísta da "brigada de macas" e sua vida econômica, composta principalmente de honorários, subsídios da prefeitura e celebrações de arrecadação de fundos, além de serviços prestados a toda a população, alertam para a existência de cobertura de saúde momento de valor singular, como é a ditadura de Miguel Primo de Rivera. Os princípios que governam a Assembléia são os mesmos propostos pelo Comitê Internacional da Cruz Vermelha em 1921: caridade, universalidade, independência e imparcialidade. OBJETIVO: identificar o que se sabe sobre o início da Cruz Vermelha Espanhola na cidade de Elche e a relação existente com seus princípios: caridade, universalidade,independênciae imparcialidade. MÉTODO: foi realizada uma investigação histórica baseada na revisão da literatura. Fontes documentais: catálogos documentais de bibliotecas e arquivosdocumentais, bancos de dados eletrônicos catálogos de revistas especializadas em história e outras fontes de rede. Descritores utilizados: Cruz Vermelha, Cruz Vermelha Espanhola, Cruz Vermelha Local. RESULTADOS: documentos de estudos baseados em fontes primárias foram incluídos na análise e os resultados são apresentados em 4 seções: Composição e vida econômica, Celebrações para captação de recursos: Festa da Banderita, Acordos e Serviços Municipais. CONCLUSÃO: existe uma clara relação entre o trabalho realizado pela Assembléia da Cruz Vermelha Espanhola de Elche e os princípios sobre os quais se orienta, desenvolvendo cada um deles no seu cotidiano; Isso decorre dos documentos analisados na época das comunicações e das atas da prefeitura e da imprensa histórica

Imagem pública da enfermeira: pesquisa documental (1910-1920) / Nurses' public image: documentary research (1910-1920) / Imagen pública de la enfermera: investigación documental (1910-1920)

Objetivo: examinar os estudos desenvolvidos sobre a imagem pública da enfermeira brasileira veiculada em revistas ilustradas das décadas de 1910 e 1920, no Distrito Federal brasileiro. Método: realizada pesquisa documental, mediante análise historiográfica, com ênfase em publicações do início do século XX. Resultados: ratificaram a concorrência da enunciação da imagem pública da enfermeira nas circunstâncias da I Guerra Mundial, da Gripe Espanhola e também da Reforma Sanitária, liderada por Carlos Chagas, por meio dos efeitos simbólicos dos marcadores institucionais representados pelo uso do véu, gorro e touca. A liderança que prevaleceu na enunciação da imagem pública da enfermeira foi a investida pela Escola Prática de Enfermeiras da Cruz Vermelha Brasileira. Conclusão: direciona-se para além da concorrência entre as instituições de ensino, apontando vestígios para disputas em outro campo, o das relações internacionais.

Objective: to examine studies of Brazilian nurses' public image published in illustrated magazines in the 1910s and 1920s in Brazil's Federal District. Method: documentary research was conducted by historiographic analysis, with emphasis on early 20th century publications. Results: the studies ratified the presence of competition in the enunciation of nursing's public image in the circumstances of World War I, the Spanish Flu and also the Sanitary Reform led by Carlos Chagas, through the symbolic effects of institutional markers represented by the use of the veil, nurse's cap and mob-cap. The leadership that prevailed in enunciating nurses' public image was the one invested in by the Brazilian Red Cross Nurses' Practical School. Conclusion: pointing beyond competition among educational institutions, this indicates traces of disputes in another field, international relations.

Objetivo: examinar los estudios desarrollados sobre la imagen pública de la enfermera brasileña vehiculada en revistas ilustradas de las décadas de 1910 y 1920, en el Distrito Federal brasileño. Método: se realizó una investigación documental, mediante análisis historiográfico, con énfasis en publicaciones de principios del siglo XX. Resultados: ratificaron la competencia de la enunciación de la imagen pública de la enfermera en las circunstancias de la 1a Guerra Mundial, de la Gripe Española y también de la Reforma Sanitaria, encabezada por Carlos Chagas, por medio de los efectos simbólicos de los marcadores institucionales representados por el uso del velo y gorro. El liderazgo que prevaleció en la enunciación de la imagen pública de la enfermera fue el de la Escuela Práctica de Enfermeras de la Cruz Roja Brasileña. Conclusión: se dirige más allá de la competencia entre las instituciones de enseñanza, señalando vestigios para disputas en otro campo, el de las relaciones internacionales.

Cliveden: The Canadian Red Cross Hospital, William Osler and the 'Taplow Affair'.

At the start of the First World War, the estate of Cliveden was offered as a hospital to the Canadian Government by its owner William Astor. This article describes its history, Sir William Osler's involvement in the hospital, and the involvement of other doctors and some of their research. The rehabilitation programs to help the injured soldiers are described, including the physical, occupational, sporting and social activities undertaken in order to help them towards their return to civilian life. Political ambitions in Canada and friction between the owner of Cliveden, Nancy Astor, and the medical/military establishment led to turmoil which engulfed Osler and is known as the 'Taplow Affair'. The hospital was dismantled after the war but became re-activated in the Second World War and is now a National Trust property.

[The Red Cross, Pan-Americanism and health in the inter-war period]. / La Cruz Roja, el panamericanismo y la salud en el período de entreguerras.

The Red Cross, an international organization originally founded in Europe, promoted in different Latin American countries the formation of national societies under the humanitarian and neutral principles in relation to the treatment of prisoners in times of armed conflicts. After the First World War and under the influence of the United States, the League of the Red Cross Societies was fostered to design and apply sanitary and social actions in times of peace. Based on that boost, different Pan-American Congresses were held in the twenties and thirties in Buenos Aires, Washington and Rio de Janeiro, which had an agenda that coincided with the principles of this international organization and, at the same time, allowed the elites and the state and private organisms of different fields to unify in pursuit of intervening in different social sectors.

La Cruz Roja, organismo internacional originalmente organizado en Europa, provocó la formación de sociedades nacionales en distintos países latinoamericanos bajo los principios humanitarios y neutrales relacionados con el tratamiento de prisioneros en épocas de conflictos bélicos. Luego de la Primera Guerra Mundial y bajo la influencia estadounidense, se impulsaron la Liga de las Sociedades de la Cruz Roja para el diseño y aplicación de acciones sanitarias y sociales en tiempos de paz. A partir de ese impulso, en la década de 1920 y 1930, se realizaron congresos panamericanos en Buenos Aires, Washington y Río de Janeiro que dispusieron una agenda coincidente con los principios de esta organización internacional que, a su vez, permitieron unificar las élites, los organismos estatales y privados de diferentes ámbitos en pos de la intervención sobre diferentes sectores sociales.

La Cruz Roja, el panamericanismo y la salud en el período de entreguerras / The Red Cross, Pan-Americanism and health in the inter-war period

RESUMEN La Cruz Roja, organismo internacional originalmente organizado en Europa, provocó la formación de sociedades nacionales en distintos países latinoamericanos bajo los principios humanitarios y neutrales relacionados con el tratamiento de prisioneros en épocas de conflictos bélicos. Luego de la Primera Guerra Mundial y bajo la influencia estadounidense, se impulsaron la Liga de las Sociedades de la Cruz Roja para el diseño y aplicación de acciones sanitarias y sociales en tiempos de paz. A partir de ese impulso, en la década de 1920 y 1930, se realizaron congresos panamericanos en Buenos Aires, Washington y Río de Janeiro que dispusieron una agenda coincidente con los principios de esta organización internacional que, a su vez, permitieron unificar las élites, los organismos estatales y privados de diferentes ámbitos en pos de la intervención sobre diferentes sectores sociales.

ABSTRACT The Red Cross, an international organization originally founded in Europe, promoted in different Latin American countries the formation of national societies under the humanitarian and neutral principles in relation to the treatment of prisoners in times of armed conflicts. After the First World War and under the influence of the United States, the League of the Red Cross Societies was fostered to design and apply sanitary and social actions in times of peace. Based on that boost, different Pan-American Congresses were held in the twenties and thirties in Buenos Aires, Washington and Rio de Janeiro, which had an agenda that coincided with the principles of this international organization and, at the same time, allowed the elites and the state and private organisms of different fields to unify in pursuit of intervening in different social sectors.

Korean Red Cross Hospital (1905-1907): Focused on its Establishment, Management and Abolition.

The Korean Empire, its state sovereignty threatened by the Empire of Japan, joined the Geneva Conventions in 1903 for the purpose of neutral diplomacy and established the imperial Korean Red Cross Hospital in 1905. This hospital was a result of the effort of the Korean Empire to seek a new medical system based on the Western medicine. However, after the Russo-Japanese War, Japan interfered straightforwardly in the domestic affairs of Korea and eventually abolished the Korean Red Cross Hospital in 1907 to create Daehan Hospital under Japanese colonial rule. With newly-found historical records, this study investigates the whole process of the Korean Red Cross Hospital, which has remained unknown so far, despite its importance. From the very beginning, the Korean Red Cross Hospital was under strong influence of the Empire of Japan. The site for the hospital was chosen by a Japanese army doctor, Junryo Yoshimoto, and the construction was supervised by Rokuro Katsumata, who also later on are involved in the construction of Daehan Hospital. Moreover, all the main positions for medical treatments were held by Japanese practitioners such as Goro Tatami and Kaneko Yano. Nevertheless, the Korean government had to shoulder the all operating costs. The office of the Korean Red Cross was relocated away from the Korean Red Cross Hospital, and the government of the Korean Empire was not willing to burden the expenses of the Hospital. Moreover, the list of employees of the Korean Red Cross and that of the Korean Red Cross Hospital were drawn up separately: the former is left only in Korea and the latter in Japan. These facts suggest that those two institutes were managed dualistically unlike any other nation, implying that this may have been a means to support the Daehan Hospital project. According to the statistics, health care services in the Korean Red Cross Hospital seems to have been carried out successfully. There had been an increase in the number of patients, and the ratio of female patients was relatively high (26.4%). Only Western medications were prescribed and surgical operations with anesthesia were performed routinely. The approach to Western medicine in Korea was changing during that period. The rise and fall of the Korean Red Cross Hospital represent the urgent situation of the Korean Empire as well as the imperialistic methodology of the Empire of Japan to use medicine as a tool for colonization. Although the transition process of medical policy by the Japanese Resident-General of Korea still remains to be fully elucidated, this paper contributes to a better understanding of the history of modern medicine in Korea.

Los primeros heridos y enfermos evacuados por vía aérea en España por la Aeronáutica Militar (1923-1927). 95º aniversario del comienzo de la Aviación Sanitaria española / The First Casualties and Patients Air Evacuated by the Spanish Military Aeronautics (1923-1927). 95th Anniversary of the Beginning of Spanish Medical Aviation

La Aviación Sanitaria comenzó en nuestro país con la adquisición por parte de la Aeronáutica Militar de los primeros aviones específicos para el transporte sanitario a finales del año 1922. El desarrollo de esta actividad aeronáutica-sanitaria se realizó en los países europeos en la década de los años 20 para satisfacer las necesidades de evacuación de los heridos graves en sus distintas guerras, sobre todo las coloniales. Durante estos años el avance de las aplicaciones de la recién nacida Aviación eran imparables en todos los campos. En España los datos de la actividad de la evacuación sanitaria de estos primeros años han sido confundidos ya que no fueron recogidos de forma sistemática. Gracias al estudio de fuentes primarias de archivos militares y de la Cruz Roja Española hemos podido analizar por primera vez los datos de la actividad de los primeros aviones que realizaron transporte de heridos en la guerra de Marruecos durante los años 1923 a 1927. Esta experiencia sanitaria nos equipararía a los países europeos más desarrollados y se correspondería con el interés científico mostrado en España por este nuevo método de transporte. En el presente año se cumple el 95º aniversario del comienzo de esta actividad fundamental en la medicina militar y de urgencia por lo que queremos rendir un homenaje con la divulgación del trabajo que realizaron durante esos años

Medical aviation started in Spain with the acquisition on the part of Military Aeronautics of the first aircraft specifically designed for medical transport by the end of 1922. The development of this aeronautical-medical activity was carried out in the European countries during the 1920s to meet the needs of evacuation of those casualties severely injured in different wars, particularly in the colonies. In those days, the improvement of the newly-born aviation was unstoppable in all fields. In Spain, the data regarding the medical evacuation of these first years are very confused for they were not gathered in a systematic way. Thanks to the study of different primary sources of the military and the Spanish Red Cross archives, a complete analysis of the data regarding the activity of the first planes which transported casulaties during the Morocco War (1923-1927) has been performed for the first time. This medical experience equates our country with the most developed European countries and it corresponds to the scientific interest proved in Spain towards this mean of transport. The 95th anniversary of the beginning of this activity, termed as fundamental in emergency and medical medicine, is celebrated this year. From these pages, the authors wish both to contribute to the dissemination of the activity carrried out by the military professionals of the time and to pay them a well- deserved homage

[Doctors during the Vel'd'Hiv Roundup on July 16 and 17, 1942]. / Les médecins au cours de la rafle du Vél'd'Hiv des 16 et 17 juillet 1942.

Seventy-five years ago, the Vel' d'Hiv Roundup (commonly called in French the "Rafle du Vel' d'Hiv"), was a Nazi decreed raid and mass arrest of Jewish in Paris by the French police on 16 and 17 July 1942. During the action, 13,152 Jews including 4115 children were captured and placed in hellish conditions in the Paris Velodrome to be delivered to the Nazi killing machine. A team of doctors and nurses of the Red Cross, assisted by Jewish doctors, ensured the medical care of the internees of the Vél'd'Hiv with unusual dedication. They were able to save children by posing a false diagnosis of infectious disease.

[The masters of thoracic trauma in the Central Hospital of the Mexican Red Cross. Their story and legacy]. / Los maestros del trauma torácico en el Hospital Central de la Cruz Roja Mexicana. Su historia y legado.

The branches of medicine responsible for the care of victims of different types of injuries were born as a result of the urgent need to save lives during the wars. In Mexico, one of the first hospitals developed for the care of injured patients was the Central Hospital of the Mexican Red Cross. The aim of this article is to pay tribute to the first service for the care of patients with chest trauma, founded in 1954, its founders and those who have continued with their work: Dr. Pedro Garza Alegría, Dr. Octavio Rivas Solís Dr. Jesús Genis Becerra, etc. In 64 years of existence, there have been trained eight specialists in cardiothoracic surgery and three of them have worked in the Central Hospital of the Mexican Red Cross.

Henry Dunant, fundador de la Cruz Roja / Henry Dunant, founder of the International Red Crosse

El presente se aborda la figura de Henry Dunant, activista en favor de la causa humanitaria, fue testigo de las secuelas de la batalla de Solferino en Italia cuyo impacto le llevó a escribir sus memorias y experiencias en el libro "Un recuerdo de Solferino" en el que reclamó la creación de un cuerpo de voluntarios para socorrer a los heridos de guerra sin distinción del bando que fuera. En 1901, recibió el primer Premio Nobel de la Paz por su papel al fundar el Movimiento Internacional de la Cruz Roja (AU).

The current work is about the figure of Henry Dunant, militant in favor of the humanitarian cause. He was a witness of the sequels of Solferino´s battle, in Italy, the impact of which led him to write his memoirs and experiences in the book "A recollection of Solferino". In it he claimed for the creation of a voluntary corps to help war wounded people without distinction of the band where they fought. In 1901 he was awarded the first Nobel Peace Prize because of its role in the foundation of the International Red Crosse Movement (AU).