Effects of refused melon fruit in Canarana grass ensilage on intake, digestibility, serum biochemistry, performance, carcass characteristics and meat attributes of feedlot lambs.

Ensilage of refused fruit with forage is a viable approach to increase resource use in ruminant feed. The objective of this study was to investigate the impact of ensiling refused melon fruit (RMF) with Canarana grass on the intake, apparent digestibility, serum biochemistry, performance, carcass traits, and meat attributes of feedlot lambs. Four distinct silage treatment types were prepared by ensiling RMF at 0 g/kg (control), 70 g/kg, 140 g/kg, and 210 g/kg (as fed) with Canarana grass. Twenty-eight male Santa Inês lambs (7 lambs per treatment), initially weighing 22.3 ± 1.0 kg at 120 days of age, were distributed in a completely randomized design and confined for a total of 96 days, including a 23-day adaptation period and 73 experimental days in a feedlot. The lambs received the treatment-silage in diets as a complete mixture with a roughage: concentrate ratio of 30:70. The inclusion of RMF in Canarana grass ensilage decreased (P < 0.05) the lambs' intake of dry matter, crude protein and metabolisable energy. The inclusion of RMF in ensilage had a quadratic effect (P < 0.05) on the digestibility of non-fibrous carbohydrates. The serum total protein and cholesterol levels decreased (P < 0.05) with the inclusion of RMF in the ensilage, but we observed no effect on the final weight and average daily gain of the lambs. The feed efficiency increased (P < 0.05) by including RMF in the Canarana grass ensilage. The RMF in the ensilage did not influence cold carcass weight and yield. The fat content of the meat decreased (P < 0.05) with the inclusion of RMF in the ensilage. It is recommended the inclusion of up to 210 g/kg of RMF in Canarana grass ensilage to increase feed efficiency and avoid impacts on the performance and carcass attributes of confined lambs.

Effect of defatted Lagenaria siceraria (Molina) Standley seed flour as a fat replacer on physicochemical, technological, and sensory properties of beef patty.

Defatted Lagenaria siceraria seed flour (DLSSF) was obtained from defatted seed cake, dried, and ground through a sieve of 500 µm and characterized. A 2 × 4 factorial design (two flour hydration rates and four fat substitution rates) was used to produce a low-fat beef patty by replacing fat with DLSSF. Beef kidney fat was used to formulate the control sample. Chemical, physical, technological, sensory, and nutritional characteristics of low-fat beef patties manufactured were evaluated. DLSSF contains mainly protein. As fat replacers, DLSSF induces a significant increase in the pH of the raw and cooked patty, the moisture and protein contents, the cooking yield, the cohesion, chewiness, springiness, and lightness of the cooked beef patty with fat substitution rate. There is a decrease in fat content, total calories, water retention capacity, hardness, and redness of the cooked patty with a fat substitution rate. From the sensory analysis, the substitution of fat improves the acceptability of samples. Based on the overall parameters analyzed, DLSSF containing 60% water can be used to produce low-fat beef patty by replacing fat at 100%. From these results, hydrated DLSSF could be an effective method to solve the problems of noncommunicable diseases related to animal fat consumption.

Recent advancements in mogrosides: A review on biological activities, synthetic biology, and applications in the food industry.

Mogrosides are low-calorie, biologically active sweeteners that face high production costs due to strict cultivation requirements and the low yield of monk fruit. The rapid advancement in synthetic biology holds the potential to overcome this challenge. This review presents mogrosides exhibiting antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-cancer, anti-diabetic, and liver protective activities, with their efficacy in diabetes treatment surpassing that of Xiaoke pills (a Chinese diabetes medication). It also discusses the latest elucidated biosynthesis pathways of mogrosides, highlighting the challenges and research gaps in this field. The critical and most challenging step in this pathway is the transformation of mogrol into a variety of mogrosides by different UDP-glucosyltransferases (UGTs), primarily hindered by the poor substrate selectivity, product specificity, and low catalytic efficiency of current UGTs. Finally, the applications of mogrosides in the current food industry and the challenges they face are discussed.

A Flavonoid Glycoside Compound from Siraitia grosvenorii with Anti-Inflammatory and Hepatoprotective Effects In Vitro.

Inflammation is a pivotal factor in the development and advancement of conditions like NAFLD and asthma. Diet can affect several phases of inflammation and significantly influence multiple inflammatory disorders. Siraitia grosvenorii, a traditional Chinese edible and medicinal plant, is considered beneficial to health. Flavonoids can suppress inflammatory cytokines, which play a crucial role in regulating inflammation. In the present experiments, kaempferol 3-O-α-L-rhamnoside-7-O-ß-D-xylosyl(1→2)-O-α-L-rhamnoside (SGPF) is a flavonoid glycoside that was first isolated from S. grosvenorii. A series of experimental investigations were carried out to investigate whether the flavonoid component has anti-inflammatory and hepatoprotective effects in this plant. The researchers showed that SGPF has a stronger modulation of protein expression in LPS-induced macrophages (MH-S) and OA-induced HepG2 cells. The drug was dose-dependent on cells, and in the TLR4/NF-κB/MyD88 pathway and Nrf2/HO-1 pathway, SGPF regulated all protein expression. SGPF has a clear anti-inflammatory and hepatoprotective function in inflammatory conditions.

Siraitia grosvenorii As a Homologue of Food and Medicine: A Review of Biological Activity, Mechanisms of Action, Synthetic Biology, and Applications in Future Food.

Siraitia grosvenorii (SG), also known as Luo Han Guo or Monk fruit, boasts a significant history in food and medicine. This review delves into SG's historical role and varied applications in traditional Chinese culture, examining its phytochemical composition and the health benefits of its bioactive compounds. It further explores SG's biological activities, including antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antidiabetic properties and elucidates the mechanisms behind these effects. The review also highlights recent synthetic biology advances in enhancing the production of SG's bioactive compounds, presenting new opportunities for broadening their availability. Ultimately, this review emphasizes SG's value in food and medicine, showcasing its historical and cultural importance, phytochemistry, biological functions, action mechanisms, and the role of synthetic biology in its sustainable use.

Synthesis and bioactivity assessment of Coccinia grandis L. extract encapsulated alginate nanoparticles as an antidiabetic drug lead.

AIM: This study aimed to prepare, characterise, and evaluate the antidiabetic activity of Coccinia grandis (L.) extracts encapsulated alginate nanoparticles. METHODS: Alginate nanoparticles were prepared using the ionic gelation method and characterised by encapsulation efficiency %w/w, loading capacity %w/w, particle size analysis, zeta potential, Fourier transform infra-red spectroscopy (FTIR), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). In vitro antidiabetic activity was also evaluated. RESULTS: Encapsulation efficiency %w/w, loading capacity %w/w, mean diameter, zeta potential of C. grandis encapsulated alginate nanoparticles ranged from 10.51 ± 0.51 to 62.01 ± 1.28%w/w, 0.39 ± 0.04 to 3.12 ± 0.11%w/w, 191.9 ± 76.7 to 298.9 ± 89.6 nm, -21.3 ± 3.3 to -28.4 ± 3.4 mV, respectively. SEM and FTIR confirmed that particles were in nano range with spherical shape and successful encapsulation of plant extracts into an alginate matrix. The antidiabetic potential of aqueous extract of C. grandis encapsulated alginate nanoparticles (AqCG-ANP) exhibited inhibition in α-amylase, α-glucosidase and dipeptidyl peptidase IV enzymes of 60.8%c/c, 19.1%c/c, and 30.3%c/c, respectively, compared to the AqCG. CONCLUSION: The AqCG-ANP exerted promising antidiabetic potential as an antidiabetic drug lead.

Metabolism of Two Mogroside Isomers, Mogroside III and Mogroside IIIE, in Normal and Drug-Metabolizing Enzyme-Induced Rats.

Mogrosides III (1) and IIIE (2) are two important bioactive cucurbitane-type triterpenoid triglycosides in the edible fruits of Siraitia grosvenorii (Swingle), which are isomers and have only a minor difference in their structures. To clarify the effects of structural difference and drug-metabolizing-enzyme induction on their metabolism in vivo, their metabolites in normal rats and drug-metabolizing-enzyme-induced rats were tentatively identified and semiquantified by using the HPLC-DAD-ESI-IT-TOF-MSn technique. Totally, 76, 78, 96, and 121 metabolites of mogrosides were identified in the NIII (normal rats orally administered with mogroside III), NIIIE (normal rats orally administered with mogroside IIIE), EIII (drug-metabolizing-enzyme-induced rats orally administered with mogroside III), and EIIIE (drug-metabolizing-enzyme-induced rats orally administered with mogroside IIIE) groups, respectively. The metabolite differences among these groups indicated that their minor structural differences are responsible for the significant differences in their metabolites, and the induction of drug-metabolizing enzymes significantly increased the number of their metabolites. These findings would improve our understanding of the in vivo processes of mogrosides III and IIIE as well as their interactions with other food bioactive components or drugs.

Post-Ripening and Key Glycosyltransferase Catalysis to Promote Sweet Mogrosides Accumulation of Siraitia grosvenorii Fruits.

Sweet mogrosides are not only the primary bioactive ingredient in Siraitia grosvenorii fruits that exhibit anti-tussive properties and expectorate phlegm, but they are also responsible for the fruit's sweetness. Increasing the content or proportion of sweet mogrosides in Siraitia grosvenorii fruits is significant for improving their quality and industrial production. Post-ripening is an essential step in the post-harvest processing of Siraitia grosvenorii fruits, but the underlying mechanism and condition of post-ripening on Siraitia grosvenorii quality improvement need to be studied systematically. Therefore, this study analyzed the mogroside metabolism in Siraitia grosvenorii fruits under different post-ripening conditions. We further examined the catalytic activity of glycosyltransferase UGT94-289-3 in vitro. The results showed that the post-ripening process of fruits could catalyze the glycosylation of bitter-tasting mogroside IIE and III to form sweet mogrosides containing four to six glucose units. After ripening at 35 °C for two weeks, the content of mogroside V changed significantly, with a maximum increase of 80%, while the increase in mogroside VI was over twice its initial amount. Furthermore, under the suitable catalytic condition, UGT94-289-3 could efficiently convert the mogrosides with less than three glucose units into structurally diverse sweet mogrosides, i.e., with mogroside III as the substrate, 95% of it can converted into sweet mogrosides. These findings suggest that controlling the temperature and related catalytic conditions may activate UGT94-289-3 and promote the accumulation of sweet mogrosides. This study provides an effective method for improving the quality of Siraitia grosvenorii fruits and the accumulation of sweet mogrosides, as well as a new economical, green, and efficient method for producing sweet mogrosides.

Sodium silicate treatment accelerates biosynthesis and polymerization of suberin polyaliphatics monomers at wounds of muskmelon.

Suberin polyaliphatics (SPA) is an important component of healing closing layer at fruit wounds. However, few study is available on the effect of sodium silicon treatment on SPA monomers biosynthesis and polymerization at muskmelon wounds. In this study, sodium silicate enhanced PLA2 (Phospholipase A2, PLA2) expression and enzyme activity, increased oleic acid, linoleic acid, and linolenic acid contents, and degree of fatty acids unsaturation at wounds. Sodium silicate upregulated the expressions of LACS4 (Long chain acyl CoA synthetase, LACS), KCS10 (ß-ketoacyl CoA synthase, KCS), CYP86B1 (Cytochrome P450 oxygenase, CYP), FAR3 (Fatty acyl CoA reductase, FAR), GPAT1 (Glycerol-3-phosphate acyltransferase, GPAT) and ABCG6 (ATP-binding cassette transporter), as well as their enzymes activities and ABC content. It is suggested that sodium silicate accelerates the deposition of SPA at muskmelon wounds by increasing the degree of fatty acids unsaturation, and promoting SPA monomers biosynthesis.

Fruit Extract of Sechium chinantlense (Lira & F. Chiang) Induces Apoptosis in the Human Cervical Cancer HeLa Cell Line.

Sechium edule (Cucurbitaceae) is a commercial species of chayote and is just one of several species in the genus Sechium, whose extracts inhibit proliferation in tumor cell lines. The capacity of the wild species Sechium chinantlense (SCH) as an antitumor agent is unknown, as is the mechanism of action. In the present study, HeLa cervical cancer and HaCaT normal cell lines were treated with SCH and cell proliferation was inhibited in both cell lines in a dose-dependent manner similar to the effect of the antineoplastic agent cisplatin (Cis). Additionally, SCH arrested cell cycle progression but only in HeLa cells and induced apoptosis, as shown by phosphatidylserine translocation and caspase-3 activation, while Cis did so in both cell lines. Exploration of the mechanism of action of SCH in HeLa cells suggests that apoptosis was mediated by the intrinsic signaling pathway since there was no activation of caspase-8, but there was a release of cytochrome-c. These findings suggest that the SCH extract has the potential to selectively kill tumor cells by promoting apoptosis, without harming nontumor cells.

Cucurbitane triterpenes from Hemsleya chinensis tubers and their anti-inflammatory activities.

Six new cucurbitane-type triterpenes, hemchinins A-F (1-6), together with thirteen known ones (7-19) were isolated from ethyl acetate extraction of Hemsleya chinensis tubers. Compounds 1-2 were a group of cucurbitane triterpenes possessing an infrequent pentacyclic framework. Their structures were established by comprehensive UV, IR, HRMS, 1D/2D NMR, and ECD analyses. Bioassay results showed that most isolated compounds exhibited anti-inflammatory actions, in which compounds 13 and 15 exhibited stronger activities at 6.25 µM, with NO inhibition rates of 49.00 ± 0.05% and 48.40 ± 0.10%, respectively.

Ultrasonic treatment maintains the flavor of the melon juice.

Thermal treatment usually leads to the flavor deterioration of melon juice. This study was initiated to evaluate the retention effect of ultrasonic (US) and ultra-high pressure (UHP) on volatile components of melon juice by gas chromatography-mass spectrometer (GC-MS) and gas chromatography-ion mobility spectrometry (GC-IMS). The electronic nose, electronic tongue, and GC-IMS analysis showed that US was much better way to contain the flavor of melon juice than UHP was does. The correlation coefficient between the US and the control was as high as 0.99. The concentration of characteristic aroma components in melon juice after ultrasonic treatment was 2.77 times and 3.02 times higher than that in the control and UHP, respectively. Moreover, the US treatment gave no significant difference in the total soluble solids, pH, and color of the juice. And it dramatically enhanced the flavor profile of melon juice.

A Review of the Phytochemistry and Pharmacology of the Fruit of Siraitia grosvenorii (Swingle): A Traditional Chinese Medicinal Food.

Siraitia grosvenorii (Swingle) C. Jeffrey ex Lu et Z. Y. Zhang is a unique economic and medicinal plant of Cucurbitaceae in Southern China. For hundreds of years, Chinese people have used the fruit of S. grosvenorii as an excellent natural sweetener and traditional medicine for lung congestion, sore throat, and constipation. It is one of the first species in China to be classified as a medicinal food homology, which has received considerable attention as a natural product with high development potential. Various natural products, such as triterpenoids, flavonoids, amino acids, and lignans, have been released from this plant by previous phytochemical studies. Phar- macological research of the fruits of S. grosvenorii has attracted extensive attention, and an increasing number of extracts and compounds have been demonstrated to have antitussive, expectorant, antiasthmatic, antioxidant, hypoglycemic, immunologic, hepatoprotective, antibacte- rial, and other activities. In this review, based on a large number of previous studies, we summarized the related research progress of the chemical components and pharmacological effects of S. grosvenorii, which provides theoretical support for further investigation of its biological functions and potential clinical applications.

Nutraceutical Quality and Soluble Solids of Cucumis melo Developed in Vermicompost-River Sand Mixtures, Under Shade Mesh Conditions.

<b>Background and Objective:</b> There is ample evidence that the consumption of fruits and vegetables, with a high content of secondary metabolites, favours better human health. In the same sense, the application of organic fertilizers has favoured the content of phenolic compounds and a greater antioxidant capacity in various crops. Factoring that the application of Vermicompost (VC) increases the nutritional quality of plants. This research determined the content of soluble solids, biochemical components and the antioxidant capacity of the melon fruits (<i>Cucumis melo</i> L.) developed under shade net conditions with VC as a source of fertilization. <b>Materials and Methods:</b> During the 2020 spring-summer season, a hybrid melon Honeydew type was grown under five mixtures of VC: River sand (RS), with ratios 0:1, 1:1, 1:2, 1:3 and 1:4. Nutrient Steiner solution was applied only in the first mixture (control) while VC was used as an organic nutrient for all other mixtures. The five formulated mixtures, with five replications, were randomly distributed. The total phenolic content, total flavonoids, antioxidant capacity and the total soluble solids of the melon fruit were determined. Data obtained were statistically analyzed by analysis of variance and means were compared by Tukey 0.05 test. <b>Results:</b> The ANOVA indicates that no statistical differences were registered for any of the variables under study, however, the levels of the parameters were high. <b>Conclusion:</b> VC treatment of melon fruit is proven to be a promising source of nutrients to plants increasing their natural antioxidants and content of soluble solids.

Spanish Melon Landraces: Revealing Useful Diversity by Genomic, Morphological, and Metabolomic Analysis.

Spain is a secondary centre of the diversification of the melon (Cucumis melo L.), with high diversity represented in highly appreciated landraces belonging to the Flexuosus and Ibericus groups. A collection of 47 accessions of Flexuosus, Chate, Piel de Sapo, Tendral, Amarillo, Blanco, and Rochet was analysed using a genotyping-by-sequencing (GBS) approach. A total of 66,971 quality SNPs were identified. Genetic analysis differentiated Ibericus accessions and exotic materials (Ameri, Momordica, Kachri, and Agrestis), while Flexuous accessions shared ancestry between them. Within the Ibericus group, no clear genomic distinction could be identified for the different landraces evaluated, with accessions of different landraces showing high genetic similarity. The morphological characterization confirmed that the external colour and fruit shape had been used as recognition patterns for Spanish melon landraces, but variability within a landrace exists. Differences were found in the sugars and acid and volatile profiles of the materials. Flexuosus and Chate melons at the immature commercial stage accumulated malic acid and low levels of hexoses, while Ibericus melons accumulated high contents of sucrose and citric acid. Specific trends could be identified in the Ibericus landraces. Tendral accumulated low levels of sugars and citric acid and high of malic acid, maintaining higher firmness, Rochet reached higher levels of sugars, and Amarillo tended to lower malic acid contents. Interestingly, high variability was found within landraces for the acidic profile, offering possibilities to alter taste tinges. The main volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in Flexuosus and Chate were aldehydes and alcohols, with clear differences between both groups. In the Ibericus landraces, general trends for VOC accumulation could be identified, but, again, a high level of variation exists. This situation highlights the necessity to develop depuration programs to promote on-farm in situ conservation and, at the same time, offers opportunities to establish new breeding program targets and to take advantage of these sources of variation.

Screening of bioactive flavour compounds targeting muscarinic-3 acetylcholine receptor from Siraitia grosvenorii and evaluation of their synergistic anti-asthmatic activity.

Siraitia grosvenorii (Swingle) C. Jeffrey (SG) is widely used as a natural sweetener and traditional medicine for respiratory diseases. The anti-respiratory compounds in the plant and their mechanism remain elusive due to the lack of a high-throughput screening method. In this work, immobilization of the muscarinic-3 acetylcholine receptor (M3R) was used to establish an affinity chromatographic strategy for synchronously recognizing the flavour components in the SG extract binding to this receptor and evaluating their anti-asthmatic effect. The accuracy of the method was assessed by in vivo experiments. Mogroside V (Mog V) and 11-oxomogroside V (11-O MogV) were identified as functional flavour compounds binding to M3R. Their association constants were determined to be 3.32 × 104 and 2.40 × 104 M-1 by the injection amount-dependent method. The binding energies of the two compounds to M3R were calculated to be -80.52 and -48.20 kJ/mol by molecular dynamics simulation. The synergistic application of the two flavour compounds exhibited stronger anti-asthma activity than the original SG extract. These results indicated that immobilized M3R is a powerful alternative for the identification of flavour compounds in plants. Mog V and 11-O Mog V are the main functional flavour compounds contributing to SG's anti-asthma function. We reasoned that the two compounds have the potential to become functional food additives. This work has the possibility to contribute considerably to the pursuit of functional flavour compounds from natural plants in the field of functional food development.

Cucurbitane triterpenoid entities derived from Hemsleya penxianensis triggered glioma cell apoptosis via ER stress and MAPK signalling cross-talk.

In the present study, six new cucurbitane type compounds, including three triterpenoids hemsleyacins P-R (6-7, 13) and three cucurbitane-type triterpenoid glycosides hemsleyaosides L-N (15-17), along with seventeen known cucurbitacin analogues were separated from the root tuber of Hemsleya penxianensis and elucidated based on NMR and HRESIMS. Then, 23 analogues of three types, namely, polyhydroxy-type (I) (1-7), monohydroxy-type (II) (8-13), and glycosides-type (III) (14-23), were assessed for their antitumor activity and structure-activity relationship analysis (SAR). We determined temozolomide (TMZ)-resistant GBM cell was the most sensitive to the tested compounds, and found hemsleyaoside N (HDN) displayed the best antineoplastic potency. Furthermore, we confirmed the anti-glioma activity of HDN in patient-derived recurrent GBM strains, GBM organoid (GBO) and orthotopic nude mouse models. Investigations exploring the mechanism made clear that HDN induced synchronous activation of UPR and MAPK signaling, which triggered deadly ER stress and apoptosis. Taken together, the potent antitumor activity of HDN warrants further comprehensive evaluation as a novel anti-glioma agent.

Comparative Analysis of VOCs from Winter Melon Pomace Fibers before and after Bleaching Treatment with H2O2.

In this study, the trend of Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs) in dietary fiber samples from the winter melon (Cucumis Melo var. Inodorus, Yellow Canary type) were investigated. This foodstuff, obtained as a by-product of agri-food production, has gained increasing attention and is characterized by many bioactive components and a high dietary-fiber content. As regards fiber, it is poorly colored, but it may be whitened by applying a bleaching treatment with H2O2. The result is a fibrous material for specific applications in food manufacturing, for example, as a corrector for some functional and technological properties. This treatment is healthy and safe for consumers and widely applied in industrial food processes. In this study, a method based on headspace solid-phase microextraction (HS-SPME) coupled with gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) was applied for the characterization of the aromatic profile of the dried raw materials. Furthermore, VOC variation was investigated as function of the bleaching treatment with H2O2. The bleached samples were also analyzed after a long storage period (24 months), to assess their stability over time. As a result, the VOC fraction of the fresh raw fiber showed nine classes of analytes; these were restricted to seven for the bleached fiber at t0 time, and further reduced to four classes at the age of 24 months. Alcohols were the main group detected in the fresh raw sample (33.8 % of the total chromatogram area), with 2,3-butanediol isomers as the main compounds. These analytes decreased with time. An opposite trend was observed for the acids (9.7% at t0), which increased with time and became the most important class in the 24-month aged and bleached sample (57.3%).

Removal of C9-aldehydes and -alcohols from melon juice via cysteine addition.

BACKGROUND: The aroma of a melon fruit is among the most crucial qualities that influence consumer preferences. However, strong grassy and cucumber-like aromas can prevent consumer acceptance. These grassy and cucumber-like aromas are produced by aldehydes containing nine-carbon chains. Several studies have revealed that aldehydes exhibit a high affinity toward cysteine. Thus, the effect of adding cysteine to volatile compounds to melon juice was investigated. RESULTS: The volatile compounds released from the melon juice were analyzed via solid-phase microextraction coupled with gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (SPME-GC-MS) after 0.5, 5, and 24 h of adding cysteine. The results indicated that the concentrations of aldehydes, such as (E,Z)-2,6-nonadienal and (E)-2-nonenal, in the melon juice decreased after the addition of cysteine at all the analyzed times. Additionally, (E)-2-nonenol and (E,Z)-2,6-nonadien-1-ol, which were formed by the enzymatic reduction of the aldehydes, also decreased by cysteine addition. To confirm the binding of cysteine with the aldehydes, two cysteine adducts were analyzed via liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) employing (E)-2-nonenal in the melon juice after the addition of cysteine. CONCLUSION: This study demonstrates that cysteine addition could be potentially used to reduce the grassy and cucumber-like aromas of melon juice. © 2022 Society of Chemical Industry.

The Difference of Volatile Compounds in Female and Male Buds of Herpetospermum pedunculosum Based on HS-SPME-GC-MS and Multivariate Statistical Analysis.

Herpetospermum pedunculosum (Ser.) C. B. Clarke (Family Cucurbitaceae) is a dioecious plant and has been used as a traditional Tibetan medicine for the treatment of hepatobiliary diseases. The component, content, and difference in volatile compounds in the female and male buds of H. pedunculosum were explored by using headspace solid-phase microextraction-gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (HS-SPME-GC-MS) technology and multivariate statistical analysis. The results showed that isoamyl alcohol was the main compound in both female and male buds and its content in males was higher than that in females; 18 compounds were identified in female buds including 6 unique compounds such as (E)-4-hexenol and isoamyl acetate, and 32 compounds were identified in male buds, including 20 unique compounds such as (Z)-3-methylbutyraldehyde oxime and benzyl alcohol. (Z)-3-methylbutyraldehyde oxime and (E)-3-methylbutyraldehyde oxime were found in male buds, which only occurred in night-flowering plants. In total, 9 differential volatile compounds between female and male buds were screened out, including isoamyl alcohol, (Z)-3-methylbutanal oxime, and 1-nitropentane based on multivariate statistical analysis such as principal component analysis (PCA) and orthogonal partial least squares discrimination analysis (OPLS-DA). This is the first time to report the volatile components of H. pedunculosum, which not only find characteristic difference between female and male buds, but also point out the correlation between volatile compounds, floral odor, and plant physiology. This study enriches the basic theory of dioecious plants and has guiding significance for the production and development of H. pedunculosum germplasm resources.