Cynanchum auriculatum Royle ex Wight., Cynanchum bungei Decne. and Cynanchum wilfordii (Maxim.) Hemsl.: Current Research and Prospects.

Cynanchum auriculatum Royle ex Wight. (CA), Cynanchum bungei Decne. (CB) and Cynanchum wilfordii (Maxim.) Hemsl. (CW) are three close species belonging to the Asclepiadaceous family, and their dry roots as the bioactive part have been revealed to exhibit anti-tumor, neuroprotection, organ protection, reducing liver lipid and blood lipid, immunomodulatory, anti-inflammatory, and other activities. Until 2021, phytochemistry investigations have uncovered 232 compounds isolated from three species, which could be classified into C21-steroids, acetophenones, terpenoids, and alkaloids. In this review, the morphology characteristics, species identification, and the relationship of botany, extraction, and the separation of chemical constituents, along with the molecular mechanism and pharmacokinetics of bioactive constituents of three species, are summarized for the first time, and their phytochemistry, pharmacology, and clinical safety are also updated. Moreover, the direction and limitation of current research on three species is also discussed.

Three new steroidal glycosides from the roots of Cynanchum auriculatum.

Three new steroidal glycosides, cyanoauriculosides F, G and H (1-3), were isolated from the roots of Cynanchum auriculatum (Asclepiadaceae) along with two known steroidal derivatives. On the basis of spectroscopic analysis and chemical methods, their structures were identified as 20-O-acetyl-8,14-seco-penupogenin-8-one 3-O-α-L-cymaropyranosyl-(1→4)-ß-D-cymaropyranosyl-(1→4)-α-L-diginopyranosyl-(1→4)-ß-D-cymaropyranoside (1), 2',3'-Z-gagaminine 3-O-α-L-cymaropyranosyl-(1→4)-ß-D-cymaro-pyranosyl-(1→4)-α-L-diginopyranosyl-(1→4)-ß-D-cymaropyranoside (2), 17-O-acetyl-kidjoranin 3-O-α-L-cymaropyranosyl-(1→4)-ß-D-cymaropyranosyl-(1→4)-α-L-cymaro-pyranosyl-(1→4)-ß-D-digitoxopyranosyl-(1→4)-ß-D-digitoxopyranoside (3), gagaminine 3-O-α-L-cymaropyranosyl-(1→4)-ß-D-cymaropyranosyl-(1→4)-α-L-digino-pyranosyl-(1→4)-ß-D-cymaropyranoside (4) and wilfoside D1N (5).

[The connotation investigation of "female-male" in Chinese traditional medicine nomenclature].

The connotation investigation of "female-male" in nomenclature of Polygonum multiflorum Thunb, suggests that the female-male" in Chinese medicine nomenclature is generalized concept. It has three connotation, including correlation, relativity identity. It's concrete use of materialist dialectics in Chinese medicine.