Early Mobility Index and Patient Outcomes: A Retrospective Study in Multiple Intensive Care Units.

BACKGROUND: Early mobility interventions in intensive care units (ICUs) are safe and improve outcomes in subsets of critically ill adults. However, implementation varies, and the optimal mobility dose remains unclear. OBJECTIVE: To test for associations between daily dose of out-of-bed mobility and patient outcomes in different ICUs. METHODS: In this retrospective cohort study of electronic records from 7 adult ICUs in an academic quarternary hospital, multivariable linear regression was used to examine the effects of out-of-bed events per mobility-eligible day on mechanical ventilation duration and length of ICU and hospital stays. RESULTS: In total, 8609 adults hospitalized in ICUs from 2015 through 2018 were included. Patients were mobilized out of bed on 46.5% of ICU days and were eligible for mobility interventions on a median (IQR) of 2.0 (1-3) of 2.7 (2-9) ICU days. Median (IQR) out-of-bed events per mobility-eligible day were 0.5 (0-1.2) among all patients. For every unit increase in out-of-bed events per mobility-eligible day before extubation, mechanical ventilation duration decreased by 10% (adjusted coefficient [95% CI], -0.10 [-0.18 to -0.01]). Daily mobility increased ICU stays by 4% (adjusted coefficient [95% CI], 0.04 [0.03-0.06]) and decreased hospital stays by 5% (adjusted coefficient [95% CI], -0.05 [-0.07 to -0.03]). Effect sizes differed among ICUs. CONCLUSIONS: More daily out-of-bed mobility for ICU patients was associated with shorter mechanical ventilation duration and hospital stays, suggesting a dose-response relationship between daily mobility and patient outcomes. However, relationships differed across ICU subpopulations.

Efetividade de um plano de metas fisioterapêuticas em pacientes internados em uma unidade de terapia intensiva: uma análise retrospectiva vs. prospectiva / Effectiveness of a plan of physiotherapy goals in patients hospitalized in an intensive care unit: a retrospective analysis vs. prospective

Introdução: A fisioterapia na unidade de terapia intensiva (UTI) apresenta como objetivo utilizar estratégias de mobilização precoce a fim de reduzir o impacto da fraqueza muscular adquirida na UTI. Logo, este estudo apresenta como objetivo avaliar a efetividade de um plano de metas fisioterapêuticas para pacientes internados em uma Unidade de Terapia Intensiva.Métodos: Estudo de coorte retrospectivo e prospectivo comparativo realizado em uma UTI de um hospital público de Porto Alegre. Foram incluídos pacientes internados entre os meses de janeiro e junho de 2019, maiores de 18 anos e que tiveram alta da UTI. A coleta de dados foi realizada através de informações e relatório que constam no prontuário eletrônico utilizado na Instituição. Foi analisado o desfecho das metas estabelecidas na admissão para sentar fora do leito e deambular.Resultados: A maioria dos pacientes foi do sexo masculino (57,5%). A média de idade foi de 60,52 ± 17,64 anos. A maioria das metas estabelecidas, tanto para sentar fora do leito como para deambular, foram atingidas (89% e 86,9%, respectivamente). Houve correlação significativa entre o alcance de meta para deambulação e ganho de força muscular pelo escore MRC (p = 0,041) e ganho de força muscular quando comparada admissão e alta da UTI (p = 0,004).Conclusão: Este estudo observou que estabelecer metas para sentar fora do leito e deambular para pacientes internados em UTI é efetivo.

Introduction: Physiotherapy in the intensive care unit (ICU) aims to use early mobilization strategies in order to reduce the impact of muscle acquired weakness in the ICU. Therefore, this study aims to evaluate the effectiveness of a physiotherapeutic goal plan for patients admitted to an Intensive Care Unit. Methods: Retrospective and comparative prospective cohort study carried out in an ICU of a public hospital in Porto Alegre. Patients hospitalized between January and June 2019, over 18 years old and discharged from the ICU were included. Data collection was carried out through information and report contained in the electronic medical record used in the Institution. The outcome of goals established at admission for sitting out of bed and walking was analyzed. Results: Most patients were male (57.5%). The mean age was 63.2 ± 16.2 years. Most established goals, both for sitting out of bed and walking, were achieved (89% and 86.9%, respectively). There was a significant correlation between reaching the ambulation goal and muscle strength gain by the MRC score (p= 0.041) and muscle strength gain when comparing admission and discharge from the ICU (p = 0.004). Conclusion: This study observed that establishing goals for sitting out of bed and walking for ICU patients is effective.

Activity Tracking After Surgery: Does It Correlate With Postoperative Complications?

BACKGROUND: Postoperative ambulation is an important tenet in enhanced recovery programs. We quantitatively assessed the correlation of decreased postoperative ambulation with postoperative complications and delays in gastrointestinal function. METHODS: Patients undergoing major abdominal surgery were fitted with digital ankle pedometers yielding continuous measurements of their ambulation. Primary endpoints were the overall and system-specific complication rates, with secondary endpoints being the time to first passage of flatus and stool, the length of hospital stay, and the rate of readmission. RESULTS: 100 patients were enrolled. We found a significant, independent inverse correlation between the number of steps on the first and second postoperative days (POD1/2) and the incidence of complications as well as the recovery of GI function and the likelihood of readmission (P < .05). POD2 step count was an independent risk factor for severe complications (P = .026). DISCUSSION: Digitally quantified ambulation data may be a prognostic biomarker for the likelihood of severe postoperative complications.

Mobilization During Critical Illness: A Higher Level of Mobilization Improves Health Status at 6 Months, a Secondary Analysis of a Prospective Cohort Study.

OBJECTIVES: To determine the influence of active mobilization during critical illness on health status in survivors 6 months post ICU admission. DESIGN: Post hoc secondary analysis of a prospective cohort study conducted between November 2013 and March 2015. SETTING: Two tertiary hospital ICU's in Victoria, Australia. PATIENTS: Of 194 eligible patients admitted, mobility data for 186 patients were obtained. Inclusion and exclusion criteria were as per the original trial. INTERVENTIONS: The dosage of mobilization in ICU was measured by: 1) the Intensive Care Mobility Scale where a higher Intensive Care Mobility Scale level was considered a higher intensity of mobilization or 2) the number of active mobilization sessions performed during the ICU stay. The data were extracted from medical records and analyzed against Euro-quality of life-5D-5 Level version answers obtained from phone interviews with survivors 6 months following ICU admission. The primary outcome was change in health status measured by the Euro-quality of life-5D-5 Level utility score, with change in Euro-quality of life-5D-5 Level mobility domain a secondary outcome. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: Achieving higher levels of mobilization (as per the Intensive Care Mobility Scale) was independently associated with improved outcomes at 6 months (Euro-quality of life-5D-5 Level utility score unstandardized regression coefficient [ß] 0.022 [95% CI, 0.002-0.042]; p = 0.033; Euro-quality of life-5D-5 Level mobility domain ß = 0.127 [CI, 0.049-0.205]; p = 0.001). Increasing the number of active mobilization sessions was not found to independently influence health status. Illness severity, total comorbidities, and admission diagnosis also independently influenced health status. CONCLUSIONS: In critically ill survivors, achieving higher levels of mobilization, but not increasing the number of active mobilization sessions, improved health status 6 months after ICU admission.

A systematic review and meta-analysis of the effects of early mobilization therapy in patients after cardiac surgery.

BACKGROUND: Prolonged hospitalization and immobility of critical care patients elevate the risk of long-term physical and cognitive impairments. However, the therapeutic effects of early mobilization have been difficult to interpret due to variations in study populations, interventions, and outcome measures. We conducted a meta-analysis to assess the effects of early mobilization therapy on cardiac surgery patients in the intensive care unit (ICU). METHODS: PubMed, Excerpta Medica database (EMBASE), Cumulative Index of Nursing and Allied Health Literature (CINAHL), Physiotherapy Evidence Database (PEDro), and the Cochrane Library were comprehensively searched from their inception to September 2018. Randomized controlled trials were included if patients were adults (≥18 years) admitted to any ICU for cardiac surgery due to cardiovascular disease and who were treated with experimental physiotherapy initiated in the ICU (pre, post, or peri-operative). Data were extracted by 2 reviewers independently using a pre-constructed data extraction form. Length of ICU and hospital stay was evaluated as the primary outcomes. Physical function and adverse events were assessed as the secondary outcomes. Review Manager 5.3 (RevMan 5.3) was used for statistical analysis. For all dichotomous variables, relative risks or odds ratios with 95% confidence intervals (CI) were presented. For all continuous variables, mean differences (MDs) or standard MDs with 95% CIs were calculated. RESULTS: The 5 studies with a total of 652 patients were included in the data synthesis final meta-analysis. While a slight favorable effect was detected in 3 out of the 5 studies, the overall effects were not significant, even after adjusting for heterogeneity. CONCLUSIONS: This population-specific evaluation of the efficacy of early mobilization to reduce hospitalization duration suggests that intervention may not universally justify the labor barriers and resource costs in patients undergoing non-emergency cardiac surgery. PROSPERO RESEARCH REGISTRATION IDENTIFYING NUMBER: CRD42019135338.

Factors Impacting Early Mobilization Following Hip Fracture: An Observational Study.

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Hip fracture guidelines emphasize mobilization within 48 hours of surgery. The aims of this audit were to determine the proportion of patients with hip fracture who mobilize within 48 hours, identify factors associated with delayed mobilization, and identify barriers to mobilization. METHODS: Single-site prospective audit of 100 consecutive patients (age 82 ± 9 years) admitted for surgical management of hip fracture. Data collected included time to mobilization, factors that may impact mobilization (age, weight-bearing status, additional injuries, premorbid mobility status, time to surgery, dementia, delirium, and postoperative complications), and barriers to mobilization as identified by the physical therapist. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION: Mobilization within 48 hours of surgery was achieved by 43% of patients. Multivariate logistic regression demonstrated odds of mobilizing early increased with higher New Mobility Scores, representing better premorbid mobility (odds ratio [OR] = 1.30; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.06-1.60); odds reduced if delirium was present on day 1 or 2 (OR = 0.25; 95% CI, 0.08-0.79). New Mobility Scores 5 or more, which indicate independent premorbid mobility inside and outside the house, best predicted early mobilization in patients who did not develop delirium. No cutoff score was identified for those with delirium. Identified barriers to mobilization included patient confusion, manual handling risk, patient declined, and hypotension. CONCLUSIONS: Less than half of this cohort achieved the guideline of mobilization within 48 hours of surgery. Patients who develop delirium within the first 2 days of surgery or who had premorbid mobility limitation were less likely to mobilize. Identification of patients likely to have delayed mobilization will assist physical therapists with delivering appropriate management to patients with hip fracture during their acute hospital stay.

EarLy Exercise in blunt Chest wall Trauma: a feasibility trial (ELECT Trial).

BACKGROUND: The aim was to complete a feasibility study that would test the methods of the main trial, that will investigate whether early thoracic and shoulder girdle exercises reduce chronic pain in patients with blunt chest wall trauma, when compared with normal care. METHODS: A single centre, parallel, feasibility randomised controlled trial was completed at a University Teaching Hospital in Wales between June and September 2019. Adult patients with blunt chest wall trauma, admitted to hospital for greater than 24 hours, with no concurrent, immediately life-threatening injuries, were included. The intervention was a simple physiotherapy programme comprising thoracic and shoulder girdle exercises. Feasibility outcome measures included: primary outcomes: (1) 80% or more of identified eligible patients were approached for potential recruitment to the trial (2) 30% or less of approached, eligible patients dissented to participate in the trial; secondary outcomes: (3) follow-up data for patient secondary outcomes can be collected for 80% or more of patients, (4) there should be no greater than 10% increase in serious adverse events in the intervention group compared with the control group. RESULTS: A total of 19/19 (100%) patients were deemed eligible for the trial and were approached for participation, 5/19 (26%) eligible patients declined to participate in the trial, follow-up data were collected for n=10/14 (71%) patients and there were no serious adverse events reported in either group. CONCLUSIONS: We have demonstrated that a fully powered randomised clinical trial of the EarLy Exercise in blunt Chest wall Trauma Trial is feasible. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER: ISRCTN16197429.

Predictors of farther mobilization on day of surgery and shorter length of stay after total joint arthroplasty.

BACKGROUND: Mobilization on the day of total joint arthroplasty (TJA) is associated with shorter length of stay. The question of whether incrementally farther mobilization on the day of surgery (POD0) contributes to shorter length of stay has not been widely studied. The purpose of this study was to determine if farther mobilization on POD0 led to shorter length of stay and to identify the predictors of farther mobilization and length of stay. METHODS: A retrospective chart review was undertaken using data for patients who had a primary TJA and mobilized on POD0. Patients were categorized into the following 4 mobilization groups: sat on the bedside (Sat), stood by the bed or walked in place (Stood), walked in the room (Room) and walked in the hall (Hall). The primary outcome was length of stay. Predictors of farther mobilization on POD0 and length of stay were identified using regression analyses. RESULTS: The sample comprised 283 patients. The Hall group had significantly shorter length of stay than all other groups. There were sex differences across the mobilization groups. Simultaneous regression analysis showed that farther mobilization was predicted by younger age, male sex, lower body mass index, spinal anesthesia and fewer symptoms limiting mobilization. Hierarchical regression showed that shorter length of stay was predicted by male sex, lower body mass index, lower American Society of Anaesthesiologists physical status classification score, less pain/stiffness and farther mobilization on POD0. CONCLUSION: Understanding the modifiable and nonmodifiable predictors of mobilization after TJA and length of stay can help identify patients more likely to mobilize farther on the day of surgery, which would contribute to better resource allocation and discharge planning. Focusing on symptom management could increase opportunities for farther mobilization on POD0 and thereby decrease length of stay.

CONTEXTE: La mobilisation le jour même d'une arthroplastie totale (AT) est associée à une durée d'hospitalisation réduite. Or, le lien entre l'ampleur de la mobilisation le jour de la chirurgie (jour postopératoire 0 [JPO0]) et la réduction de la durée d'hospitalisation n'a pas été largement étudié. La présente étude visait à déterminer si une mobilisation plus importante au JPO0 réduit la durée d'hospitalisation, de même qu'à repérer les facteurs prédictifs de mobilisation importante et de durée d'hospitalisation. MÉTHODES: Une analyse rétrospective a été menée à l'aide des dossiers de patients ayant subi une AT primaire et ayant été mobilisés au JPO0. Les patients ont été classés en 4 groupes en fonction de l'ampleur de leur mobilisation : assis au bord du lit (assis), debout à côté du lit ou marche sur place (debout), marche dans la chambre (chambre) et marche dans le couloir (couloir). Le principal résultat à l'étude était la durée d'hospitalisation. Les facteurs prédictifs de mobilisation importante au JPO0 et de durée d'hospitalisation ont été dégagés au moyen d'analyses de régression. RÉSULTATS: L'échantillon comprenait 283 patients. Le groupe couloir présentait une durée d'hospitalisation significativement plus courte que les autres. Des différences entre les sexes ont été observées dans tous les groupes. Selon une analyse de régression simultanée, les facteurs prédictifs de mobilisation importante étaient un jeune âge, le sexe masculin, un faible indice de masse corporelle, une anesthésie rachidienne et un nombre limité de symptômes nuisant à la mobilisation. Une analyse de régression hiérarchique a quant à elle montré que les facteurs prédictifs de durée hospitalisation réduite étaient le sexe masculin, un faible indice de masse corporelle, un faible score à la classification de l'état de santé physique de l'American Society of Anesthesiologists, une douleur ou des raideurs moindres, et une mobilisation importante au JPO0. CONCLUSION: La mise en évidence des facteurs prédictifs modifiables et non modifiables de mobilisation et de durée d'hospitalisation après une AT peut faciliter le repérage des patients susceptibles d'être davantage mobilisés, ce qui contribuerait à une meilleure allocation des ressources et faciliterait la planification des congés. Accorder une attention particulière au soulagement des symptômes pourrait accroître les occasions de mobilisation importante au JPO0 et, par conséquent, réduire la durée d'hospitalisation.

The impact of delayed mobilization on post-discharge outcomes after emergency abdominal surgery: A prospective cohort study in older patients.

Surgeons are increasingly treating seniors with complex care needs who are at high-risk of readmission and functional decline. Yet, the prognostic importance of post-operative mobilization in older surgical patients is under-investigated and remains unclear. Thus, we evaluated the relationship between post-operative mobilization and events after hospital discharge in older people. Overall, 306 survivors of emergency abdominal surgery aged ≥65y who required help with <3 activities of daily living were prospectively followed at two Canadian tertiary-care hospitals. Time until mobilization after surgery was attained from hospital charts and a priori defined as 'delayed' (≥36h) or 'early' (<36h). Primary outcomes for 30-day and 6-month all-cause readmission/death after discharge were assessed in multivariable logistic regression. Patients had a mean age of 76 ± 7.7 years, 45% were women, 41% were 'vulnerable-to-moderately-frail', according to the Clinical Frailty Scale. Most common reasons for admission were gallstones (23%), intestinal obstructions (21%), and hernia (17%). Median time to post-operative mobilization was 19h (interquartile range 9-35); 74 (24%) patients had delayed mobilization. Delayed mobilization was independently associated with higher risk of 30-day readmission/death (19 [26%] vs. 22 [10%], P<0.001; adjusted odds ratio [aOR] 2.24, 95%CI 0.99-5.06, P = 0.05), but this was not statistically significant at 6-months (38 [51%] vs. 64 [28%], P<0.001; aOR 1.72, 95%CI 0.91-3.25, P = 0.1). One-quarter of older surgical patients stayed in bed for 1.5 days post-operatively. Delayed mobilization was associated with increased risk of short-term readmission/death. As older, more frail patients undergo surgery, mobilization of older surgical patients remains an understudied post-operative factor. Trial registration: clinicaltrials.gov identifier: NCT02233153.

Barriers and Facilitators to Early Rehabilitation in the ICU: A Theory Driven Delphi Study.

OBJECTIVES: There is conflicting evidence for the effectiveness of early rehabilitation in the intensive care and marked variation in rates of implementation in practice. We aimed to identify barriers and facilitators to early rehabilitation in mechanically ventilated patients and their relevance to practice, as perceived by key ICU clinicians across North America. DESIGN: A Delphi study using the Theoretical Domains Framework, consisting of an initial qualitative round and subsequent quantitative rounds, was conducted to gather clinician agreement and perceived importance of barriers and facilitators to early rehabilitation. The survey included questions on the range of individual, sociocultural, and broader organizational influence on behaviors. SETTING: Clinical practice in North America. SUBJECTS: Four clinician groups (intensive care physicians, nurses, therapists, and respiratory therapists). INTERVENTIONS: A three-round Delphi study. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: Fifty of 74 (67%) of invited clinicians completed the study. Agreement and consensus with Delphi survey items were high in both rounds within and between professional groups. Agreement was highest for items related to the domain "Beliefs about Consequences" (e.g., mortality reduction) and lowest for items related to the domain "Behavioral Regulation" (e.g., team discussion of barriers). Beliefs expressed about improved mortality and improvements in a variety of other long-term outcomes were not consistent with the current evidence base. Individual agreement scores changed very little from Round 2 to Round 3 of the Delphi, suggesting stability of beliefs and existing consensus. CONCLUSIONS: This study identified a wide range of beliefs about early rehabilitation that may influence provider behavior and the success and appropriateness of further implementation. The apparent inconsistency between the optimism of stakeholders regarding mortality reductions and a low level of implementation reported elsewhere represent the most major challenge to future implementation success. Other foci for future implementation work include planning, barriers, feedback, and education of staff.

Association Between Adherence to Quality Indicators and 7-Day In-Hospital Mortality After Acute Ischemic Stroke.

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Quality indicators (QI) are an accepted tool to measure performance of hospitals in routine care. We investigated the association between quality of acute stroke care defined by overall adherence to evidence-based QI and early outcome in German acute care hospitals. METHODS: Patients with ischemic stroke admitted to one of the hospitals cooperating within the ADSR (German Stroke Register Study Group) were analyzed. The ADSR is a voluntary network of 9 regional stroke registers monitoring quality of acute stroke care across 736 hospitals in Germany. Quality of stroke care was defined by adherence to 11 evidence-based indicators of early processes of stroke care. The correlation between overall adherence to QI with outcome was investigated by assessing the association between 7-day in-hospital mortality with the proportion of QI fulfilled from the total number of QI the individual patient was eligible for. Generalized linear mixed model analysis was performed adjusted for the variables age, sex, National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale and living will and as random effect for the variable hospital. RESULTS: Between 2015 and 2016, 388 012 patients with ischemic stroke were reported (median age 76 years, 52.4% male). Adherence to distinct QI ranged between 41.0% (thrombolysis in eligible patients) and 95.2% (early physiotherapy). Seven-day in-hospital mortality was 3.4%. The overall proportion of QI fulfilled was median 90% (interquartile range, 75%-100%). In multivariable analysis, a linear association between overall adherence to QI and 7-day in-hospital-mortality was observed (odds ratio adherence <50% versus 100%, 12.7 [95% CI, 11.8-13.7]; P<0.001). CONCLUSIONS: Higher quality of care measured by adherence to a set of evidence-based process QI for the early phase of stroke treatment was associated with lower in-hospital mortality.

Mobility Technicians: A Viable Solution to Early Ambulation of Total Joint Replacement Patients.

BACKGROUND: Early ambulation of patients with total joint replacement (TJR) has been shown to improve outcomes while reducing length of stay and postoperative complications. Limited physical therapy (PT) resources and late-in-the-day cases may challenge day-of-surgery (POD0) ambulation. At our institution, a Mobility Technician (MT) program, composed of specially trained nurse's aides, was developed to address this issue. PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to compare the effectiveness of the MT model with a traditional PT model in the early ambulation of patients with TJR. METHODS: Patients undergoing unilateral primary TJR at a single institution between June 1, 2014, and October 31, 2018, were included. Ambulation measures were retrospectively assessed between pre- and post-MT program groups. RESULTS: This study included 11,777 patients with TJR. Following the MT program, number of POD0 ambulations, POD0 ambulation distance, and total distance ambulated all increased while time-to-first ambulation decreased. CONCLUSION: Preliminary analyses indicate that the MT program has been successful in the early ambulation of patients with TJR.

Early rehabilitation in older patients hospitalized with acute decompensated heart failure: A retrospective cohort study.

Although hospitalized patients with acute decompensated heart failure (ADHF) have severe physical dysfunction, little data are available on the comparative effectiveness of early versus late rehabilitation. This study examined the relationship between early compared to late rehabilitation and physical function among older patients hospitalized for ADHF. METHODS: In a retrospective cohort study, independent patients aged ≥65 years at baseline who were hospitalized for ADHF from 2012 to 2014 and underwent inpatient rehabilitation were identified using Emergency Department visit data and electronic medical records at two hospitals. Patients were classified into those who underwent early rehabilitation (initiated within 72 hours of admission) and late rehabilitation (after 72 hours). Primary outcome was length of time from admission until the patient was able to walk independently. Multivariable competing-risk regression with death as the competing event was used to adjust for potential confounding factors, and multiple imputation (MI) analysis was performed. RESULTS: Of 259 individuals, 30 (11.6%) commenced rehabilitation within 72 hours after admission while 229 (88.4%) did so 72 hours after admission. Patients who received early rehabilitation had a higher rate of unassisted walking for at least 40 m by 30 days after admission (hazard ratio: 8.03; 95% confidence interval: 2.15 to 29.98; P = .002 in the multivariable adjusted model) than those who received late rehabilitation. Similar findings were observed on MI analysis. CONCLUSION: Early rehabilitation therapy commenced within 72 hours of admission was associated with a higher rate of recovery of an activity of daily living (independent walking on a level surface).

Mobilization practices in critically ill children: a European point prevalence study (EU PARK-PICU).

BACKGROUND: Early mobilization of adults receiving intensive care improves health outcomes, yet little is known about mobilization practices in paediatric intensive care units (PICUs). We aimed to determine the prevalence of and factors associated with physical rehabilitation in PICUs across Europe. METHODS: A 2-day, cross-sectional, multicentre point prevalence study was conducted in May and November 2018. The primary outcome was the prevalence of physical therapy (PT)- or occupational therapy (OT)-provided mobility. Clinical data and data on patient mobility, potential mobility safety events, and mobilization barriers were prospectively collected in patients admitted for ≥72 h. RESULTS: Data of 456 children admitted to one of 38 participating PICUs from 15 European countries were collected (456 patient days); 70% were under 3 years of age. The point prevalence of PT- and/or OT-provided mobility activities was 39% (179/456) (95% CI 34.7-43.9%) during the patient days, with significant differences between European regions. Nurses were involved in 72% (924/1283) of the mobility events; in the remaining 28%, PT/OT, physicians, family members, or other professionals were involved. Of the factors studied, family presence was most strongly positively associated with out-of-bed mobilization (aOR 7.83, 95% CI 3.09-19.79). Invasive mechanical ventilation with an endotracheal tube was negatively associated with out-of-bed mobility (aOR 0.28, 95% CI 0.12-0.68). Patients were completely immobile on 25% (115/456) of patient days. Barriers to mobilization were reported on 38% of patient days. The most common reported patient-related barriers were cardiovascular instability (n = 47, 10%), oversedation (n = 39, 9%), and medical contraindication (n = 37, 8%). Potential safety events occurred in 6% of all documented mobilization events. CONCLUSION: Therapists are infrequently consulted for mobilization of critically ill children in European PICUs. This study highlights the need for a systematic and interdisciplinary mobilization approach for critically ill children.

Efficacy of Maitland joint mobilization technique on pain intensity, mouth opening, functional limitation, kinesiophobia, sleep quality and quality of life in temporomandibular joint dysfunction following bilateral cervicofacial burns.

BACKGROUND: Bilateral cervicofacial burn contracture initially affects facial expressions and later affects tempero mandibular joint (TMJ) function of the patient. It further tightens the ligaments and capsules around the TMJ and leads to tempero mandibular dysfunction. The consequences of temporomandibular joint dysfunction will be pain, limitation of mouth opening, functional disability and poor quality of life (Qol). However, studies examining the efficacy of Maitland joint mobilization technique in this population are lacking. OBJECTIVES: To find the short term effects of Maitland joint mobilization technique on pain, mouth opening, functional limitation, kinesiophobia, sleep quality and Quality of life in tempero mandibular joint dysfunction following bilateral cervicofacial burns. METHODS: Thirty subjects with temporomandibular joint dysfunction following cervicofacial burn (N=30) were allocated to Maitland joint mobilization group (n=15) and home based training group (n=15) randomly to receive Maitland joint mobilization technique and home based training for 4 weeks. All the participants received ultrasound therapy as common treatment. Primary (Numeric Pain Rating Scale - NPRS, maximal mouth opening - MMO & Tempero mandibular disability index - TDI) and secondary (Tampa Scale of Kinesiophobia - TSK-17, Sleep quality questionnaire - SSQ & Global Rating of Change - GRC) outcome measures were measured at baseline, after four weeks and three months follow up. Repeated measures of ANOVA and independent t test were performed for analyzing the dependent variables in both groups. RESULTS: Baseline demographic characters and study variables show homogenous distribution between the groups (p>0.05). Four weeks following different training protocols Maitland joint mobilization group shows more significant changes in pain intensity, mouth opening, functional limitation, kinesiophobia, sleep quality and Qol than home based training group (p≤0.05). Also Maitland joint mobilization group show significant improvement in study variables than home based training group (p≤0.05) at three months follow up. CONCLUSION: Both groups improved over time, however, differences between the groups were noticed small. However, physiotherapy management which includes Maitland joint mobilization technique and therapeutic exercise program has an effective strategy in the treatment of tempero mandibular joint dysfunction following cervicofacial burns.

Physical Rehabilitation in Critically Ill Children: A Multicenter Point Prevalence Study in the United States.

OBJECTIVES: With decreasing mortality in PICUs, a growing number of survivors experience long-lasting physical impairments. Early physical rehabilitation and mobilization during critical illness are safe and feasible, but little is known about the prevalence in PICUs. We aimed to evaluate the prevalence of rehabilitation for critically ill children and associated barriers. DESIGN: National 2-day point prevalence study. SETTING: Eighty-two PICUs in 65 hospitals across the United States. PATIENTS: All patients admitted to a participating PICU for greater than or equal to 72 hours on each point prevalence day. INTERVENTIONS: None. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: The primary outcome was prevalence of physical therapy- or occupational therapy-provided mobility on the study days. PICUs also prospectively collected timing of initial rehabilitation team consultation, clinical and patient mobility data, potential mobility-associated safety events, and barriers to mobility. The point prevalence of physical therapy- or occupational therapy-provided mobility during 1,769 patient-days was 35% and associated with older age (adjusted odds ratio for 13-17 vs < 3 yr, 2.1; 95% CI, 1.5-3.1) and male gender (adjusted odds ratio for females, 0.76; 95% CI, 0.61-0.95). Patients with higher baseline function (Pediatric Cerebral Performance Category, ≤ 2 vs > 2) less often had rehabilitation consultation within the first 72 hours (27% vs 38%; p < 0.001). Patients were completely immobile on 19% of patient-days. A potential safety event occurred in only 4% of 4,700 mobility sessions, most commonly a transient change in vital signs. Out-of-bed mobility was negatively associated with the presence of an endotracheal tube (adjusted odds ratio, 0.13; 95% CI, 0.1-0.2) and urinary catheter (adjusted odds ratio, 0.28; 95% CI, 0.1-0.6). Positive associations included family presence in children less than 3 years old (adjusted odds ratio, 4.55; 95% CI, 3.1-6.6). CONCLUSIONS: Younger children, females, and patients with higher baseline function less commonly receive rehabilitation in U.S. PICUs, and early rehabilitation consultation is infrequent. These findings highlight the need for systematic design of rehabilitation interventions for all critically ill children at risk of functional impairments.

The Economic and Clinical Impact of an Early Mobility Program in the Trauma Intensive Care Unit: A Quality Improvement Project.

Traumatic injury survivors often face a difficult recovery. Surgical and invasive procedures, prolonged monitoring in the intensive care unit (ICU), and constant preventive vigilance by medical staff guide standards of care to promote positive outcomes. Recently, patients with traumatic injuries have benefited from early mobilization, a multidisciplinary approach to increasing participation in upright activity and walking. The purpose of this project was to determine the impact of an early mobility program in the trauma ICU on length of stay (LOS), ventilator days, cost, functional milestones, and rehabilitation utilization. A quality improvement project compared outcomes and cost before and after the implementation of an early mobility program. The trauma team assigned daily mobility levels to trauma ICU patients. Nursing and rehabilitation staff collaborated to set daily goals and provide mobility-based interventions. Forty-four patients were included in the preintervention group and 43 patients in the early mobility group. Physical therapy and occupational therapy were initiated earlier in the early mobilization group (p = .044 and p = .026, respectively). Improvements in LOS, duration of mechanical ventilation, time to out-of-bed activity and walking, and discharge disposition were not significant. There were no adverse events related to the early mobility initiative. Activity intolerance resulted in termination of 7.1% of mobility sessions. The development and initiation of a trauma-specific early mobility program proved to be safe and reduce patient care costs. In addition, the program facilitated earlier initiation of physician and occupational therapies. Although not statistically significant, retrospective data abstraction provides evidence of fewer ICU and total hospital days, earlier extubations, and greater proactive participation in functional activities.