Alterações hidroeletrolíticas em pessoas com cirrose / Hydroelectrolytic alterations in cirrhotic patients

O objetivo deste estudo foi evidenciar e discutir as principais alterações hidroeletrolíticas em pessoas com cirrose. Trata-se de uma revisão integrativa, de natureza qualitativa. Os artigos foram selecionados por meio da plataforma Medical Literature Analysis and Retrievel System Online. Os principais achados identificados a partir dos artigos selecionados foram a ocorrência de hiponatremia, o mau prognóstico diante da presença de distúrbios hidroeletrolíticos em relação à sobrevida em pessoas com cirrose e a importância da albumina. Indivíduos com cirrose são suscetíveis ao desenvolvimento de distúrbios hidroeletrolíticos devido às mudanças fisiopatológicas da doença e às condições clínicas apresentadas. A hiponatremia e a hipocalemia são os mais recorrentes, destacando, porém, a necessidade de atenção aos demais distúrbios. (AU)

The objective of this study was to show and discuss the main hydroelectrolytic alterations in cirrhotic patients. This is an integrative review, a qualitative study, in which articles were selected at the Medical literature Analysis and Retrieval System Online. The main findings identified in the articles selected were the occurrence of hyponatremia, the poor prognostic, due to the presence of hydroelectrolytic disorders, regarding cirrhotic individuals survival and the importance of albumin. Individuals with cirrhosis are susceptible to the development of hydroelectrolytic disorders due to the pathophysiological alterations of the disease and because of the clinical status presented. Hyponatremia and hypokalemia are the most recurrent, but attention shall be given to the other disorders too. (AU)

Subclinical hypomagnesemia: Prevalence and causes in dairy cows in the semiarid region of the state of Paraíba, Brazil / Hipomagnesemia subclínica: Prevalência e causas em vacas leiteiras da região semiárida no estado da Paraíba, Brasil

In dairy farming, cows display important metabolic changes during the transition period, particularly high-production cows, which need nutrients in greater quantity to meet the required demand. The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of subclinical hypomagnesemia in pre- and post-partum dairy cows inserted in milk-production systems in the Sousa microregion and the district of São João do Rio do Peixe, both in the State of Paraíba, Brazil. As such, visits were made every two weeks to 34 rural properties, where the team collected 357 blood samples by venepuncture, 106 from pre-partum lactating cows and 251 from lactating cows in the post-partum period. It was found that the properties supplied three types of mineral supplement: a single supplement of NaCl, a supplement of NaCl + mineral base, and a commercial supplement. The cows receiving the commercial mineral supplement had the highest prevalence (10.53%) of the disorder, even showing a significant difference (P < .05) between the other types of supplement. In relation to reproductive period, it was found that the post-partum cows had a higher prevalence of subclinical hypomagnesemia (9.96%) than did the pre-partem cows (8.49%); there was, however, no significant difference (P > .05) between the two. Studies such as this are fundamental for alerting rural and technical producers to the occurrence of subclinical hypomagnesemia in the region, in addition to the damage caused by metabolic disorders.(AU)

Na bovinocultura leiteira, as vacas apresentam mudanças metabólicas importantes durante o período de transição, principalmente aquelas de alta produção, que necessitam de nutrientes em maior quantidade para suprir a demanda requerida. Este estudo teve como objetivo determinar a prevalência de hipomagnesemia subclínica no pré e pós-parto em vacas leiteiras inseridas em sistemas de produção de leite na microrregião de Sousa-PB e município de São João do Rio do Peixe-PB. Para isso foram realizadas visitas quinzenais a 34 propriedades rurais, onde a equipe coletou 357 amostras de sangue por meio de punção venosa, sendo 106 provenientes de vacas em lactação que se encontravam no período de pré-parto e 251 de vacas em lactação inseridas no período de pós-parto. Verificou-se que as propriedades forneciam três tipos de suplemento mineral: suplementação exclusiva com NaCl; suplementação com NaCl + núcleo mineral; e suplementação comercial. As vacas que recebiam a suplementação mineral do tipo comercial corresponderam aquelas com maior prevalência (10,53%) de ocorrência do distúrbio, apresentando ainda diferença significativa (P < 0,05) entre as demais formas de suplementação. Em relação ao período reprodutivo em que as vacas se encontravam, notou- se que aquelas do pós-parto apresentaram maior prevalência de hipomagnesemia subclínica (9,96%) em relação às vacas do pré-parto (8,49%). Porém não houve diferença significative (P > 0,05) entre ambas. Estudos como esse tornam-se fundamentais para alertar produtores rurais e técnicos sobre a ocorrência da hipomagnesemia subclínica na região, além dos prejuízos que os distúrbios metabólicos acarretam.(AU)

[Hypomagnesemia in newborns with hypoxic ischemic encephalopathy and whole-body hypothermia]. / Hipomagnesemia en recién nacidos con encefalopatía hipóxico isquémica en hipotermia corporal total.

INTRODUCTION: In newborns with the diagnosis of hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy (HIE) treated with hypother mia, metabolic alterations are observed, which are associated with neurological prognosis. Hypo magnesemia has been reported frequently in the literature in these patients, but it is not measured or corrected in all neonatal healthcare centers. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the frequency of hypomag nesemia and hypocalcemia in newborns with HIE treated with whole-body hypothermia and to evaluate the response to the magnesium sulfate administration. PATIENTS AND METHOD: Prospective, observational and descriptive study in hospitalized newborns with the diagnosis of HIE and trea ted with whole-body hypothermia between the years 2016 and 2017. Serial blood measurement of magnesemia (Mg) and calcemia (Ca) was performed. When presenting an Mg level < 1.8 mg/dl, supplementation with magnesium sulfate was administered to maintain levels between 1.9 and 2.8 mg/dl. The frecuency of hypomagnesemia, hypocalcemia and clinical evolution was registered. A descriptive statistical analysis was performed, with central tendency measures. RESULTS: Sixteen ca ses were included, 13 of them presented hypomagnesemia (81.3%), with early-onset (6-36 hours of life), which was normalized with magnesium sulfate treatment, receiving a second dose 4 patients. Six of 16 patients presented hypocalcemia (37.5 %). CONCLUSIONS: Hypomagnesemia is frequent (80%), similar to that described in the literature, and should be controlled and corrected early, given its physiological role, in the same way that calcium is controlled.

Subclinical hypomagnesemia: Prevalence and causes in dairy cows in the semiarid region of the state of Paraíba, Brazil / Hipomagnesemia subclínica: Prevalência e causas em vacas leiteiras da região semiárida no estado da Paraíba, Brasil

In dairy farming, cows display important metabolic changes during the transition period, particularly high-production cows, which need nutrients in greater quantity to meet the required demand. The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of subclinical hypomagnesemia in pre- and post-partum dairy cows inserted in milk-production systems in the Sousa microregion and the district of São João do Rio do Peixe, both in the State of Paraíba, Brazil. As such, visits were made every two weeks to 34 rural properties, where the team collected 357 blood samples by venepuncture, 106 from pre-partum lactating cows and 251 from lactating cows in the post-partum period. It was found that the properties supplied three types of mineral supplement: a single supplement of NaCl, a supplement of NaCl + mineral base, and a commercial supplement. The cows receiving the commercial mineral supplement had the highest prevalence (10.53%) of the disorder, even showing a significant difference (P .05) between the two. Studies such as this are fundamental for alerting rural and technical producers to the occurrence of subclinical hypomagnesemia in the region, in addition to the damage caused by metabolic disorders.

Na bovinocultura leiteira, as vacas apresentam mudanças metabólicas importantes durante o período de transição, principalmente aquelas de alta produção, que necessitam de nutrientes em maior quantidade para suprir a demanda requerida. Este estudo teve como objetivo determinar a prevalência de hipomagnesemia subclínica no pré e pós-parto em vacas leiteiras inseridas em sistemas de produção de leite na microrregião de Sousa-PB e município de São João do Rio do Peixe-PB. Para isso foram realizadas visitas quinzenais a 34 propriedades rurais, onde a equipe coletou 357 amostras de sangue por meio de punção venosa, sendo 106 provenientes de vacas em lactação que se encontravam no período de pré-parto e 251 de vacas em lactação inseridas no período de pós-parto. Verificou-se que as propriedades forneciam três tipos de suplemento mineral: suplementação exclusiva com NaCl; suplementação com NaCl + núcleo mineral; e suplementação comercial. As vacas que recebiam a suplementação mineral do tipo comercial corresponderam aquelas com maior prevalência (10,53%) de ocorrência do distúrbio, apresentando ainda diferença significativa (P 0,05) entre ambas. Estudos como esse tornam-se fundamentais para alertar produtores rurais e técnicos sobre a ocorrência da hipomagnesemia subclínica na região, além dos prejuízos que os distúrbios metabólicos acarretam.

Hipomagnesemia en recién nacidos con encefalopatía hipóxico isquémica en hipotermia corporal total / Hypomagnesemia in newborns with hypoxic ischemic encephalopathy and whole-body hypothermia

Resumen: Introducción: En recién nacidos (RN) con encefalopatía hipóxico isquémica (EHI) en hipotermia se describen alte raciones metabólicas que se asocian a pronóstico neurológico. La hipomagnesemia ha sido reportada en la literatura, pero no es medida ni corregida en todos los centros de atención neonatal. Objeti vo: Evaluar la frecuencia de hipomagnesemia e hipocalcemia en RN con EHI en tratamiento con hipotermia corporal total y evaluar la respuesta al aporte de sulfato de magnesio. Pacientes y Méto do: Estudio prospectivo, observational y descriptivo en RN con EHI sometidos a hipotermia corporal total, hospitalizados entre los años 2016-2017. Se realizó medición seriada en sangre de magnesemia (Mg) y calcemia (Ca). Con Mg menor o igual de 1,8 mg/dl se administró suplemento como sulfato de Mg para mantener niveles entre 1,9 y 2,8 mg/dl. Se describió la frecuencia de hipomagnesemia e hipocalcemia y su presentación en el tiempo. Se realizó registro prospectivo de evolución clínica. Se hizo un análisis estadístico descriptivo, con medidas de tendencia central. Resultados: Se incluyeron 16 pacientes. Presentaron hipomagnesemia 13/16 (81,3%), la que fue precoz (6-36 h de vida), nor malizándose con aporte de sulfato de magnesio, requiriendo 2a dosis 4 de ellos. Presentaron hipo- calcemia 6/16 (37,5%). Conclusiones: La hipomagnesemia es frecuente (80%), similar a lo descrito en la literatura. Dado su importancia fisiológica debe controlarse y corregirse, de igual manera que el calcio.

Abstract: Introduction: In newborns with the diagnosis of hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy (HIE) treated with hypother mia, metabolic alterations are observed, which are associated with neurological prognosis. Hypo magnesemia has been reported frequently in the literature in these patients, but it is not measured or corrected in all neonatal healthcare centers. Objective: To evaluate the frequency of hypomag nesemia and hypocalcemia in newborns with HIE treated with whole-body hypothermia and to evaluate the response to the magnesium sulfate administration. Patients and Method: Prospective, observational and descriptive study in hospitalized newborns with the diagnosis of HIE and trea ted with whole-body hypothermia between the years 2016 and 2017. Serial blood measurement of magnesemia (Mg) and calcemia (Ca) was performed. When presenting an Mg level < 1.8 mg/dl, supplementation with magnesium sulfate was administered to maintain levels between 1.9 and 2.8 mg/dl. The frecuency of hypomagnesemia, hypocalcemia and clinical evolution was registered. A descriptive statistical analysis was performed, with central tendency measures. Results: Sixteen ca ses were included, 13 of them presented hypomagnesemia (81.3%), with early-onset (6-36 hours of life), which was normalized with magnesium sulfate treatment, receiving a second dose 4 patients. Six of 16 patients presented hypocalcemia (37.5 %). Conclusions: Hypomagnesemia is frequent (80%), similar to that described in the literature, and should be controlled and corrected early, given its physiological role, in the same way that calcium is controlled.

Hypophosphatemia, Hypomagnesemia, and Hypokalemia in Pediatric Patients Before and During Exclusive Individualized Parenteral Nutrition.

BACKGROUND: Hypophosphatemia, hypomagnesemia, and hypokalemia occur in patients receiving parenteral nutrition (PN), mainly when the body's stores are depleted due to fasting or inflammation. Although these disorders are potentially fatal, few studies have reported the incidence in the pediatric population. METHODS: This study evaluated, in a historical cohort of pediatric patients, the prevalence of hypophosphatemia, hypokalemia, and hypomagnesaemia until 48 hours before initiation of PN infusion (P1) and from days 1-4 (P2) and days 5-7 (P3) of PN infusion and investigated if malnutrition, calories, and protein infusion were correlated to these disorders. RESULTS: Malnutrition was present in 32.8% (n = 119) of the subjects; 66.4% of the patients were in the pediatric intensive care unit. Survival rate was 86.6%. P1 had the highest prevalence of mineral disorders, with 54 events (58.1%; P2, n = 35, 37.6%; P3, n = 4, 4.3%). Hypokalemia events were related to malnutrition (odds ratio, 2.79; 95% confidence interval, 1.09-7.14; P = .045). In the first 7 days, infused calories were below the amount recommended by current guidelines in up to 84.9% of patients, and protein infused was adequate in up to 75.7%. Protein infused above the recommendation in the first 4 days was related to hypomagnesaemia (odds ratio, 5.66; 95% confidence interval, 1.24-25.79; P = .033). CONCLUSION: Hypophosphatemia, hypokalemia, and hypomagnesemia were frequent in hospitalized pediatric patients before and during the first 4 days of PN infusion. Patients with malnutrition had more chances of having hypokalemia, and those who received high protein infusion had an increased chance of developing hypomagnesemia.

Food intake in women two years or more after bariatric surgery meets adequate intake requirements.

Restricted food intake after bariatric surgery can be an important factor both in the long-term control of body weight and in the onset of nutritional deficiencies. The objective of this study was to assess the adequacy of food intake in women two or more years after bariatric surgery according to the excess weight lost. A group of 141 women who underwent banded Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGB) was divided according to the percentage of excess weight they lost (%EWL)<50; 50┤75; = 75. The habitual energy and nutrient intakes were determined by a 24-hour recall over two days and the probability of adequate intake was based on the Dietary Reference Intake. The mean total estimated energy requirement (EER) as well as energy, macronutrient and cholesterol intakes did not differ among the groups. Only the %EWL<50 group had an intake equal to their EER, but they presented a higher number of inadequacies, such as low levels of magnesium, folic acid and vitamins C and E. Calcium and dietary fiber intakes were extremely low in all three groups. In conclusion, weight loss after surgery is associated with food habits that favor energy intake over micronutrient intake.

Hipomagnesemia no pós-operatório de artrodese de coluna / Hypomagnesemia after spinal fusion

OBJETIVOS: Verificar a frequência de hipomagnesemia em pacientes pediátricos submetidos a artrodese de coluna, avaliando se há queda significativa nas dosagens de magnésio sérico nos períodos pré e pós-operatório, quais suas possíveis causas e quais as consequências clínicas para os pacientes. MÉTODOS: Estudo retrospectivo e descritivo dos pacientes admitidos em uma Unidade de Terapia Intensiva pediátrica no pós-operatório de artrodese de coluna, no período de 1º de março a 31 de agosto de 2011. Foram comparados os níveis de magnésio, fósforo, cálcio total e ionizado no pré-operatório com os valores encontrados após a admissão na Unidade de Terapia Intensiva. RESULTADOS: Foram incluídos 45 pacientes, com idade média de 13,1 anos. No pré-operatório, o valor médio do magnésio foi de 1,8±0,2 mg/dL, e no pós-operatório, de 1,4±0,2 mg/dL, o que demonstra uma queda significativa entre os dois períodos (p < 0,001). A frequência de hipomagnesemia foi de somente um paciente (2%) no pré-operatório para 31 (68%) no pós-operatório. Houve também queda significativa nos níveis de fósforo (p < 0,001) e cálcio total (p < 0,001). Houve correlação significativa entre a queda do magnésio e o volume de fluido recebido durante a cirurgia (p = 0,03), volume de transfusão sanguínea (p < 0,001) e número de vértebras fixadas (p < 0,05). Dos 31 pacientes com hipomagnesemia, sete (22%) apresentaram sintomas. CONCLUSÃO: Existe uma elevada frequência de hipomagnesemia em pacientes submetidos a artrodese de coluna. Ao realizar a dosagem do magnésio sérico no momento da admissão na Unidade de Terapia Intensiva, a reposição adequada pode ser prontamente iniciada, minimizando o risco de complicações.

OBJECTIVES: To determine the frequency of hypomagnesaemia in pediatric patients after spinal fusion, to verify whether postoperative magnesium levels were lower than preoperative levels and, if so, to identify possible causes and assess the clinical repercussions for patients. METHODS: This was a retrospective descriptive study of pediatric patients admitted to a pediatric intensive care unit (ICU) after spine fusion surgery, between March 1 and August 31, 2011. Preoperative magnesium, phosphorus and total and ionized calcium concentrations were compared with the results of tests conducted during the first 24 hours after admission to the ICU. RESULTS: A total of 45 patients were enrolled on the study. Median age was 13.1 years. Preoperative mean serum magnesium was 1.8±0.2 mg/dL and postoperative serum magnesium was 1.4±0.2 mg/dL, which was a significant reduction between the two periods (p < 0.001). The frequency of hypomagnesaemia rose from 1 patient (2%) in the preoperative period to 31 patients (68%) during the postoperative period. There were also significant reductions in concentrations of phosphorus (p < 0.001) and total calcium (p < 0.001). There was a significant correlation between magnesium reductions and the volume of fluids administered during the surgery (p = 0.03), transfused blood volume (p < 0.001) and number of vertebrae fused (p < 0.05). Seven of the 31 patients with hypomagnesemia exhibited symptoms (22%). CONCLUSION: There was an elevated frequency of hypomagnesemia in patients who underwent spinal fusion. Serum magnesium should be assayed when patients are admitted to the pediatric ICU, so appropriate supplementation can be initiated immediately, minimizing the risk of complications.

Hypomagnesemia after spinal fusion.

OBJECTIVES: To determine the frequency of hypomagnesemia in pediatric patients after spinal fusion, to verify whether postoperative magnesium levels were lower than preoperative levels and, if so, to identify possible causes and assess the clinical repercussions for patients. METHODS: This was a retrospective descriptive study of pediatric patients admitted to a pediatric intensive care unit (ICU) after spine fusion surgery, between March 1 and August 31, 2011. Preoperative magnesium, phosphorus and total and ionized calcium concentrations were compared with the results of tests conducted during the first 24 hours after admission to the ICU. RESULTS: A total of 45 patients were enrolled on the study. Median age was 13.1 years. Preoperative mean serum magnesium was 1.8 ± 0.2 mg/dL and postoperative serum magnesium was 1.4 ± 0.2 mg/dL, which was a significant reduction between the two periods (p < 0.001). The frequency of hypomagnesemia rose from 1 patient (2%) in the preoperative period to 31 patients (68%) during the postoperative period. There were also significant reductions in concentrations of phosphorus (p < 0.001) and total calcium (p < 0.001). There was a significant correlation between magnesium reductions and the volume of fluids administered during the surgery (p = 0.03), transfused blood volume (p < 0.001) and number of vertebrae fused (p < 0.05). Seven of the 31 patients with hypomagnesemia exhibited symptoms (22%). CONCLUSION: There was an elevated frequency of hypomagnesemia in patients who underwent spinal fusion. Serum magnesium should be assayed when patients are admitted to the pediatric ICU, so that appropriate supplementation can be initiated immediately, minimizing the risk of complications.

Hipocalcemia asociada a hiperfosfemia y PTH elevada: caso clínico / Hypocalcemia, vitamin D deficiency and elevated PTH levels in a patient with celiac disease: report of one case

We report a 56 years old woman that presented a severe hypocalcemia, with a serum calcium of 4.7 mg/dl, after the intake of bisphosphonates. Laboratory examination showed elevated PTH levels (167 pg/ml), hyperphosphatemia, hypomagnesemia and normal phosphate tubular reabsorption. Therefore, the diagnosis of pseudohypoparathyroidism was considered (PHP). However, further studies showed low levels of 25 OH Vitamin D (13.6 ng /ml), osteoporosis, positive anti endomysium antibodies and an endoscopic biopsy, that confirmed the presence of a celiac disease.

Hypomagnesemia is a risk factor for nonrecovery of renal function and mortality in AIDS patients with acute kidney injury.

The objective of the present study was to determine the prevalence of electrolyte disturbances in AIDS patients developing acute kidney injury in the hospital setting, as well as to determine whether such disturbances constitute a risk factor for nephrotoxic and ischemic injury. A prospective, observational cohort study was carried out. Hospitalized AIDS patients were evaluated for age; gender; coinfection with hepatitis; diabetes mellitus; hypertension; time since HIV seroconversion; CD4 count; HIV viral load; proteinuria; serum levels of creatinine, urea, sodium, potassium and magnesium; antiretroviral use; nephrotoxic drug use; sepsis; intensive care unit (ICU) admission, and the need for dialysis. Each of these characteristics was correlated with the development of acute kidney injury, with recovery of renal function and with survival. Fifty-four patients developed acute kidney injury: 72% were males, 59% had been HIV-infected for >5 years, 72% had CD4 counts <200 cells/mm(3), 87% developed electrolyte disturbances, 33% recovered renal function, and 56% survived. ICU admission, dialysis, sepsis and hypomagnesemia were all significantly associated with nonrecovery of renal function and with mortality. Nonrecovery of renal function was significantly associated with hypomagnesemia, as was mortality in the multivariate analysis. The risks for nonrecovery of renal function and for death were 6.94 and 6.92 times greater, respectively, for patients with hypomagnesemia. In hospitalized AIDS patients, hypomagnesemia is a risk factor for nonrecovery of renal function and for in-hospital mortality. To determine whether hypomagnesemia is a determinant or simply a marker of critical illness, further studies involving magnesium supplementation in AIDS patients are warranted.

Hypomagnesemia is a risk factor for nonrecovery of renal function and mortality in AIDS patients with acute kidney injury

The objective of the present study was to determine the prevalence of electrolyte disturbances in AIDS patients developing acute kidney injury in the hospital setting, as well as to determine whether such disturbances constitute a risk factor for nephrotoxic and ischemic injury. A prospective, observational cohort study was carried out. Hospitalized AIDS patients were evaluated for age; gender; coinfection with hepatitis; diabetes mellitus; hypertension; time since HIV seroconversion; CD4 count; HIV viral load; proteinuria; serum levels of creatinine, urea, sodium, potassium and magnesium; antiretroviral use; nephrotoxic drug use; sepsis; intensive care unit (ICU) admission, and the need for dialysis. Each of these characteristics was correlated with the development of acute kidney injury, with recovery of renal function and with survival. Fifty-four patients developed acute kidney injury: 72 percent were males, 59 percent had been HIV-infected for >5 years, 72 percent had CD4 counts <200 cells/mm³, 87 percent developed electrolyte disturbances, 33 percent recovered renal function, and 56 percent survived. ICU admission, dialysis, sepsis and hypomagnesemia were all significantly associated with nonrecovery of renal function and with mortality. Nonrecovery of renal function was significantly associated with hypomagnesemia, as was mortality in the multivariate analysis. The risks for nonrecovery of renal function and for death were 6.94 and 6.92 times greater, respectively, for patients with hypomagnesemia. In hospitalized AIDS patients, hypomagnesemia is a risk factor for nonrecovery of renal function and for in-hospital mortality. To determine whether hypomagnesemia is a determinant or simply a marker of critical illness, further studies involving magnesium supplementation in AIDS patients are warranted.

Experimental antegrade enema. Effects on water, electrolyte and acid-base balances with different solutions.

PURPOSE: To study the effects on the water, electrolyte, and acid-base balances in rabbits submitted to antegrade enema with different solutions through appendicostomy. METHODS: Forty male New Zealand rabbits were submitted to appendicostomy, and distributed in 4 groups, according to the antegrade enema solution: PEG group, polyethylene glycol electrolyte solution (n=10); ISS group, isotonic saline solution (n=10); GS group, glycerin solution (n=10); SPS group, sodium phosphate solution (n=10). After being weighed, arterial blood gas analysis, red blood count, creatinine and electrolytes were measured at 4 times: preoperatively (T1); day 6 postop, before enema (T2); 4h after enema (T3); and 24h after T3 (T4). RESULTS: In PEG group occurred Na retention after 4h, causing alkalemia, sustained for 24h with HCO3 retention. In ISS group occurred isotonic water retention and hyperchloremic acidosis after 4h, which was partially compensated in 24h. GS group showed metabolic acidosis after 4h, compensated in 24h. In SPS group occurred hypernatremic dehydration, metabolic acidosis in 4h, and hypokalemia, hypocalcemia, hypomagnesemia, and metabolic alkalosis with partially compensated dehydration in 24h. CONCLUSIONS: All solutions used in this study caused minor alterations on water, electrolyte or acid-base balances. The most intense ones were caused by hypertonic sodium phosphate solution (SPS) and isotonic saline solution (ISS) and the least by polyethyleneglycol electrolyte solution (PEG) and glycerin solution 12% (GS).

Experimental antegrade enema: effects on water, electrolyte and acid-base balances with different solutions

PURPOSE: To study the effects on the water, electrolyte, and acid-base balances in rabbits submitted to antegrade enema with different solutions through appendicostomy. METHODS: Forty male New Zealand rabbits were submitted to appendicostomy, and distributed in 4 groups, according to the antegrade enema solution: PEG group, polyethylene glycol electrolyte solution (n=10); ISS group, isotonic saline solution (n=10); GS group, glycerin solution (n=10); SPS group, sodium phosphate solution (n=10). After being weighed, arterial blood gas analysis, red blood count, creatinine and electrolytes were measured at 4 times: preoperatively (T1); day 6 postop, before enema (T2); 4h after enema (T3); and 24h after T3 (T4). RESULTS: In PEG group occurred Na retention after 4h, causing alkalemia, sustained for 24h with HCO3 retention. In ISS group occurred isotonic water retention and hyperchloremic acidosis after 4h, which was partially compensated in 24h. GS group showed metabolic acidosis after 4h, compensated in 24h. In SPS group occurred hypernatremic dehydration, metabolic acidosis in 4h, and hypokalemia, hypocalcemia, hypomagnesemia, and metabolic alkalosis with partially compensated dehydration in 24h. CONCLUSIONS: All solutions used in this study caused minor alterations on water, electrolyte or acid-base balances. The most intense ones were caused by hypertonic sodium phosphate solution (SPS) and isotonic saline solution (ISS) and the least by polyethyleneglycol electrolyte solution (PEG) and glycerin solution 12 percent (GS).

OBJETIVO: Estudar os efeitos no equilíbrio hídrico, eletrolítico e ácido-base, do enema anterógrado com diferentes soluções em coelhos através de apendicostomia. MÉTODOS: 40 coelhos Nova Zelândia, machos, submetidos a apendicostomia, distribuídos em quatro grupos segundo a solução de enema: grupo PEG (n = 10) solução de polietilenoglicol com eletrólitos; grupo SF (n = 10) solução fisiológica; grupo SG (n = 10) solução glicerinada; grupo FS (n = 10) solução de fosfato de sódio. Realizou-se pesagem, gasometria arterial, série vermelha, creatinina e ionograma, em quatro tempos: TI (pré-operatório); T2 (6o PO antes do enema); T3 (4h após enema); T4 (24h após T3). RESULTADOS: No PEG ocorreu retenção de Na em 4h, com alcalemia por retenção de HCO3, mantida por 24h. No SF ocorreu retenção hídrica isotônica e acidose hiperclorêmica em 4h, resolvidos parcialmente com 24h. No SG ocorreu acidose metabólica hiperclorêmica em 4h, compensada com 24h. No FS ocorreu desidratação hipenatrêmica, acidose metabólica com ânion gap elevado em 4h, hipopotassemia, hipocalcemia, hipomagnesemia e alcalose metabólica com recuperação parcial da desidratação em 24h. CONCLUSÕES: Todas as soluções empregadas neste estudo causam alterações de pouca intensidade no equilíbrio hídrico, eletrolítico ou ácido-base. As mais intensas foram causadas pela solução de fosfato de sódio e solução fisiológica, e as menos intensas pela solução de polietilenoglicol com eletrólitos e solução glicerinada.

Hypomagnesemia in short bowel syndrome patients.

CONTEXT: Magnesium support to small bowel resection patients. OBJECTIVE: Incidence and treatment of hypomagnesemia in patients with extensive small bowel resection. DESIGN: Retrospective study. SETTING: Metabolic Unit of the University Hospital Medical School of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Brazil. PATIENTS: Fifteen patients with extensive small bowel resection who developed short bowel syndrome. MAIN MEASUREMENTS: Serum magnesium control of patients with bowel resection. Replacement of magnesium when low values were found. RESULTS: Initial serum magnesium values were obtained 21 to 180 days after surgery. Hypomagnesemia [serum magnesium below 1.5 mEq/l (SD 0.43)] was detected in 40% of the patients [1,19 mEq/l (SD 0.22)]. During the follow-up period, 66% of the patients presented at least two values below reference (1.50 mEq/l). 40% increased their serum values after magnesium therapy. CONCLUSION: Metabolic control of serum magnesium should be followed up after extensive small bowel resection. Hypomagnesemia may be found and should be controlled.

Hypomagnesemia in short bowel syndrome patients

CONTEXT: Magnesium support to small bowel resection patients. OBJECTIVE: Incidence and treatment of hypomagnesemia in patients with extensive small bowel resection. DESIGN: Retrospective study. SETTING: Metabolic Unit of the University Hospital Medical School of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Brazil. PATIENTS: Fifteen patients with extensive small bowel resection who developed short bowel syndrome. MAIN MEASUREMENTS: Serum magnesium control of patients with bowel resection. Replacement of magnesium when low values were found. RESULTS: Initial serum magnesium values were obtained 21 to 180 days after surgery. Hypomagnesemia [serum magnesium below 1.5 mEq/l (SD 0.43)] was detected in 40 percent of the patients [1,19 mEq/l (SD 0.22)]. During the follow-up period, 66 percent of the patients presented at least two values below reference (1.50 mEq/l). 40 percent increased their serum values after magnesium therapy. CONCLUSION: Metabolic control of serum magnesium should be followed up after extensive small bowel resection. Hypomagnesemia may be found and should be controlled

[Hungry bone syndrome: clinical experience in its diagnosis and treatment]. / Síndrome de "huesos hambrientos": experiencia clínica en su diagnóstico y tratamiento.

Hungry bone syndrome is a unusual complication of the postoperative period of primary hyperparathyroidism. This syndrome is characterized by hypocalcemia, hypophosphatemia and hypomagnesemia, due to an excessive bone remineralization. We report the clinical features, laboratory and therapy in four females (aged 39 to 73 years old) with a long standing hyperparathyroidism, elevated alkaline phosphatases and decreased bone mineralization in two. The mean size of the adenoma was 2.9 +/- 1.1 cm. Hypocalcemia appeared between days 1 and 6 of the postoperative period. All were treated with calcium, calcitriol and magnesium at different timing and dosages. The mean hospitalization period was 19.8 +/- 2.1 days. As reported previously, low bone mineralization and a large adenoma are risk factors for the syndrome. Serial monitoring of serum calcium and magnesium and an early supplementation of these minerals could prevent hypocalcemia and decrease the hospitalization time.

[Acute phase response and serum magnesium levels among hospitalized patients]. / Resposta de fase aguda e níveis séricos de magnésio em pacientes hospitalizados.

UNLABELLED: The acute phase response (APR) is characterized by proteolysis with decreased body cell mass, hyperglycemia, body water retention and renal dysfunction, which we hypothesised could affect magnesium serum levels. The aim of this study was to compare serum magnesium levels among hospitalized patients with or without APR. METHOD: All serum magnesium results (n = 527) corresponding to a six-months period were searched at University Hospital mainframe. Relevant laboratorial and clinical details were also registered. All cases of diabetes mellitus, chronic renal insufficiency, or serum creatinine > 1.5 mg/dl were excluded. APR was defined by the presence of fever plus severe trauma or infection plus leukopenia or leukocytosis. RESULTS: From a total of 214 patients, sixty-nine (32.2%) met the criteria for APR positivity (APR [symbol: see text]). Groups were paired for age, color, gender, diuretic use and edema presence. Hypomagnesemia was registered among 72% of cases, without statistical difference (p = 0.06) among APR [symbol: see text] and APR theta patients (63.8 vs 75.9%). Serum magnesium levels (median; range) were higher among APR [symbol: see text] cases, when compared to APR theta ones: 1.75; 1-3 vs 1.6; 0.9-2.9 m/dl, the same occurring with glycemia (115; 49-236 vs 99; 61-191 mg/dl) and serum creatinine (mean +/- SD): 0.8840 +/- 306 vs 0.803 +/- 0.257 mg/dl. Hypermagnesemia was more common among APR [symbol: see text] cases: 8.7 vs 2.1%. CONCLUSIONS: Our results suggest that higher magnesium serum levels seen in APR [symbol: see text] patients may be attributed to subclinical renal ischemia and possibly to increased glucose serum levels.

Resposta de fase aguda e níveis séricos de magnésio em pacientes hospitalizados / Acute phase response and serum magnesium levels among hospitalized patients

Objetivo. A resposta de fase aguda (RFA), caracteriza-se por proteólise, com hipotrofia da massa celular corporal, hiperglicemia, retençao hídrica e disfunçao renal, fenômenos que potencialmente afetam os níveis de magnésio (Mg++) sérico. O objetivo do estudo foi comparar os níveis séricos de Mg++ entre pacientes hospitalizados, com ou sem RFA. Métodos. Obteve-se um banco de dados do mainframe do Hospital-Escola contendo informaçoes sobre dosagens bioquímicas simultâneas de creatinina, glicose e magnésio e outros eletrólitos séricos de 214 pacientes internados, sem diabetes mellitus, insuficiência renal crônica ou creatinina sérica > 1,5mg/dl. A presença de RFAÅ foi definida pela presença de febre mais diagnósticos de trauma, cirurgia recente ou infecçao, além de leucopenia ou leucocitose. Resultados. Dos casos, 32,2 por cento foram considerados RFA. Nao houve diferença entre os grupos quanto à idade, gênero e cor. Houve pareamento entre os grupos RFAÅ e RFAQ quanto à freqüência de uso de diuréticos (10,1 vs 11,7 por cento) e presença de edema (3 vs 6 por cento). Hipomagnesemia ocorreu em 154 casos (72 por cento do total), sendo 75,9 por cento no grupo RFAQ e 63,8 por cento no grupo RFAÅ (p=0,06). Os níveis de Mg++ (mediana; faixa de variaçao) foram maiores no grupo RFAÅ: (1,75; 1-3 vs 1,6; 0,9-2,9mg/dl), o mesmo ocorrendo com a glicemia (115; 49-236 vs 99; 61-191 mg/dl) e creatinina sérica (0,884 + 0,306 vs 0,803 + 0,257 mg/dl). Hipermagnesemia foi mais comum no grupo RFAÅ: 8,7 vs 2,1 por cento. Conclusoes. Pacientes RFAÅ apresentam maiores níveis de magnésio sérico, fenômeno possivelmente relacionado com aumentos da glicemia, uréia e creatinina séricas.