Efficacy and safety of perioperative melatonin for postoperative delirium in patients undergoing surgery: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

OBJECTIVE: To assess the efficacy and safety of perioperative melatonin and melatonin agonists in preventing postoperative delirium (POD). METHODS: We conducted a systematic search for randomized controlled trials (RCTs) published through December 2022. The primary outcome was efficacy based on the incidence of POD (POD-I). Secondary outcomes included efficacy and safety according to the length of hospital or intensive care unit stay, in-hospital mortality, and adverse events. Subgroup analyses of POD-I were based on the type and dose of drug (low- and high-dose melatonin, ramelteon), the postoperative period (early or late), and the type of surgery. RESULTS: In the analysis (16 RCTs, 1981 patients), POD-I was lower in the treatment group than in the control group (risk ratio [RR] = 0.57). POD-I was lower in the high-dose melatonin group than in the control group (RR = 0.41), whereas no benefit was observed in the low-dose melatonin and ramelteon groups. POD-I was lower in the melatonin group in the early postoperative period (RR = 0.35) and in patients undergoing cardiopulmonary surgery (RR = 0.54). CONCLUSION: Perioperative melatonin or melatonin agonist treatment suppressed POD without severe adverse events, particularly at higher doses, during the early postoperative period, and after cardiopulmonary surgery.

Impact of intraoperative dexmedetomidine on postoperative delirium and pro-inflammatory cytokine levels in elderly patients undergoing thoracolumbar compression fracture surgery: A prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled clinical trial.

BACKGROUND: This study evaluates the efficacy of dexmedetomidine (DEX) in reducing postoperative delirium (POD) and modulating pro-inflammatory cytokines in elderly patients undergoing thoracolumbar compression fracture surgery. METHODS: In this randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial conducted from October 2022 to January 2023 at Anting Hospital in Shanghai, 218 elderly patients were randomized into DEX (n = 110) and normal saline (NS, n = 108) groups. The DEX group received 0.5 µg/kg/h DEX, and delirium incidence was assessed using the Confusion Assessment Method (CAM) on days 1 to 3 post-surgery. Levels of interleukins IL-1ß, IL-6, and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) were measured pre-operation (T0) and on postoperative days 1 (T1) and 3 (T3). Preoperative (T0) and postoperative day 1 (T1) cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) samples were treated with varying concentrations of olanzapine or DEX to observe their regulatory effects on the expression of Phospho-ERK1/2 and Phospho-JNK. RESULTS: Dexmedetomidine significantly lowered the incidence of POD to 18.2%, compared to 30.6% in the NS group (P = .033). While all patients showed an initial increase in cytokine levels after surgery, by T3, IL-6 and TNF-α levels notably decreased in the DEX group, with no significant change in IL-1ß levels across groups. The adverse events rate was similar between groups, demonstrating the safety of DEX in this population. In postoperative CSF samples, treatment with 0.5 mM DEX significantly downregulated Phospho-JNK and upregulated Phospho-ERK1/2 expression, demonstrating a dose-dependent modulation of inflammatory responses. CONCLUSION: Dexmedetomidine is effective in reducing early POD in elderly patients post-thoracolumbar compression fracture surgery. It also decreases IL-6 and TNF-α levels, indicating its potential in managing postoperative inflammatory responses. Treatment with 0.5 mM DEX significantly modulated Phospho-ERK1/2 and Phospho-JNK expressions in postoperative CSF samples, indicating a dose-dependent effect on reducing inflammation. This study contributes to understanding DEX's role in improving postoperative outcomes in elderly patients.

Restrictive use of Restraints and Delirium Duration in the Intensive Care Unit (R2D2-ICU): protocol for a French multicentre parallel-group open-label randomised controlled trial.

INTRODUCTION: Physical restraint (PR) is prescribed in patients receiving invasive mechanical ventilation in the intensive care unit (ICU) to avoid unplanned removal of medical devices. However, it is associated with an increased risk of delirium. We hypothesise that a restrictive use of PR, as compared with a systematic use, could reduce the duration of delirium in ICU patients receiving invasive mechanical ventilation. METHODS AND ANALYSIS: The Restrictive use of Restraints and Delirium Duration in ICU (R2D2-ICU) study is a national multicentric, parallel-group, randomised (1:1) open-label, controlled, superiority trial, which will be conducted in 10 ICUs. A total of 422 adult patients requiring invasive mechanical ventilation for an expected duration of at least 48 hours and eligible for prescription of PR will be randomly allocated within 6 hours from intubation to either the restrictive PR use group or the systematic PR use group, until day 14, ICU discharge or death, whichever comes first. In both groups, PR will consist of the use of wrist straps. The primary endpoint will be delirium or coma-free days, defined as the number of days spent alive in the ICU without coma or delirium within the first 14 days after randomisation. Delirium will be assessed using the Confusion Assessment Method-ICU twice daily. Key secondary endpoints will encompass agitation episodes, opioid, propofol, benzodiazepine and antipsychotic drug exposure during the 14-day intervention period, along with a core outcome set of measures evaluated 90 days postrandomisation. ETHICS AND DISSEMINATION: The R2D2-ICU study has been approved by the Comité de Protection des Personnes (CPP) ILE DE FRANCE III-PARIS (CPP19.09.06.37521) on June 10th, 2019). Participant recruitment started on 25 January 2021. Results will be published in international peer-reviewed medical journals and presented at conferences. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER: NCT04273360.

Assessment and report of individual symptoms in studies of delirium in postoperative populations: a systematic review.

OBJECTIVES: Delirium is most often reported as present or absent. Patients with symptoms falling short of the diagnostic criteria for delirium fall into 'no delirium' or 'control' groups. This binary classification neglects individual symptoms and may be hindering identification of the pathophysiology underlying delirium. This systematic review investigates which individual symptoms of delirium are reported by studies of postoperative delirium in adults. METHODS: Medline, EMBASE and Web of Science databases were searched on 03 June 2021 and 06 April 2023. Two reviewers independently examined titles and abstracts. Each paper was screened in duplicate and conflicting decisions settled by consensus discussion. Data were extracted, qualitatively synthesised and narratively reported. All included studies were quality assessed. RESULTS: These searches yielded 4,367 results. After title and abstract screening, 694 full-text studies were reviewed, and 62 deemed eligible for inclusion. This review details 11,377 patients including 2,049 patients with delirium. In total, 78 differently described delirium symptoms were reported. The most reported symptoms were inattention (N = 29), disorientation (N = 27), psychomotor agitation/retardation (N = 22), hallucination (N = 22) and memory impairment (N = 18). Notably, psychomotor agitation and hallucinations are not listed in the current Diagnostic and Statistical Manual for Mental Disorders-5-Text Revision delirium definition. CONCLUSIONS: The 78 symptoms reported in this systematic review cover domains of attention, awareness, disorientation and other cognitive changes. There is a lack of standardisation of terms, and many recorded symptoms are synonyms of each other. This systematic review provides a library of individual delirium symptoms, which may be used to inform future reporting.

Efficacy of melatonin in decreasing the incidence of delirium in critically ill adults: a randomized controlled trial.

OBJECTIVE: To determine whether enteral melatonin decreases the incidence of delirium in critically ill adults. METHODS: In this randomized controlled trial, adults were admitted to the intensive care unit and received either usual standard care alone (Control Group) or in combination with 3mg of enteral melatonin once a day at 9 PM (Melatonin Group). Concealment of allocation was done by serially numbered opaque sealed envelopes. The intensivist assessing delirium and the investigator performing the data analysis were blinded to the group allocation. The primary outcome was the incidence of delirium within 24 hours of the intensive care unit stay. The secondary outcomes were the incidence of delirium on Days 3 and 7, intensive care unit mortality, length of intensive care unit stay, duration of mechanical ventilation and Glasgow outcome score (at discharge). RESULTS: We included 108 patients in the final analysis, with 54 patients in each group. At 24 hours of intensive care unit stay, there was no difference in the incidence of delirium between Melatonin and Control Groups (29.6 versus 46.2%; RR = 0.6; 95%CI 0.38 - 1.05; p = 0.11). No secondary outcome showed a statistically significant difference. CONCLUSION: Enteral melatonin 3mg is not more effective at decreasing the incidence of delirium than standard care is in critically ill adults.

Cognitive Training for Reduction of Delirium in Patients Undergoing Cardiac Surgery: A Randomized Clinical Trial.

IMPORTANCE: Postoperative delirium is a common and impactful neuropsychiatric complication in patients undergoing coronary artery bypass grafting surgery. Cognitive training may enhance cognitive reserve, thereby reducing postoperative delirium. OBJECTIVE: To determine whether preoperative cognitive training reduces the incidence of delirium in patients undergoing coronary artery bypass grafting. DESIGN, SETTING, and PARTICIPANTS: This prospective, single-blind, randomized clinical trial was conducted at 3 university teaching hospitals in southeastern China with enrollment between April 2022 and May 2023. Eligible participants included those scheduled for elective coronary artery bypass grafting who consented and enrolled at least 10 days before surgery. INTERVENTIONS: Participating patients were randomly assigned 1:1, stratified by site, to either routine care or cognitive training, which included substantial practice with online tasks designed to enhance cognitive functions including memory, imagination, reasoning, reaction time, attention, and processing speed. MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES: The primary outcome was occurrence of delirium during postoperative days 1 to 7 or until hospital discharge, diagnosed using the Confusion Assessment Method or the Confusion Assessment Method for Intensive Care Units. Secondary outcomes were postoperative cognitive dysfunction, delirium characteristics, and all-cause mortality within 30 days following the operation. RESULTS: A total of 218 patients were randomized and 208 (median [IQR] age, 66 [58-70] years; 64 female [30.8%] and 144 male [69.2%]) were included in final analysis, with 102 randomized to cognitive training and 106 randomized to routine care. Of all participants, 95 (45.7%) had only a primary school education and 54 (26.0%) had finished high school. In the cognitive training group, 28 participants (27.5%) developed delirium compared with 46 participants (43.4%) randomized to routine care. Those receiving cognitive training were 57% less likely to develop delirium compared with those receiving routine care (adjusted odds ratio [aOR] 0.43; 95% CI, 0.23-0.77; P = .007). Significant differences were observed in the incidence of severe delirium (aOR, 0.46; 95% CI, 0.25-0.82; P = .01), median (IQR) duration of delirium (0 [0-1] days for cognitive training vs 0 [0-2] days for routine care; P = .008), and median (IQR) number of delirium-positive days (0 [0-1] days for cognitive training vs 0 [0-2] days for routine care; P = .007). No other secondary outcomes differed significantly. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE: In this randomized trial of 208 patients undergoing coronary artery bypass grafting, preoperative cognitive training reduced the incidence of postoperative delirium. However, our primary analysis was based on fewer than 75 events and should therefore be considered exploratory and a basis for future larger trials. Trial Registration: Chinese Clinical Trial Registry Identifier: ChiCTR2200058243.

Co-design and mixed methods evaluation of an interdisciplinary digital resource for undergraduate health profession students to improve the prevention, recognition, and management of delirium in Ireland: a study protocol.

BACKGROUND: Delirium is a common symptom of acute illness which is potentially avoidable with early recognition and intervention. Despite being a growing concern globally, delirium remains underdiagnosed and poorly reported, with limited understanding of effective delirium education for undergraduate health profession students. Digital resources could be an effective approach to improving professional knowledge of delirium, but studies utilising these with more than one profession are limited, and no evidence-based, interdisciplinary, digital delirium education resources are reported. This study aims to co-design and evaluate a digital resource for undergraduate health profession students across the island of Ireland to improve their ability to prevent, recognise, and manage delirium alongside interdisciplinary colleagues. METHODS: Utilising a logic model, three workstreams have been identified. Workstream 1 will comprise three phases: (1) a systematic review identifying the format, methods, and content of existing digital delirium education interventions for health profession students, and their effect on knowledge, self-efficacy, and behavioural change; (2) focus groups with health profession students to determine awareness and experiences of delirium care; and (3) a Delphi survey informed by findings from the systematic review, focus groups, and input from the research team and expert reference group to identify resource priorities. Workstream 2 will involve the co-design of the digital resource through workshops (n = 4) with key stakeholders, including health profession students, professionals, and individuals with lived experience of delirium. Lastly, Workstream 3 will involve a mixed methods evaluation of the digital resource. Outcomes include changes to delirium knowledge and self-efficacy towards delirium care, and health profession students experience of using the resource. DISCUSSION: Given the dearth of interdisciplinary educational resources on delirium for health profession students, a co-designed, interprofessional, digital education resource will be well-positioned to shape undergraduate delirium education. This research may enhance delirium education and the self-efficacy of future health professionals in providing delirium care, thereby improving practice and patients' experiences and outcomes. TRIAL REGISTRATION: Not applicable.

Perioperative knowledge, self-efficacy and clinical practices related to postoperative delirium care in older people across geographical regions in Australia.

INTRODUCTION: In older people undergoing surgery, there is a lower tolerance for complications. This highlights the need for documented clinical practices on proper prevention, pre-screening and management of complications such as postoperative delirium (POD). Evidence-based clinical practice guidelines exist for delirium management; however, the management of delirium in clinical settings differs widely. OBJECTIVE: This study aims to develop an understanding of the knowledge, components of self-efficacy (confidence/competence), and clinical practice related to POD care among preoperative and recovery nurses across different types of geographical locations in Australia. DESIGN: A 27-item online survey was sent out to professional associations focused on perioperative care across Australia. The participants included practicing registered nurses specialising in perioperative care. The main outcome measures were Knowledge, confidence/competence and clinical practice relating to POD care in older patients. FINDINGS: Respondents were categorised into two groups-major cities and rural and remote. Mean age was 46.3 years for respondents in Australian major cities and 49.5 for the comparison group. There was a statistically significant difference between Australian major cities and 'rural and remote' in confidence in detecting hyperactive delirium, 25.2% versus 11.7% respectively as well as managing hyperactive delirium, 13.8% versus 1.7%, respectively. Similar results were also observed on hypoactive delirium. Respondents from both groups did not mirror the ideal situation in managing a hyperactive delirium. DISCUSSION: Results from this study are inconclusive and there is no clear-cut observation in clinical practice or knowledge between the two geographical categories in this study. CONCLUSION: The absence of a distinct strategy with POD prevention highlights the need for a uniform approach and consensus on POD prevention and management in older people. This can be achieved by creating more awareness and education through professional development related to POD.

Preoperative Intrathecal Morphine is Associated With Reduced Postoperative Pain, Agitation, and Delirium In Living Donor Kidney Transplantation Recipients.

BACKGROUND: Postoperative delirium after organ transplantation can lead to increased length of hospital stay and mortality. Because pain is an important risk factor for delirium, perioperative analgesia with intrathecal morphine (ITM) may mitigate postoperative delirium development. We evaluated if ITM reduces postoperative delirium incidence in living donor kidney transplant (LDKT) recipients. METHODS: Two hundred ninety-six patients who received LDKT between 2014 and 2018 at our hospital were retrospectively analyzed. Recipients who received preoperative ITM (ITM group) were compared with those who did not (control group). The primary outcome was postoperative delirium based on the Confusion Assessment Method for Intensive Care Unit results during the first 4 postoperative days. RESULTS: Delirium occurred in 2.6% (4/154) and 7.0% (10/142) of the ITM and control groups, respectively. Multivariable analysis showed age (odds ratio [OR]: 1.07, 95% CI: 1.01-1.14; P = .031), recent smoking (OR: 7.87, 95% CI: 1.43-43.31; P = .018), preoperative psychotropics (OR: 23.01, 95% CI: 3.22-164.66; P = .002) were risk factors, whereas ITM was a protective factor (OR: 0.23, 95% CI: 0.06-0.89; P = .033). CONCLUSIONS: Preoperative ITM showed an independent association with reduced post-LDKT delirium. Further studies and the development of regional analgesia for delirium prevention may enhance the postoperative recovery of transplant recipients.

Regional anaesthesia via parasternal catheters inserted preoperatively and postoperative delirium after cardiac surgery: A prospective unrandomised clinical trial.

VISUAL ABSTRACT: http://links.lww.com/EJA/A927.

Effect of hospital elder life program on the incidence of delirium: A systematic review and meta-analysis of clinical trials.

OBJECTIVE: This meta-analysis aims to investigate the effect of the Hospital Elder Life Program (HELP) on the incidence of delirium, delirium scores, length of hospital stay, and incidence of falls. METHODS: Four databases (PubMed, Embase, Cochrane Library, and Web of Science) were searched from inception until January 18, 2024. The search specifically targeted randomized controlled trials (RCTs). Two independent researchers conducted literature screening, quality assessment, and data extraction. The meta-analysis was performed using Review Manager 5.4.1 and Stata 15.1 software. RESULTS: The final analysis included a total of 9 RCTs with 2583 patients. The findings from the meta-analysis indicated that HELP was found to considerably reduce the incidence of delirium and the length of hospital stay when compared to the control group. Nevertheless, no statistically significant differences were observed between the two groups in terms of delirium scores and fall rates. CONCLUSION: In this meta-analysis, HELP can effectively reduce the incidence of delirium and lead to a shorter hospital stay.

Prevention of post-operative delirium using an overnight infusion of dexmedetomidine in patients undergoing cardiac surgery: a pragmatic, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial.

BACKGROUND: After cardiac surgery, post-operative delirium (PoD) is acknowledged to have a significant negative impact on patient outcome. To date, there is no valuable and specific treatment for PoD. Critically ill patients often suffer from poor sleep condition. There is an association between delirium and sleep quality after cardiac surgery. This study aimed to establish whether promoting sleep using an overnight infusion of dexmedetomidine reduces the incidence of delirium after cardiac surgery. METHODS: Randomized, pragmatic, multicentre, double-blind, placebo controlled trial from January 2019 to July 2021. All adult patients aged 65 years or older requiring elective cardiac surgery were randomly assigned 1:1 either to the dexmedetomidine group or the placebo group on the day of surgery. Dexmedetomidine or matched placebo infusion was started the night after surgery from 8 pm to 8 am and administered every night while the patient remained in ICU, or for a maximum of 7 days. Primary outcome was the occurrence of postoperative delirium (PoD) within the 7 days after surgery. RESULTS: A total of 348 patients provided informed consent, of whom 333 were randomized: 331 patients underwent surgery and were analysed (165 assigned to dexmedetomidine and 166 assigned to placebo). The incidence of PoD was not significantly different between the two groups (12.6% vs. 12.4%, p = 0.97). Patients treated with dexmedetomidine had significantly more hypotensive events (7.3% vs 0.6%; p < 0.01). At 3 months, functional outcomes (Short-form 36, Cognitive failure questionnaire, PCL-5) were comparable between the two groups. CONCLUSION: In patients recovering from an elective cardiac surgery, an overnight infusion of dexmedetomidine did not decrease postoperative delirium. Trial registration This trial was registered on ClinicalTrials.gov (number: NCT03477344; date: 26th March 2018).

Improving morbidity and mortality in hip fragility fractures.

PURPOSE OF REVIEW: Hip fragility fractures (HFF) carry high morbidity and mortality for patients and will increase in frequency and in proportion to the average patient age. Provision of effective, timely care for these patients can decrease their morbidity and mortality and reduce the large burden they place on the healthcare system. RECENT FINDINGS: There are associative relationships between prefracture frailty, postoperative delirium and increased morbidity and mortality. The use of a multidisciplinary approach to HFF care has shown improved outcomes in care with focus on modifiable factors including admission to specialty care floor, use of peripheral nerve blocks preoperatively and Anesthesia and Physical Therapy involvement in the care team. Peripheral nerve blocks including pericapsular nerve group (PENG) blocks have shown benefit in lowering morbidity and mortality. SUMMARY: HFF are associated with >40% chance of continued pain and inability to return to prefracture functional status at 1 year as well as >30% mortality at 2 years. In this opinion piece, we will discuss how a multidisciplinary approach that includes Anesthesia as well as utilization of peripheral nerve blocks can help to lessen postoperative issues and improve recovery.

A cluster-randomized controlled trial of a nurse-led artificial intelligence assisted prevention and management for delirium (AI-AntiDelirium) on delirium in intensive care unit: Study protocol.

BACKGROUND: Delirium is a common complication among intensive care unit (ICU) patients that is linked to negative clinical outcomes. However, adherence to the Clinical Practice Guidelines for the Prevention and Management of Pain, Agitation/Sedation, Delirium, Immobility, and Sleep Disruption in Adult Patients in the ICU (PADIS guidelines), which recommend the use of the ABCDEF bundle, is sub-optimal in routine clinical care. To address this issue, AI-AntiDelirium, a nurse-led artificial intelligence-assisted prevention and management tool for delirium, was developed by our research team. Our pilot study yielded positive findings regarding the use of AI-AntiDelirium in preventing patient ICU delirium and improving activities of daily living and increasing intervention adherence by health care staff. METHODS: The proposed large-scale pragmatic, open-label, parallel-group, cluster randomized controlled study will assess the impact of AI-AntiDelirium on the incidence of ICU delirium and delirium-related outcomes. Six ICUs in two tertiary hospitals in China will be randomized in a 1:1 ratio to an AI-AntiDelirium or a PADIS guidelines group. A target sample size of 1,452 ICU patients aged 50 years and older treated in the ICU for at least 24 hours will be included. The primary outcome evaluated will be the incidence of ICU delirium and the secondary outcomes will be the duration of ICU delirium, length of ICU and hospital stay, ICU and in-hospital mortality rates, patient cognitive function, patient activities of daily living, and ICU nurse adherence to the ABCDEF bundle. DISCUSSION: If this large-scale trial provides evidence of the effectiveness of AI-AntiDelirium, an artificial intelligence-assisted system tool, in decreasing the incidence of ICU delirium, length of ICU and hospital stay, ICU and in-hospital mortality rates, patient cognitive function, and patient activities of daily living while increasing ICU nurse adherence to the ABCDEF bundle, it will have a profound impact on the management of ICU delirium in both research and clinical practice. CLINICAL TRIAL REGISTRATION: ChiCTR1900023711 (Chinese Clinical Trial Registry).

Efficacy of the "Start to move" protocol on functionality, ICU-acquired weakness and delirium: A randomized clinical trial.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the efficacy of the Start to move protocol compared to conventional treatment in subjects over 15 years of age hospitalized in the ICU on an improvement in functionality, decrease in ICU-acquired weakness (DAUCI), incidence of delirium, days of mechanical ventilation (MV), length of stay in ICU and mortality at 28 days. DESIGN: randomized controlled clinical trial. SETTING: Intensive Care Unit. PARTICIPANTS: Includes adults older than 15 years with invasive mechanical ventilation more than 48h, randomized allocation. INTERVENTIONS: Start to move protocol and conventional treatment. MAIN VARIABLES OF INTEREST: Functionality, incidence of ICU-acquired weakness, incidence of delirium, days on mechanical ventilation, ICU stay and mortality-28 days, ClinicalTrials.gov number, NCT05053724. RESULTS: 69 subjects were admitted to the study, 33 to the Start to move group and 36 to conventional treatment, clinically and sociodemographic comparable. In the "Start to move" group, the incidence of IUCD at ICU discharge was 35.7% vs. 80.7% in the "conventional treatment" group (p=0.001). Functionality (FSS-ICU) at ICU discharge corresponds to 26 vs. 17 points in favor of the "Start to move" group (p=0.001). The difference in Barthel at ICU discharge was 20% in favor of the "Start to move" group (p=0.006). There were no significant differences in the incidence of delirium, days of mechanical ventilation, ICU stay and 28-day mortality. The study did not report adverse events or protocol suspension. CONCLUSIONS: The application of the "Start to move" protocol in ICU showed a reduction in the incidence of IUAD, an increase in functionality and a smaller decrease in Barthel score at discharge.

Non-pharmacological interventions for delirium in the pediatric population: a systematic review with narrative synthesis.

BACKGROUND: Delirium is a serious complication experienced by hospitalized children. Therefore, preventive management strategies are recommended for these patients. However, comprehensive analyses of delirium interventions in children remain insufficient. Specifically, this systematic review aimed to summarize non-pharmacological interventions for pediatric delirium, addressing the urgent need for a comprehensive understanding of effective strategies. We also explored frequently measured outcome variables to contribute evidence for future research on delirium outcomes in children. METHODS: This systematic review searched articles from PubMed, Web of Science, Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature, and Excerpta Medica databases. The eligibility criteria were formed under the population, intervention, comparator, outcome, and study design framework. Studies were included if they involved (1) children aged under 18 years receiving hospital care, (2) non-pharmacological delirium interventions, (3) comparators involving no intervention or pharmacological delirium interventions, and (4) outcomes measuring the effectiveness of non-pharmacological delirium interventions. Only peer-reviewed articles published in English were included. RESULTS: Overall, 16 studies were analyzed; of them, 9 assessed non-pharmacological interventions for emergence delirium and 7 assessed interventions for pediatric delirium. The intervention types were grouped as follows: educational (n = 5), multicomponent (n = 6), and technology-assisted (n = 5). Along with pediatric and emergence delirium, the most frequently measured outcome variables were pain, patient anxiety, parental anxiety, pediatric intensive care unit length of stay, agitation, analgesic consumption, and postoperative maladaptive behavior. CONCLUSIONS: Non-pharmacological interventions for children are effective treatments without associated complications. However, determining the most effective non-pharmacological delirium intervention for hospitalized children based on current data remains challenging.

The effect of haloperidol's perioperative application on postoperative delirium in elderly patients: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

OBJECTIVES: To systematically review the evidence about the effect of haloperidol on postoperative delirium in elderly patients. METHODS: PubMed, Embase, the Cochrane Library and China National Knowledge Infrastructure were used to find concerned studies for meta-analysis. The main outcome was the incidence of postoperative delirium, and the secondary outcomes were side effects of haloperidol and the length of hospital stay. The meta-analyses were conducted using the Review Manager Version 5.1. This study was conducted based on the PRISMA statement. RESULTS: Eight RCTs (1569 patients) were included in the meta-analysis. There was a significant difference in the incidence of postoperative delirium between haloperidol and control groups (OR = 0.62, 95%CI 0.48-0.80, P = 0.0002, I2 = 20%). In addition, side effects of haloperidol and the duration of hospitalization were comparable (OR = 0.58, 95%CI 0.25-1.35, P = 0.21, I2 = 0%; MD =-0.01, 95%CI -0.16-0.15, P = 0.92, I2 = 28%). Subgroup analysis implied the effect of haloperidol on postoperative delirium might vary with the dose (5 mg daily: OR = 0.40, 95%CI 0.22-0.71, P = 0.002, I2 = 0%; <5 mg daily: OR = 0.72, 95%CI 0.42-1.23, P = 0.23, I2 = 0%). CONCLUSIONS: The meta-analysis revealed perioperative application of haloperidol could decrease the occurrence of postoperative delirium without obvious side effects in elderly people, and high-dose haloperidol (5 mg daily) possessed a greater positive effect.