Razonamiento clínico y teoría de los Illness Scripts / CLINICAL REASONING AND THEORY OF THE ILLNESS SCRIPTS

This is a presentation related to the study of illness Scripts and medical diagnostic knowledge. The diagnosis of script questionnaire is a new tool to assess a specific dimension of clinical competence, and a model of diagnostic reasoning about medical understanding The studies contributed by several disciplines characterize the developing process of the medical knowledge by the acquisitions of units of organization of the memory that allow to build mental models specifically for the realization of certain forms or events. These cognitive units are called illness Scripts, and are used to chategorize the clinical picture studied and the guides for the take of decisions. This universal model of diagnostic reasoning known as script concordance testing is the continuing profesional development, structured from theory to practice. These aspects are discussed in the article

Consideraciones diagnósticas sobre urgencias médicas de “bajo perfil” / Diagnostic considerations on “low profile” medical emergencies

El presente artículo tiene como referente el complejo escenario de los servicios de urgencia hospitalario. Tiene como objetivo exponer algunos elementos que contribuyan a elevar la percepción de riesgo del médico de urgencia sobre determinadas formas de presentación de entidades que constituyen verdaderas urgencias médicas. La mayoría de los pacientes que las padecen no son identificados como enfermos graves al llegar a un servicio de urgencia hospitalario. Estas urgencias son denominadas por los autores como de bajo perfil siendo su común denominador la ausencia de variables alarmantes como dolor importante, trauma, disnea, parálisis visible, entre otras. Como consideraciones finales, se ofrecen sugerencias prácticas relacionadas con el tema abordado(AU)

The present article has as a reference the complex scenario on the hospital emergency service. It is aimed at showing some elements which contribute to increase doctors´ risk perception on certain forms of presentation of entities which are really medical emergencies. Most patients who suffer from them are not identified as severely ill at the moment of arriving to the emergency service. These emergencies are called by authors as low profile and absence of alarming variables such as acute pain, trauma, dyspnea, visible paralysis, among others are common. As final considerations, practical suggestions related to the issue under discussion are provided(AU)

Registro español de cirugía de Mohs (REGEMOHS). El primer paso de un proyecto ambicioso / A Spanish Mohs surgery registry (REGEMOHS). The first step in an ambitious project

No disponible

La calidad de la codificación diagnóstica: una necesidad formativa en atención primaria / The quality of diagnostic coding: A training need in primary care

No disponible

Algunas reflexiones sobre el problema diagnóstico en clínica / Some reflections on diagnosis problem in clinics

Se exponen algunas reflexiones de los autores sobre el enfoque del diagnóstico en clínica. En primer lugar sobre su ubicación en el terreno de lo desconocido y en segundo lugar su enfoque sistémico biosicosocial, el cual rebasa el enfoque sindrómico que no pasa de constituir un recurso muy útil para el diagnóstico de entidades nosológicas. Se prefiere el término problema diagnóstico por ser más abarcador y flexible. Se incluye el diagnóstico etiológico visto como red causal, el diagnóstico de la afectación que produce la enfermedad y el padecer emocional de estas por el paciente(AU)

Some reflections from authors on diagnostic approach in clinical are exposed. First on its location in unknown field and in second place its biopsychosocial systemic approach, which surpasses the syndrome approach that otherwise is a very useful resource for diagnosis of nosologic entities. The term diagnostic problem is more accepted by its extension and flexibility. Etiologic diagnosis is included as a causal agent, diagnosis affection provoking the disease and its emotional illness y patient(AU)

Algunas reflexiones sobre el problema diagnóstico en clínica / Some reflections on diagnosis problem in clinics

Se exponen algunas reflexiones de los autores sobre el enfoque del diagnóstico en clínica. En primer lugar sobre su ubicación en el terreno de lo desconocido y en segundo lugar su enfoque sistémico biosicosocial, el cual rebasa el enfoque sindrómico que no pasa de constituir un recurso muy útil para el diagnóstico de entidades nosológicas. Se prefiere el término problema diagnóstico por ser más abarcador y flexible. Se incluye el diagnóstico etiológico visto como red causal, el diagnóstico de la afectación que produce la enfermedad y el padecer emocional de estas por el paciente.

Some reflections from authors on diagnostic approach in clinical are exposed. First on its location in unknown field and in second place its biopsychosocial systemic approach, which surpasses the syndrome approach that otherwise is a very useful resource for diagnosis of nosologic entities. The term diagnostic problem is more accepted by its extension and flexibility. Etiologic diagnosis is included as a causal agent, diagnosis affection provoking the disease and its emotional illness y patient.

Búsqueda de úlcera de Buruli en el Urabá Chocoano y Antioqueño, Colombia 2006 / Search of Buruli in Choco and Antioquia, Uraba Colombia, 2006

Introducción: en Colombia no se ha reportado ningún caso de úlcera de Buruli (UB), aún teniendo regiones con características similares a zonas endémicas. En nuestro medio, la proximidad geográfica y las condiciones ambientales similares con los países de Sur y Centro América donde se han reportado casos, motivan a buscar activamente pacientes sospechosos de UB, y aplicar técnicas de laboratorio moleculares específicas para brindar un adecuado diagnóstico. Objetivo: buscar casos de úlcera de Buruli (UB) en Urabá chocoano y antioqueño, (Colombia) durante el año 2006. Materiales y métodos: se estudiaron casos provenientes de las áreas de estudio, para establecer la causa etiológica de las lesiones utilizando métodos de diagnóstico clínico, microbiológico, histopatológico y molecular. Resultados: en cinco pacientes (6%) no se pudo establecer la causa etiológica de la úlcera (leishmaniosis, micosis, úlceras venosas o arteriales, cáncer). El examen clínico de estos pacientes no fue concluyente de UB, sin embargo debido a la falta de documentación de casos en Colombia, se procesó biopsia de la lesión para detectar ADN de Mycobacterium ulcerans por reacción en cadena de la polimerasa (PCR). Todas las pruebas de PCR fueron negativas para ADN de Mycobacterium ulcerans. Conclusiones: debido a indicadores epidemiológicos que señalan a Colombia con condiciones geográficas y ambientales similares a las que se presentan en regiones endémicas, como Perú, Guyana Francesa, México, Surinam, es necesario continuar con su búsqueda.

Introduction: in Colombia there are no reported cases of Buruli ulcer (BU), however the geographic and environmental characteristics are similar to endemic regions, and the proximity to other countries in South and Central America where there are reported cases, makes it an important issue to search for them, using molecular techniques specific for BU diagnostic. Objectives: to search for Buruli ulcer (BU) at the Urabá region of Chocó and Antioquia in Colombia, during 2006. Materials and methods: patients with skin ulcer from the study region were tested to establish the etiologic cause of the lesions, using clinical, microbiological, pathological and molecular methods. Results: Five patients were tested for BU using PCR test, since other etiologic causes of the ulcer (leishmaniosis, mycosis, venous or arterial ulcer, others) were not determined. Clinical examination of the patients was not conclusive of BU; but due to the lack of documented cases in Colombia, biopsies were taken from patients for detection of M. ulcerans by PCR. All the samples samples tested negative for DNA of Mycobacterium ulcerans. Conclusions: due to the epidemiological indicators that show that Colombia has the geographic and environmental conditions similar to endemic regions, as Perú, French Guyana, México and Surinam it is necessary to continue with the search.

Avaliação qualitativa sobre o que os psiquiatras brasileiros esperam das classificações diagnósticas / A qualitative analysis on what Brazilian psychiatrists expect from current diagnostic classifications

Introdução: Pretende-se analisar o perfil de respostas qualitativas a um questionário padronizado anônimo, com itens abertos e fechados, sobre a percepção dos psiquiatras brasileiros acerca do uso dos sistemas diagnósticos multiaxiais CID-10 e DSM-IV e de suas expectativas quanto às próximas revisões (CID-11 e DSM-V). Método: O questionário, elaborado por Graham Mellsop (Nova Zelândia), foi traduzido e enviado para 1.050 psiquiatras afiliados à Associação Brasileira de Psiquiatria. Resultados: Retornaram 160 questionários (15,2%). Nestes, 71,1% das questões abertas foram respondidas. As principais qualidades julgadas necessárias ou desejadas em uma classificação psiquiátrica foram: simplicidade, clareza de critérios, objetividade, compreensibilidade, confiabilidade e facilidade de uso. O eixo I da CID-10 foi citado como o mais utilizado pelo caráter instrumental e pelo fato de ser a classificação oficial, inclusive para fins burocráticos e legais. O DSM-IV também é bastante utilizado no cotidiano, sobretudo para ensino e pesquisa, por psiquiatras com afiliações acadêmicas. O uso menos frequente de sistemas multiaxiais foi justificado pela falta de treino e de familiaridade, pela sobrecarga de informações e pelo fato de não serem obrigatórios. Avaliou-se que algumas categorias diagnósticas, entre outras, devem ser revistas, como: retardo mental, transtornos alimentares, de personalidade, do sono, da infância e adolescência, quadros ansiosos, afetivos, esquizoafetivos. Conclusão: O material fornece um panorama sobre as opiniões e expectativas dos psiquiatras a respeito dos instrumentos diagnósticos dos quais se servem ativamente em sua prática diária e cujas revisões estão em pleno processo de elaboração.

Introduction: The objective of the present study was to analyze the qualitative answers of an anonymous standardized survey including qualitative and quantitative questions about the Brazilian psychiatrists’ perceptions on their use of the multiaxial diagnostic systems ICD-10 and DSM-IV and about their expectations regarding future revisions of these classifications (ICD-11 and DSM-V). Method: The questionnaire, elaborated by Graham Mellsop (New Zealand), was translated into Portuguese and sent through mail to 1,050 psychiatrists affiliated to the Brazilian Psychiatry Association. The quantitative analysis is presented elsewhere. Results: One hundred and sixty questionnaires returned (15.2%). From these, 71.1% of the open questions where answered. The most needed and/or desirable qualities in a psychiatric classification were found to be: simplicity, clarity of criteria, objectivity, comprehensibility, reliability, and ease to use. Axis I of the ICD-10 was reported to be the most used due to its instrumental character in addition to being the official classification also for legal and bureaucratic purposes. The DSM-IV was also used in the everyday practice, mostly for education and research purposes, by psychiatrists with academic affiliations. The less frequent use of the multiaxial systems was explained by the lack of training and familiarity, the overload of information and by the fact they are not mandatory. Based on the respondents’ answers, we concluded that some diagnostic categories must be revised, such as: mental retardation, eating disorders, personality disorders, sleeping disorders, child and adolescent disorders, affective, and schizoaffective disorders. Conclusion: This material offers a systematic overview of the psychiatrists’ opinions and expectations concerning the diagnostic instruments used in their daily practice.