4-Isoxazolyl-1,4-dihydropyridines exhibit binding at the multidrug-resistance transporter.

The 4-isoxazolyl-dihydropyridines (IDHPs) exhibit inhibition of the multidrug-resistance transporter (MDR-1), and exhibit an SAR distinct from their activity at voltage gated calcium channels (VGCC). Among the four most active IDHPs, three were branched at C-5 of the isoxazole, including the most active analog, 1k.

pH-dependent one- and two-electron oxidation of 3,5-dicarbethoxy-2,6-dimethyl-4-ethyl-1,4-dihydropyridine catalyzed by horseradish peroxidase.

The porphyrinogenic agent 3,5-dicarbethoxy-2,6-dimethyl-4-ethyl-1,4-dihydropyridine (DDEP) is known to inactivate hepatic cytochrome P450 (P450) enzymes 2C11, 2C6, and 3A1 [Correia et al. (1987) Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 258, 436-451] by different mechanisms. The inactivation of P450 2C11 and 2C6 appears to be due to the ethylation of the heme in the active sites of the enzymes [Augusto et al. (1982) J. Biol. Chem. 257, 11288-11295], whereas the inactivation of P450 3A1 appears to involve the covalent binding of the heme to the apoprotein [Correia et al. (1987)]. Moreover, we have found that DDEP inactivates horseradish peroxidase (HRP) pretreated with hydrogen peroxide. In this system, DDEP was oxidized predominately to 3,5-dicarbethoxy-2,6-dimethyl-4-ethylpyridine (EDP) under weakly acidic conditions and predominately to 3,5-dicarbethoxy-2,6-dimethylpyridine (DP) under basic conditions. The loss of heme and the formation of altered heme products were also pH-dependent and were correlated with the formation of DP and the inactivation of HRP. Thus the inactivation of HRP appears to depend on the formation of an ethyl radical, which presumably reacts with the heme in the active site of the enzyme. Similar product ratios were obtained for the oxidation of DDEP by K3Fe(CN)6, indicating that product ratios of DP over EDP are mainly determined by the pH of buffer. These results, in addition to semiemperical calculations (AM1) for the oxidation of DDEP in the gas phase, are consistent with the idea that the inhibitor undergoes a single-electron oxidation to form the DDEP radical cation, the fate of which depends on the environment of the active site of the enzyme. The proposed formation of a radical cation by the abstraction of an electron from nitrogen is consistent with the finding of low intramolecular isotope effects of the metabolism of 3,5-dicarbethoxy-2,6-dimethyl-[4-2H,4-1H]-1,4-dihydropyridine by P450 2C11 and 3A4. Under basic or aprotic conditions, the radical dissociates to form DP and the ethyl radical, which reacts with the heme, thereby inactivating the enzyme. Under acidic or polar conditions, the radical undergoes an additional one-electron oxidation to form EDP.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

Inactivation of cytochrome P450 and inhibition of ferrochelatase by analogues of 3,5-diethoxycarbonyl-1,4-dihydro-2,4,6-trimethylpyridine with 4-nonyl and 4-dodecyl substituents.

Cytochrome P450- and heme-destructive effects of the 4-nonyl and 4-dodecyl analogues of 3,5-diethoxycarbonyl-1,4-dihydro-2,4,6-trimethylpyridine (DDC) were determined using hepatic microsomal preparations obtained from untreated, beta-naphthoflavone-treated, and phenobarbital-treated chick embryos. The 4-nonyl analogue of DDC was less efficacious than 4-ethyl DDC and 4-hexyl DDC, but more efficacious than 4-dodecyl DDC with respect to cytochrome P450-destructive activity. In all hepatic microsomal preparations, cytochrome P450 destruction by 4-nonyl DDC was accompanied by loss of microsomal heme. In contrast, 4-dodecyl DDC caused loss of heme only in hepatic microsomal preparations obtained from phenobarbital-treated chick embryos. The ability of 4-nonyl DDC and 4-dodecyl DDC to lower ferrochelatase activity was compared with that of 4-ethyl DDC and 4-hexyl DDC in cultured chick embryo hepatocytes. As the length of the 4-alkyl group was increased, the ferrochelatase-lowering efficacy and potency of the DDC analogue decreased. The 4-dodecyl DDC analogue was unable to lower ferrochelatase activity, which accorded with the finding that the administration of 4-dodecyl DDC to phenobarbital-treated rats did not lead to the accumulation of an N-alkylprotoporphyrin. The ability of 4-nonyl DDC to lower ferrochelatase activity was attributed to the formation of N-nonylprotoporphyrin IX following the administration of 4-nonyl DDC to phenobarbital-treated rats.

Ferrochelatase-inhibitory activity and N-alkylprotoporphyrin formation with analogues of 3,5-diethoxycarbonyl-1,4-dihydro-2,4,6-trimethylpyridine (DDC) containing extended 4-alkyl groups: implications for the active site of ferrochelatase.

The ferrochelatase-inhibitory activity, porphyrin-inducing activity, and cytochrome P-450- and heme-destructive effects of a variety of analogues of 3,5-diethoxycarbonyl-1,4-dihydro-2,4,6-trimethylpyridine (DDC) were studied in chick embryo liver cells. The ferrochelatase-inhibitory activity of the 4-butyl, 4-pentyl, 4-hexyl, and 4-cyclopropylmethyl analogues of DDC was considered to be due to the formation of the corresponding N-alkylporphyrins. These N-alkylporphyrins were isolated from the livers of phenobarbital-pretreated rats following administration of the corresponding DDC analogues. The 4-isobutyl analogue did not have ferrochelatase-inhibitory activity despite its ability to cause formation of an N-isobutylporphyrin in rat liver. The 4-chloromethyl analogue of DDC inhibited ferrochelatase activity. The inability to isolate an N-alkylporphyrin from rat liver with this analogue may be due to its lability. The porphyrin-inducing activity of these analogues depended on their ferrochelatase-inhibitory potency and lipophilicity. The DDC analogues caused cytochrome P-450 and heme destruction. The relative ferrochelatase-inhibitory activity of the DDC analogues has implications for a postulated model of the binding of porphyrins in the ferrochelatase active site.