Development of an RP-HPLC Method for Quantifying Diclofenac Diethylamine, Methyl Salicylate, and Capsaicin in Pharmaceutical Formulation and Skin Samples.

An RP-HPLC method with a UV detector was developed for the simultaneous quantification of diclofenac diethylamine, methyl salicylate, and capsaicin in a pharmaceutical formulation and rabbit skin samples. The separation was achieved using a Thermo Scientific ACCLAIMTM 120 C18 column (Waltham, MA, USA, 4.6 mm × 150 mm, 5 µm). The optimized elution phase consisted of deionized water adjusted to pH = 3 using phosphoric acid mixed with acetonitrile in a 35:65% (v/v) ratio with isocratic elution. The flow rate was set at 0.7 mL/min, and the detection was performed at 205 nm and 25 °C. The method exhibits good linearity for capsaicin (0.05-70.0 µg/mL), methyl salicylate (0.05-100.0 µg/mL), and diclofenac diethylamine (0.05-100.0 µg/mL), with low LOD values (0.0249, 0.0271, and 0.0038 for capsaicin, methyl salicylate, and diclofenac diethylamine, respectively). The RSD% values were below 3.0%, indicating good precision. The overall greenness score of the method was 0.61, reflecting its environmentally friendly nature. The developed RP-HPLC method was successfully applied to analyze Omni Hot Gel® pharmaceutical formulation and rabbit skin permeation samples.

Diversity-Oriented Synthesis Catalyzed by Diethylaminosulfur-Trifluoride-Preparation of New Antitumor Ecdysteroid Derivatives.

Fluorine represents a privileged building block in pharmaceutical chemistry. Diethylaminosulfur-trifluoride (DAST) is a reagent commonly used for replacement of alcoholic hydroxyl groups with fluorine and is also known to catalyze water elimination and cyclic Beckmann-rearrangement type reactions. In this work we aimed to use DAST for diversity-oriented semisynthetic transformation of natural products bearing multiple hydroxyl groups to prepare new bioactive compounds. Four ecdysteroids, including a new constituent of Cyanotis arachnoidea, were selected as starting materials for DAST-catalyzed transformations. The newly prepared compounds represented combinations of various structural changes DAST was known to catalyze, and a unique cyclopropane ring closure that was found for the first time. Several compounds demonstrated in vitro antitumor properties. A new 17-N-acetylecdysteroid (13) exerted potent antiproliferative activity and no cytotoxicity on drug susceptible and multi-drug resistant mouse T-cell lymphoma cells. Further, compound 13 acted in significant synergism with doxorubicin without detectable direct ABCB1 inhibition. Our results demonstrate that DAST is a versatile tool for diversity-oriented synthesis to expand chemical space towards new bioactive compounds.

Positive Role of Synthesis Method and Hard Template on the Catalytic Performance of SAPO-34 in Methanol to Olefin Reaction.

In the present study, SAPO-34 particles were synthesized using hydrothermal (HT) and dry gel (DG) conversion methods in the presence of diethyl amine (DEA) as an organic structure directing agent (SDA). Carbon nanotubes (CNT) were used as a hard template in the synthesis procedure to introduce transport pores into the structures of the synthesized samples. The synthesized samples were characterized with different methods to reveal the effects of synthesis method and using hard template on their structure and catalytic performance in methanol to olefin reaction (MTO). DG conversion method results in smaller particle size in comparison with hydrothermal method, resulting in enhancing catalytic performance. On the other side, using CNT in the synthesis procedure with DG method results in more reduction in particle size and formation of hierarchical structure, which drastically improves catalytic performance.

Diclofenac diethylamine nanosystems-loaded bigels for topical delivery: development, rheological characterization, and release studies.

The objective of this study was to develop novel topical drug delivery systems of the nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug diclofenac diethylamine (DDEA). Toward this objective, DDEA was loaded into two nanosystems, the oil in water (O/W) nanoemulsion (DDEA-NE) and the gold nanorods (GNR) that were conjugated to DDEA, forming DDEA-GNR. The DDEA-NE and DDEA-GNR were characterized in terms of particle size, zeta potential, morphology, thermodynamic stability, DDEA loading efficiency, and UV-Vis spectroscopy. These nanosystems were then incorporated into the biphasic gel-based formulations (bigels) for topical delivery. The rheological characterization and release studies of the DDEA NE- and DDEA GNR-incorporated bigels were performed and compared to those of DDEA traditional bigel. DDEA-NE exhibited a droplet size 15.2 ± 1.5 nm and zeta potential -0.37 ± 0.06 mV. The particle size of GNR was approximately 66 nm × 17 nm with an aspect ratio of approximately 3.8. The bigels showed composition-dependent viscoelastic properties, which in turn play a vital role in determining the rate and mechanism of DDEA release from the bigels. Bigels showed a controlled-release pattern where 61.6, 91.7, and 50.0% of the drug was released from DDEA traditional bigel, DDEA NE-incorporated bigel, and DDEA GNR-incorporated bigel, respectively, after 24 h. The ex vivo permeation studies showed that the amount of DDEA permeated through excised skin was relatively low, between 2.7% and 18.2%. The results suggested that the incorporation of the nanosystems NE and GNR into bigels can potentially improve the topical delivery of DDEA.

Direct separation of the enantiomers of ramosetron on a chlorinated cellulose-based chiral stationary phase in hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography mode.

Ramosetron is an enantiopure active pharmaceutical ingredient marketed in Japan since 1996 and later in a few Southeast Asian countries predominantly as an antiemetic for patients receiving chemotherapy. In this study, a simple and rapid high-performance liquid chromoatography method for the separation of ramosetron and its related enantiomeric impurity by using hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography mode is presented. Chiral resolution was performed on an analytical column (100 mm × 4.6 mm id) packed with 3 µm particles of cellulose-based Chiralpak IC-3 chiral stationary phase. Using a mobile phase containing acetonitrile-water-diethylamine (100:10:0.1, v/v/v) and setting the column temperature at 35°C, the resolution value was 7.35. At a flow rate of 1 mL/min, the enantioseparation was completed within 5 min. The proposed method was partially validated and it has proven to be sensitive with limit of detection and limit of quantitation of the (S)-enantiomer impurity of 44.5 and 133.6 ng/mL.

Systematic investigations of peak distortions due to additives in supercritical fluid chromatography.

The impact of eluent components added to improve separation performance in supercritical fluid chromatography was systematically, and fundamentally, investigated. The model system comprised basic pharmaceuticals as solutes and eluents containing an amine (i.e., triethylamine, diethylamine, or isopropylamine) as additive with MeOH as the co-solvent. First, an analytical-scale study was performed, systematically investigating the impact of the additives/co-solvent on solute peak shapes and retentions, using a design of experiments approach; here, the total additive concentration in the eluent ranged between 0.021 and 0.105 % (v/v) and the MeOH fraction in the eluent between 16 and 26 % (v/v). The co-solvent fraction was found to be the most efficient tool for adjusting retentions, whereas the additive fraction was the prime tool for improving column efficiency and peak analytical performance. Next, the impacts of the amine additives on the shapes of the so-called overloaded solute elution profiles were investigated. Two principal types of preparative peak deformations appeared and were investigated in depth, analyzed using computer simulation with mechanistic modeling. The first type of deformation was due to the solute eluting too close to the additive perturbation peak, resulting in severe peak deformation caused by co-elution. The second type of deformation was also due to additive-solute interactions, but here the amine additives acted as kosmotropic agents, promoting the multilayer adsorption to the stationary phase of solutes with bulkier aryl groups.

Radiosynthesis of [thiocarbonyl-11C]disulfiram and its first PET study in mice.

[Thiocarbonyl-11C]disulfiram ([11C]DSF) was synthesized via iodine oxidation of [11C]diethylcarbamodithioic acid ([11C]DETC), which was prepared from [11C]carbon disulfide and diethylamine. The decay-corrected isolated radiochemical yield (RCY) of [11C]DSF was greatly affected by the addition of unlabeled carbon disulfide. In the presence of carbon disulfide, the RCY was increased up to 22% with low molar activity (Am, 0.27 GBq/µmol). On the other hand, [11C]DSF was obtained in 0.4% RCY with a high Am value (95 GBq/µmol) in the absence of carbon disulfide. The radiochemical purity of [11C]DSF was always >98%. The first PET study on [11C]DSF was performed in mice. A high uptake of radioactivity was observed in the liver, kidneys, and gallbladder. The uptake level and distribution pattern in mice were not significantly affected by the Am value of the [11C]DSF sample used. In vivo metabolite analysis showed the rapid decomposition of [11C]DSF in mouse plasma.

Amphipathic chitosans improve the physicochemical properties of siRNA-chitosan nanoparticles at physiological conditions.

Chitosan has received a lot of attention as a carrier for small interfering RNA (siRNA), due to its capacity for complexation and intracellular release of these molecules. However, one of its limitations is its insolubility at neutral pH and the tendency towards aggregation of its nanoparticles in isotonic ionic strength. In this study, a series of amphipathic chitosans were synthesized by varying the degree of acetylation (DA) from ˜2 to ˜30 mol% and the degree of substitution (DS) from 5 to 25%. by tertiary amino groups (DEAE) The results showed that the adjustment of these parameters decreases the interparticle interactions mediated by hydrogen bonding to obtain nanoparticles with improved colloidal stability. siRNA-containing nanoparticles of 100 to 150 nm with low polydispersities (0.15-0.2) and slightly positive zeta potentials (˜+ 5 mV) were resistant to aggregation at pH 7.4 and ionic strength of 150 mM. This resistance to aggregation is provided by changes on the nanoparticle surface and highlights the importance of more organized self-assembly in providing colloidal stability at physiological conditions. Additionally, the PEGylation of the most promising vectors conferred favorable physicochemical properties to nanoparticles. The chitosans and their nanoparticles exhibited low toxicity and an efficient cell uptake, as probed by confocal microscopy of rhodamine labeled vectors. The results provide a new approach to overcome the limited stability of chitosan nanoparticles at physiological conditions and show the potential of these amphipathic chitosans as siRNA carriers.

Stereoselective trimethylsilylation of α- and ß-galactopyranoses.

Trimethylsilylation of the anomeric hydroxyl groups of tetra-O-benzyl and tetra-O-acetyl galactopyranoses was investigated. Stereoselective formation of ß-trimethylsilyl glycoside (ß-TMS glycoside) of benzyl protected compound was achieved using N-trimethylsilyl diethylamine. In the course of the investigation of the selective synthesis of TMS galactosides using TMS-imidazole, we observed the formation of an intermediate, which was converted predominantly into α-TMS glycoside after silica gel column chromatography. A reaction of acetylated compound using TMS-trifluoromethanesulfonate-2,6-lutindine selectively yielded α-TMS glycoside.

Synthesis of a 6-CF3-Substituted 2-Amino-dihydro-1,3-thiazine ß-Secretase Inhibitor by N, N-Diethylaminosulfur Trifluoride-Mediated Chemoselective Cyclization.

The synthesis of a 6-CF3-substituted 2-amino-dihydro-1,3-thiazine via N, N-diethylaminosulfur trifluoride (DAST)-mediated cyclization of N-hydroxypropyl thiourea 6 is described. This reaction gave 6-CF3-1,3-thiazine 7 with high chemical yield and chemoselectivity, suppressing the common byproduct of oxazine 8. This new protocol enabled access to 6-CF3-substituted 1,3-thiazine ß-secretase inhibitor 2.

Direct observation of the ZrIV interaction with the carboxamide bond in a noncovalent complex between Hen Egg White Lysozyme and a Zr-substituted Keggin polyoxometalate.

The successful cocrystallization of the noncovalent complex formed between (Et2NH2)8[{α-PW11O39Zr-(µ-OH)(H2O)}2]·7H2O Keggin polyoxometalate (2) and Hen Egg White Lysozyme (HEWL) protein is reported. The resulting structural model revealed interaction between monomeric [Zr(PW11O39)]4-(1), which is a postulated catalytically active species, and the protein in two positions in the asymmetric unit. The first position (occupancy 36%) confirms the previously observed binding sites on the protein surface, whereas the second position (occupancy 14%) provides novel insights into the hydrolytic mechanisms of ZrIV-substituted polyoxometalates. The new interaction site occurs at the Asn65 residue, which is directly next to the Asp66-Gly67 peptide bond that was identified recently as a cleavage site in the polyoxometalate-catalysed hydrolysis of HEWL. Furthermore, in this newly discovered binding site, the monomeric polyoxometalate 1 is observed to bind directly to the side chain of the Asn65 residue. This binding of ZrIV as a Lewis-acid metal to the carbonyl O atom of the Asn65 side chain is very similar to the intermediate state proposed in density functional theory (DFT) studies in which ZrIV activates the peptide bond via interaction with its carbonyl O atom, and can be thus regarded as a model for interaction between ZrIV and a peptide bond.

Fabrication and characterization of thiol-triacrylate polymer via Michael addition reaction for biomedical applications.

Thiol-acrylate polymers have therapeutic potential as biocompatible scaffolds for bone tissue regeneration. Synthesis of a novel cyto-compatible and biodegradable polymer composed of trimethylolpropane ethoxylate triacrylate-trimethylolpropane tris (3-mercaptopropionate) (TMPeTA-TMPTMP) using a simple amine-catalyzed Michael addition reaction is reported in this study. This study explores the impact of molecular weight and crosslink density on the cyto-compatibility of human adipose derived mesenchymal stem cells. Eight groups were prepared with two different average molecular weights of trimethylolpropane ethoxylate triacrylate (TMPeTA 692 and 912) and four different concentrations of diethylamine (DEA) as catalyst. The materials were physically characterized by mechanical testing, wettability, mass loss, protein adsorption and surface topography. Cyto-compatibility of the polymeric substrates was evaluated by LIVE/DEAD staining® and DNA content assay of cultured human adipose derived stem cells (hASCs) on the samples over over days. Surface topography studies revealed that TMPeTA (692) samples have island pattern features whereas TMPeTA (912) polymers showed pitted surfaces. Water contact angle results showed a significant difference between TMPeTA (692) and TMPeTA (912) monomers with the same DEA concentration. Decreased protein adsorption was observed on TMPeTA (912) -16% DEA compared to other groups. Fluorescent microscopy also showed distinct hASCs attachment behavior between TMPeTA (692) and TMPeTA (912), which is due to their different surface topography, protein adsorption and wettability. Our finding suggested that this thiol-acrylate based polymer is a versatile, cyto-compatible material for tissue engineering applications with tunable cell attachment property based on surface characteristics.

A simultaneously quantitative method to profiling twenty endogenous nucleosides and nucleotides in cancer cells using UHPLC-MS/MS.

Endogenous nucleosides and nucleotides in biosamples are frequently highlighted as the most differential metabolites in recent metabolomics studies. We developed a rapid, sensitive, high-throughput and reliable quantitative method to simultaneously profile 20 endogenous nucleosides and nucleotides in cancer cell lines based on ultra-high performance liquid chromatography-electrospray tandem mass spectrometry (UHPLC- MS/MS) by using a porous graphitic carbon column and basic mobile phase. The results indicated that high pH value of mobile phase containing 0.12% diethylamine (DEA) and 5mM NH4OAC (pH 11.5) was the critical factor to prevent the adsorption of multi-phosphorylated species, and significantly improved peak shape and sensitivity. The optimized method was successfully validated with satisfactory linearity, sensitivity, accuracy, precision, matrix effects, recovery and stability for all analytes. The limit of quantification (LOQ) was in the range of 0.6-6nM (6-60 fmol on column). The validated method was applied to the extract of three epithelial cancer cell lines, and the significant difference in the profiling of the nucleosides and nucleotides among the cancer cell lines enables discrimination of breast cancer cell line from the colon cancer cell line and the lung cancer cell line. This quantified analytical method of 20 endogenous nucleosides and nucleotides in cancer cell lines meets the requirement of quantification in specific expanded metabolomics studies, with good selectivity and sensitivity.

N,N-Diethylmethylamine as lineshape standard for NMR above 130 K.

We demonstrate that N,N-Diethylmethylamine (DEMA) is a useful compound for shimming the magnetic field when doing NMR experiments at room temperature and 130 K, near the temperature used in many dynamic nuclear polarization (DNP) experiments. The resonance assigned to the N-methyl carbon in DEMA at 14.7 T and 140 K has a full-width-half-max linewidth of <4 Hz and has a spin-lattice relaxation time of 0.17 ±â€¯0.03 s.

Cellulose tris-(3,5-dimethylphenylcarbamate)-based chiral stationary phase for the enantioseparation of drugs in supercritical fluid chromatography: comparison with HPLC.

A cellulose tris-(3,5-dimethylphenylcarbamate)-based chiral stationary phase was studied as a tool for the enantioselective separation of 21 selected analytes with different pharmaceutical and physicochemical properties. The enantioseparations were performed using supercritical fluid chromatography. The effect of the mobile phase composition was studied. Four different additives (diethylamine, triethylamine, isopropylamine, and trifluoroacetic acid) and isopropylamine combined with trifluoroacetic acid were tested and their influence on enantioseparation was compared. The influence of two different mobile phase co-solvents (methanol and propan-2-ol) combined with all the additives was also evaluated. The best mobile phase compositions for the separation of the majority of enantiomers were CO2 /methanol/isopropylamine 80:20:0.1 v/v/v or CO2 /propan-2-ol/isopropylamine/trifluoroacetic acid 80:20:0.05:0.05 v/v/v/v. The best results were obtained from the group of basic ß-blockers. A high-performance liquid chromatography separation system composed of the same stationary phase and mobile phase of similar properties prepared as a mixture of hexane/propan-2-ol/additive 80:20:0.1 v/v/v was considered for comparison. Supercritical fluid chromatography was found to yield better results, i.e. better enantioresolution for shorter analysis times than high-performance liquid chromatography. However, examples of enantiomers better resolved under the optimized conditions in high-performance liquid chromatography were also found.

A series of terpyridine containing flexible amino diethylacetate derivatives with large two-photon action cross-sections for effective mitochondrial imaging in living liver cancerous cells.

Small molecules possess large two-photon action cross sections (Φσ) are highly demanded for biological purpose. Herein, three novel terpyridine containing flexible amino diethylacetate organic small molecules (A1, A2 and A3) were rationally designed and their photophysical properties were investigated both experimentally and theoretically. The results revealed that the three chromophores possess large Φσ and remarkable Stokes' shift in high polar solvents, which are particularly benefit for further biological imaging application. One chromophore (A1) displayed an effective intracellular uptake against lung cancerous living cells A549. Colocalization studies suggested the internalized subcellular compartment was mitochondria. Consequently, chromophore A1 provides a promising platform to directly monitor mitochondria in living cells under two-photon confocal laser scanning microscopy.

Ion-pair formation combined with a penetration enhancer as a dual strategy to improve the transdermal delivery of meloxicam.

The aim of the study was to develop a novel drug-in-adhesive patch for transdermal delivery of meloxicam (MLX). The formulation involved a strategy to combine a chemical enhancer with an ion-pair agent. Diethylamine (DETA) was selected as the counter ion to form the ion-pair agent MLX-DETA. MLX-DETA was characterized by nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (NMR) and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). The ion-pair lifetime (T life) of MLX-DETA was 164.1 µs. The water solubility of MLX-DETA was increased nearly 9.3-fold, compared with that of MLX. Oleic acid (OA) was selected as the chemical enhancer, and the optimized formulation consisted of 5% (w/w) MLX-DETA, 5% (w/w) oleic acid, and DURO-TAK® 87-4098 adhesive as the pressure-sensitive adhesive matrix. The permeation study in vitro showed that both the counter ion and chemical enhancer were effective in improving the skin permeation of MLX. Tissue distribution studies demonstrated that higher accumulation of MLX following application of the MLX-DETA patch to the skin could be obtained in rats compared with the MLX-patch group. In conclusion, to increase the skin absorption and obtain a sustained release for the transdermal delivery of MLX, preparation of a drug-in-adhesive patch by combining an ion pair (MLX-DETA) with a permeation enhancer (OA) is a suitable strategy.

Folic acid conjugates with photosensitizers for cancer targeting in photodynamic therapy: Synthesis and photophysical properties.

Recent researches in photodynamic therapy have focused on novel techniques to enhance tumour targeting of anticancer drugs and photosensitizers. Coupling a photosensitizer with folic acid could allow more effective targeting of folate receptors which are over-expressed on the surface of many tumour cells. In this study, different folic acid-OEG-conjugated photosensitizers were synthesized, characterized and their photophysical properties were evaluated. The introduction of an OEG does not significantly improve the hydrophilicity of the FA-porphyrin. All the FA-targeted photosensitizers present good to very good photophysical properties. The best one appears to be Ce6. Molar extinction coefficient, fluorescence and singlet oxygen quantum yields were determined and were compared to the corresponding photosensitizer alone.

Effect of competing amines on the removal of tetramethylammonium hydroxide from solution using ion exchange.

Tetramethylammonium hydroxide (TMAH, TMA(+)) has been widely used as the photoresist developer in semiconductor and thin film transistor liquid crystal display manufacturing. In this study, TMAH-containing wastewater was treated by ion exchange method. Strong acid cation exchange resin was used. A kinetics study revealed that the ion exchange reaction reached equilibrium within 20 min and it could be described by a pseudo-second-order model. To assess the effects of competing ions, wastewater was spiked with three different amines, namely ethylamine (EA(+)), diethylamine (DEA(+)), and triethylamine (TEA(+)). TMAH uptake decreased when in the presence of amines, and it decreased in the order EA(+) < DEA(+) < TEA(+). It could be attributed to different proton affinity (PA) and the strength of affinity between amine molecules and resin matrix, as found from the ab initio calculation values and Langmuir isotherm parameters. However, the interaction energy between sulphonic acid groups and interfering amines in solution using density functional theory (DFT) calculation resulted in a different trend compared with that of PA. The difference might be caused by stabilization of amines by resin matrix and different molecular structures.

Acetylated cashew gum-based nanoparticles for transdermal delivery of diclofenac diethyl amine.

Nanoprecipitation and dialysis methods were employed to obtain nanoparticles (NPs) of acetylated cashew gum (ACG). NPs synthesized by dialysis showed greater average size compared to those synthesized by nanoprecipitation, but they presented improved stability and yield. NPs were loaded with diclofenac diethylamine and the efficiency of the drug incorporation was over 60% for both methods, for an ACG:NP a weight ratio of 10:1. The cytotoxicity assay demonstrated that the NPs had no significant effect on the cell viability, verifying their biocompatibility. The release profile for the diclofenac diethylamine associated with the ACG-NPs showed a more controlled release compared to the free drug and a Fickian diffusion mechanism was observed. Transdermal permeation reached 90% penetration of the drug.