Generative AI, UK Copyright and Open Licences: considerations for UK HEI copyright advice services.

With the enormous growth in interest and use of generative artificial intelligence (AI) systems seen since the launch of ChatGPT in autumn 2022 have come questions both about the legal status of AI outputs, and of using protected works as training inputs. It is inevitable that UK higher education institution (HEI) library copyright advice services will see an increase in questions around use of works with AI as a result. Staff working in such library services are not lawyers or able to offer legal advice to their academic researchers. Nonetheless, they must look at the issues raised, consider how to advise in analogous situations of using copyright material, and offer opinion to researchers accordingly. While the legal questions remain to be answered definitively, copyright librarians can still offer advice on both open licences and use of copyright material under permitted exceptions. We look here at how library services can address questions on copyright and open licences for generative AI for researchers in UK HEIs.

An evolutionary game analysis of algorithmic indirect copyright infringement from the perspective of collusion between UGC platforms and direct infringers.

User-generated content (UGC) is developing rapidly as an emerging platform form, however, the problem of indirect copyright infringement by algorithms is becoming more and more prominent, and infringement governance has become a key act in the development of UGC platforms. When infringement occurs, recommendation algorithms expand the scope and results of infringement, while platforms choose to conspire with direct infringers for their own interests, making it difficult for infringed persons to defend their rights. In order to analyse the influence of different factors in the platform ecosystem on the subject's behavioural strategies, a "platform-infringer" evolutionary game model is constructed, and numerical simulation is used to verify the correctness of the stable results. Based on the simulation results, it is concluded that the factors of uncertain revenue, punishment and reputation loss have important influence on the decision-making behaviour of the subject of infringement governance, and accordingly, the proposed measures on the publishers, platforms and the legal level of the government are conducive to the evolution of the system to the point of positive regulation and stability of rights protection, with a view to promoting the healthier and more stable development of the UGC platforms.

Infografías en las ciencias de la salud: aplicación en las enfermedades de transmisión sexual / Infographics in the health sciences: application to the sexually transmitted diseases

OBJETIVO: Describir las infografías sobre las enfermedades de transmisión sexual (ETS) recuperadas mediante Google Images® y analizar su información y posibilidades de uso. MÉTODO: Estudio descriptivo transversal. Las infografías se obtuvieron mediante búsqueda con los términos «infographic», «sexually transmitted diseases» y «sexually transmitted infections». Para seleccionar las imágenes a estudio se calculó el tamaño muestral mediante la estimación de parámetros poblacionales en una población infinita. La fecha de la búsqueda fue el 15 de marzo de 2018. RESULTADOS: Se seleccionaron 386 infografías para cada término (diseases/infections), descartándose 198 (20,4%) imágenes por ruido documental; 718 infográfias (99,5%) tenían carácter informativo. La mayoría provenían de Blogs personales, 129 (16,7%) o de persona individual, 54 (7,0%). Presentaron algún tipo de licencia 31 (4,0%) infografías. Más de la mitad (Mediana = 0,4 Mpx) de las imágenes analizadas presentaron adecuada resolución. CONCLUSIONES: Se consiguió recuperar infografías sobre ETS, en su mayoría eran de tipo informativo, pero con un alto "ruido documental". Se observó una baja filiación institucional de estas imágenes que tampoco disponían de un conveniente uso de licencias Creative Commons, no obstante, existió una buena resolución de imagen

OBJECTIVE: To describe the infographics on sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) recovered through Google Images® and analyze their information and possibilities of use. METHODS: Cross-sectional descriptive study. The infographics were obtained by searching with the terms "infographic", "sexually transmitted diseases" and "sexually transmitted infections". To select the images for the study, a sample size was calculated by estimating parameters in an infinite population. The date of the search was 15 of March 2018. RESULTS: 386 infographics were selected for each term (diseases/infections), discarding 198 (20.4%) images due to documentary noise; 718 infographics (99.5%) were informative. Most of them, came from personal blogs, 129 (16.7%) or individual, 54 (7.0%). They presented some type of license 31 (4.0%) infographics. More than half (Median = 0.4 Mpx) of the analyzed images presented adequate resolution. CONCLUSIONS: It was possible to recover infographics about STDs but with a high "documentary noise" that was mostly informative. There was a low institutional affiliation of these images that did not have a convenient use of Creative Commons licenses, although most of them presented a good image resolution

The Copyright Issue.

Do you remember the first (or 40th) time you received notification that a manuscript you submitted to a journal was accepted? Did you dance around your office, yell so loudly that the person in the office next door came to check on you, and/or immediately post the news to Facebook and Twitter to ensure that your success would be broadcast to all your friends and relatives? And did you then download the required forms and merrily sign them before scanning or faxing them back to the journal? Like many of you, I have done all of the above.

Reflection paper on copyright, patient-reported outcome instruments and their translations.

With the growth of patient-reported outcome (PRO) measurement, questions arise regarding how copyright protection applies to PRO instruments in general and to their translations in particular. The main objectives of this reflection paper are: 1) to help authors of PRO instruments understand basic rules of intellectual property and copyright that protect the integrity of their instruments and derivatives; and 2) to provide recommendations to authors and users of PRO instruments to prevent misuse or abuse.National laws on intellectual property (IP) and the international Berne Convention fully apply to PRO instruments since they are creations of the mind. Therefore, the copyright holder / owner / claimant of a PRO instrument, i.e., the person or legal entity who owns the copyright of the instrument, is granted exclusive rights that are divided into two main categories: moral and economic rights. Moral rights are: 1) the right of attribution (or right of paternity), i.e., the right to claim authorship of the work, 2) the right against false attribution, and 3) the right of integrity, i.e., the right to object to any mutilation, deformation or modification of the work. Economic rights represent the exclusive rights of the author to make or authorize reproduction, development of derivative works, distribution and communication to the public. In other words, the PRO instrument's copyright holder controls access (distribution, reproduction), and authorizes all derivative works, i.e., adaptations (e.g., electronic formats), modifications (e.g., shorter versions), and translations. Hence, the access to and use of an original PRO instrument and its derivatives in any kind of research should always be associated with the identification of its copyright holder. However, in some cases, this identification may be challenging, in particular when copyright ownership is not clearly defined. To prevent ownership conflicts as well as misuse or abuse of PRO instruments, the ISOQOL Translation and Cultural Adaptation Special Interest Group (TCA-SIG) provides recommendations to authors of PRO instruments and their users. In particular, the TCA-SIG recommends that the ownership of PRO instruments and their derivatives should be defined from the beginning (i.e., from the development of the instrument) and along the life cycle of the instrument between all parties involved. These recommendations apply not only to PRO instruments but also to all the other clinical outcome assessments (COAs), since they are also creations of the mind.