Discinesia da vesícula biliar / Gallbladder dyskinesia

A dor abdominal é um sintoma relativamente comum que leva centenas de pessoas (adultos e crianças) aos centros de emergência e consultórios médicos no Brasil e no mundo. Eventualmente, a investigação por anormalidades estruturais nos órgãos abdominais não revela alterações indicativas de doença, resultando no diagnóstico de desordem funcional gastrointestinal. As desordens funcionais precisam ser investigadas a fundo para a aquisição do diagnóstico correto e início do tratamento direcionado. Nas últimas cinco décadas, a Discinesia da Vesícula Biliar (DVB) tem sido reconhecida como a principal causa da dor abdominal em pacientes com desordens funcionais gastrointestinais sem alterações aparentes nos órgãos abdominais. A DVB é um distúrbio funcional da vesícula biliar caracterizada pelos sintomas de cólica biliar, pela ausência de patologia da vesícula biliar visível e pela redução da fração de ejeção da vesícula biliar (FEVB) observada na colecintigrafia. Entretanto, o diagnóstico e o tratamento desta doença permanecem controversos. Nesse contexto, o presente trabalho consiste em uma revisão da literatura e tem, como objetivo, apresentar e discutir o estado da arte da DVB, contemplando as mais atuais modalidades de diagnóstico e os principais métodos de tratamento da doença.

The abdominal pain is a relatively common symptom that takes hundreds of people (adults and children) to Emergency Rooms and doctors offices in Brazil and all around the world. Occasionally, the search for structural irregularities in the abdominal organs does not reveal indication of diseases, leading to the diagnosis of gastrointestinal functional disorder. The functional disorders must be deeply investigated in order to achieve the correct diagnosis and begin the specific treatment. Over the last five decades, the Gallbladder Dyskinesia (GD) has been recognized as the main cause for abdominal pain among patients with gastrointestinal functional disorders but no apparent alteration in the abdominal organs. The GD is a gallbladder functional disorder known for symptoms such as biliary colic, absence of any noticeable gallbladder pathology and a reduction of the gallbladders ejection fraction (GEF) noticed through the cholecystography. Nonetheless, the diagnosis and the treatment for this disease remain controversial. In this context, the following study consists in a review of the literature and has, as its main objective, to present and discuss the current situation of the GV, addressing the most advanced diagnosis strategies and the main treatment methods for the disease.

Hallazgos anatomopatológicos en pacientes con disfunción biliar / Pathological findings in patients with biliary dysfunction

Se efectuó un estudio descriptivo, transversal y retrospectivo de 84 pacientes atendidos en el Servicio de Gastroenterología del Hospital General Docente D Juan Bruno Zayas Alfonso de Santiago de Cuba desde enero de 2010 hasta igual mes de 2011, a los cuales se realizó colecistectomía por presentar manifestaciones clínicas de disfunción biliar; pero después de extirparles la vesícula, acudieron a la consulta externa de la especialidad con dolor abdominal y cuadros diarreicos, entre otros síntomas y signos. En busca de datos más precisos, se comparó el diagnóstico preoperatorio con los hallazgos anatomopatológicos, de donde se derivó que a pesar de que en muchos casos no coincidían, ello no obstaculizó la obtención de resultados satisfactorios en los integrantes de la casuística(AU)

A descriptive, cross-sectional, and retrospective study with 84 patients assisted at Gastroenterology Service from Dr Juan Bruno Zayas Alfonso General Teaching Hospital in Santiago de Cuba was carried out from January, 2010 to January, 2011. These patients underwent a colecistectomy for having clinical manifestations of biliary dysfunction. After removing the gallbladder, patients having abdominal pain and diarrhea, among other symptoms and signs, attended the outpatient department related to this speciality. Searching for precise data, the pre-surgical diagnosis was compared to the pathological findings, in which case it was concluded that, in spite of many cases did not match, this fact did not hinder the obtaining of satisfactory results in the case material(AU)

Hallazgos anatomopatológicos en pacientes con disfunción biliar / Pathological findings in patients with biliary dysfunction

Se efectuó un estudio descriptivo, transversal y retrospectivo de 84 pacientes atendidos en el Servicio de Gastroenterología del Hospital General Docente D Juan Bruno Zayas Alfonso de Santiago de Cuba desde enero de 2010 hasta igual mes de 2011, a los cuales se realizó colecistectomía por presentar manifestaciones clínicas de disfunción biliar; pero después de extirparles la vesícula, acudieron a la consulta externa de la especialidad con dolor abdominal y cuadros diarreicos, entre otros síntomas y signos. En busca de datos más precisos, se comparó el diagnóstico preoperatorio con los hallazgos anatomopatológicos, de donde se derivó que a pesar de que en muchos casos no coincidían, ello no obstaculizó la obtención de resultados satisfactorios en los integrantes de la casuística.

A descriptive, cross-sectional, and retrospective study with 84 patients assisted at Gastroenterology Service from Dr Juan Bruno Zayas Alfonso General Teaching Hospital in Santiago de Cuba was carried out from January, 2010 to January, 2011. These patients underwent a colecistectomy for having clinical manifestations of biliary dysfunction. After removing the gallbladder, patients having abdominal pain and diarrhea, among other symptoms and signs, attended the outpatient department related to this speciality. Searching for precise data, the pre-surgical diagnosis was compared to the pathological findings, in which case it was concluded that, in spite of many cases did not match, this fact did not hinder the obtaining of satisfactory results in the case material.

Sonographic evaluation of gallbladder contractility in patients with spinal cord injury.

PURPOSE: To determine gallbladder volume with sonography during fasting and in response to a fatty meal in patients with spinal cord injuries (SCIs) and compare the results with those obtained in healthy controls. METHOD: Forty-three patients with SCI and 40 healthy volunteers without clinical evidence of gallbladder disease underwent sonography before and 30 and 60 minutes after the ingestion of a standard fatty meal. The gallbladder fasting volume, resting volume, and gallbladder contractility were calculated, and the results were compared. Correlation between gallbladder contractility and level of lesion, time since injury, use of oxybutynin, and body mass index (BMI) was also assessed. RESULTS: The mean ejection fraction was significantly lower in the patients with SCIs (40%) compared with healthy controls (63%) (p < 0.001). Gallbladder mean residual volume 60 minutes after ingestion of the fatty meal was lower in the control group (p < 0.001). CONCLUSION: Gallbladder contractility is impaired in patients with SCI, which may predispose these patients to gallstone formation. There was no correlation between gallbladder contractility and level of the lesion, time since injury, use of oxybutynin, or BMI.

Manometría endoscópica del esfínter de Oddi / Endoscopic manometry of sphincter of Oddi

Background: Endoscopic manometry is the gold standard for the diagnosis of sphincter of Oddi dysfunction. Aim: To report the result of the first 30 endoscopic manometries of sphincter of Oddi performed in a Gastroenterology Service. Patients and methods: Thirty manometries were performed in 28 patients aged 30 to 70 years old (14 females). The papilla was cannulated with a perfused catherter, measuring pressure with external transducers. Results: Deep cannulation of the papilla was achieved in 88 por ciento. Procedure-related complications were not observed in these cases. Normal values were registered in 11 cases with a basal sphincter pressure 15.6ñ10.7 mm Hg, contractions with an amplitude of 92.3ñ35.7 mm Hg and 6.0ñ2.4/ min frequency. The clinical suspicion suspicion of hypertonic dyskinesis was confirmed in 5 cases with an elevated basal pressure of 43.69ñ13.3 mm Hg, an increased frequency of contractions ("tachyoddia") in one, and large spastic contractions of high pressure in other case. In 3 of 5 cases with common bile duct stones, a predominance of retrograde propagation of the contractions was observed with normal pressure. Variable manometric results were observed after endoscopic papillotomy observing a scale from the complete absence of motor activity to normal aphincter function. Conclusions: Endoscopic manometry is a reasonably safe method, of great importance in the diagnosis of fuctional disorders of the sphincter of Oddi

Trastornos motores del sistema biliar en la infancia. Presentación de 5 pacientes / Motor disorders of the biliary tract in childhood. Report of 5 cases

En la infancia el dolor abdominal recurrente es muy frecuente, y en algunas ocasiones no es posible encontrar la causa. Con el propósito de elucidar en parte este problema, se decidió estudiar los trastornos motores del sistema biliar en la infancia como posibles causas de estos cuadros. Se realizó un estudio prospectivo en el Hospital Pediátrico Docente "San Miguel del Padrón", de 1989 a 1994 de todos aquellos niños con dolor abdominal recurrente y sin una causa específica. Se usó ultrasonografía y colecistografía oral con vaciamiento cronometrado y se encontraron 5 pacientes en quienes se pudo realizar esos diagnósticos. El más frecuente fue la vesícula biliar hipertónica e hipercinética en 2 pacientes a quienes se les efectuó una colecistectomía; el resto tuvo una evolución satisfactoria sin intervención quirúrgica. Se sugiere debido a los resultados obtenidos, que estos trastornos deben ser tenidos en cuenta en el estudio de pacientes con dolor abdominal recurrente(AU)

Trastornos motores del sistema biliar en la infancia: presentacion de 5 pacientes / Motor disorders of the biliary tract in childhood: report of 5 cases

En la infancia el dolor abdominal recurrente es muy frecuente, y en algunas ocasiones no es posible encontrar la causa. Con el proposito de elucidar en parte este problema, se decidio estudiar los trastornos motores del sistema biliar en la infancia como posibles causas de estos cuadros. Se realizo un estudio prospectivo en el Hospital Pediatrico Docente "San Miguel del Padron", de 1989 a 1994 de todos aquellos ninos con dolor abdominal recurrente y sin una causa especifica. Se uso ultrasonografia y colecistografia oral con vaciamiento cronometrado y se encontraron 5 pacientes en quienes se pudo realizar esos diagnosticos. El mas frecuente fue la vesicula biliar hipertonica e hipercinetica en 2 pacientes a quienes se les efectuo una colecistectomia; el resto tuvo una evolucion satisfactoria sin intervencion quirurgica. Se sugiere debido a los resultados obtenidos, que estos trastornos deben ser tenidos en cuenta en el estudio de pacientes con dolor abdominal recurrente

Avaliaçäo da atuaçäo do ácido dehidrocólico na funçäo da vesícula bibliar / Therapeutic evolution of dehydrocolic acid (B-Vesil) at gallbladder discinesy

Foi feito um acompanhamento de 10 pacientes com uso do ácido dehidrocólico (B-Vesil), que apresentavam problemas de discinesia biliar. Estes pacientes foram acompanhados com exames complementares os quais demonstraram uma boa resposta ao estímulo de esvaziamento da vesícula biliar

Colecistografia oral retardada (modificada) no estudo da discinesia biliar / Oral cholecystography delayed (modified) to the study of biliary dyskinesia

A discinesia infundíbulo-colo-cística, ou discinesia biliar, traz dificuldades no seu diagnóstico e na sua conduta terapêutica. Estudamos uma modificaçäo da colecistografia oral onde se objetiva adequá-la ao estudo daquela patologia ou doença. Fez-se a colecistografia oral clássica complementada por radiografias após 24 e 48 horas. Julgamos que a retençäo do contraste apos 48 horas merece um estudo melhor da vesícula, até para possível indicaçäo cirúrgica

[Delayed (modified) oral cholecystography in the study of biliary dyskinesia]. / Colecistografia oral retardada (modificada) no estudo da discinesia biliar.

Biliary dyskinesia is difficult to be either diagnosed or treated. A modified oral cholecystography technique has been tested to make it suitable for studying such gallbladder disease. Routine oral cholecystography was performed and then two other roentgenograms were taken both 24 and 48 hours after it. In our opinion, further studies should be performed whenever gallbladder visualization lasts longer than 48 hours even in order to indicate surgery.

Estudios de laboratorio y pruebas especiales para valorar la función de la vesícula y los conductos biliares / Clinical laboratory and special tests to evaluate gallblader function

Se revisa la patogenia de los cáculos biliares de colesterol, la cual ocurre en cinco etapas: 1) metabólica; 2) química; 3) nucleación; 4) aglomeración y crecimiento; 5) clínica. Se enfatiza cómo en la tercera etapa puede desarrollarse un precipitado arenoso, compuesto de cristales de colesterol, gránulos de bilirrubinato de calcio, cristales de carbonato de calcio, fosfato de calcio o aniones de ácidos grasos y calcio, además de mucina, llamado "lodo biliar", el que ha sido asociado con episodios de colecistitis y pancreatitis. Se describen los trastornos motores de la vesícula biliar que ocurren durante la litogénesis y como éstos pueden ser evaluados en una forma indirecta mediante gamagrafía vesicular y ultrasonografía de tiempo real. Además, se describe la discinesia pancrea-ticobiliar, condición que forma parte de las entidades asociadas con el síndrome poscolecitectomía, el que puede resultar de estenosis anatómica o de trastornos discinéticos (trastornos puramente motores). Asimismo, se enfatiza que actualmente el estudio manométrico del esfínter de Oddi ha dejado de ser una herramienta de investigación para constituirse en la prueba ideal ("estándar de oro") de estas patologías.