Feasibility, acceptability and effects of multimodal pelvic floor physical therapy for gynecological cancer survivors suffering from painful sexual intercourse: A multicenter prospective interventional study.

OBJECTIVES: Painful sexual intercourse (dyspareunia) is a distressing condition affecting a large proportion of gynecological cancer survivors, yet treatments remain limited and poorly studied. This multicenter prospective interventional study examined the feasibility, acceptability and effects of multimodal pelvic floor physical therapy in gynecological cancer survivors with dyspareunia. METHODS: Thirty-one endometrial and cervical cancer survivors with dyspareunia participated in 12 weekly 60-min physical therapy sessions combining education, manual therapy, pelvic floor muscle exercises using biofeedback and home exercises, which included the use of a dilator. The adherence rate to home exercises (≥80%), the attendance rate at physical therapy sessions (≥80% of participants attending ≥10 sessions) and the dropout rate (˂15%) served as feasibility and acceptability outcomes and benchmarks. Pain intensity, pain quality, sexual function, pelvic floor dysfunction symptoms and quality of life were measured at baseline and post-treatment. Treatment satisfaction and participants' perceived improvement were also assessed. RESULTS: The adherence rate was 88% (SD 10), 29/31 (94%) women attended ≥10 treatment sessions, and the dropout rate was 3%. Moreover, women experienced significant improvements in all outcomes after the intervention (p ≤ 0.044). They also reported being highly satisfied with the treatment (9.3/10 (SD 1.2)), and 90% of them were very much or much improved. CONCLUSIONS: Our findings support the feasibility and acceptability of multimodal pelvic floor physical therapy for gynecological cancer survivors with dyspareunia. The intervention also led to significant improvements in pain, sexual function, pelvic floor dysfunction symptoms and quality of life. A randomized controlled trial is needed to confirm these results.

Efectividad de la rehabilitación multimodal (biofeedback más radiofrecuencia capacitiva-resistiva) sobre el dolor pélvico crónico y la dispareunia: estudio prospectivo y revisión de la bibliografía / Effectiveness of multimodal rehabilitation (biofeedback plus capacitive-resistive radiofrequency) on chronic pelvic pain and dyspareunia: prospective study and literature review

OBJETIVO: Demostrar si un protocolo de rehabilitación multimodal (biofeedback [BFB] más radiofrecuencia [RF] capacitiva-resistiva [INDIBA®]) disminuye el dolor y aumenta la fuerza muscular en los pacientes con dolor pélvico crónico (DPC) y dispareunia. MATERIAL Y MÉTODOS: Estudio prospectivo cuasiexperimental tipo antes-después a 37 pacientes con DPC y/o dispareunia derivados al Servicio de Rehabilitación del Hospital Universitario Santa Cristina (enero-2016 a diciembre-2018). El protocolo consistió en 8 sesiones de ejercicios de musculatura del suelo pélvico asistido con BFB manométrico (ejercicios tónicos/fásicos 15min, respectivamente) supervisado por fisioterapeuta, seguido de RF bipolar capacitiva (5min)/resistiva (10min) a nivel suprapúbico y perineovaginal. Las variables evaluadas fueron el dolor (EVA 0-10) y la fuerza (mmHg) de la musculatura del suelo pélvico al inicio/término del tratamiento. RESULTADOS: Edad media, 41,5±12,65 años. Es más frecuente entre los 21-40 años (n=20, 54%) y los 41-60 años (n=12; 32.4%). Dispareunia, n=34 (91,8%); DPC inespecífico, n=3 (8,2%). El protocolo mejoró el dolor (de 7,27±1,34 a 3,75±2,21 puntos), la fuerza muscular máxima (de 25,56±15,9mmHg a 35,35±20,4mmHg) y la media (de 4,86±3,53mmHg a 7,18±4,46mmHg), respectivamente (p < 0,0001). CONCLUSIÓN: EL DPC y la dispareunia suponen un reto diagnóstico que requiere un manejo multidisciplinario. El tratamiento debe iniciarse precozmente y con la asociación de diferentes modalidades terapéuticas. El protocolo de rehabilitación multimodal que incluye al BFB y a la RF capacitiva-resistiva disminuye el dolor y mejora la fuerza en los pacientes con DPC y dispareunia

OBJECTIVE: To determine whether a multimodal rehabilitation protocol (Biofeedback [BFB] plus capacitive-resistive [INDIBA®] radiofrequency [RF]) reduces pain and increases muscular strength in patients with chronic pelvic pain (CPP) and dyspareunia. MATERIAL AND METHODS: We performed a prospective, quasi-experimental, before-after study in 37 patients with CPP and/or dyspareunia referred to the Rehabilitation Department of Hospital Universitario Santa Cristina (January 2016 to December 2018). The protocol consisted of 8 sessions of pelvic floor exercises assisted by manometric BFB (15min of tonic/phasic exercises each) supervised by a physiotherapist, followed by suprapubic and perineovaginal bipolar RF [capacitive(5 min)/resistive(10 min)]. The variables evaluated were pain (VAS 0-10) and strength (mmHg) of the pelvic floor musculature and the start/end of the treatment. RESULTS: The mean age was 41.5±12.65 years. The prevalence was higher among women aged 21-40 years (n=20, 54%) and those aged 41-60 years (n=12; 32.4%). Dyspareunia was present in 34 patients (91.8%), and non-specific CPP in 3 (8.2%). The protocol improved pain (from 7.27±1.34 to 3.75±2.21 points), maximal muscular strength (from 25.56±15.9mmHg to 35.35±20.4mmHg) and mean muscular strength (from 4.86±3.53mmHg to 7.18±4.46mmHg) respectively (p < 0.0001). CONCLUSION: CPP and dyspareunia are a diagnostic challenge that requires multidisciplinary management. Treatment should be started early and should consist of distinct therapeutic modalities. The protocol of multimodal rehabilitation including BFB and capacitive-resistive RF reduces pain and improves strength in patients with CPP and dyspareunia

[Effectiveness of multimodal rehabilitation (biofeedback plus capacitive-resistive radiofrequency) on chronic pelvic pain and dyspareunia: prospective study and literature review]. / Efectividad de la rehabilitación multimodal (biofeedback más radiofrecuencia capacitiva-resistiva) sobre el dolor pélvico crónico y la dispareunia: estudio prospectivo y revisión de la bibliografía.

OBJECTIVE: To determine whether a multimodal rehabilitation protocol (Biofeedback [BFB] plus capacitive-resistive [INDIBA®] radiofrequency [RF]) reduces pain and increases muscular strength in patients with chronic pelvic pain (CPP) and dyspareunia. MATERIAL AND METHODS: We performed a prospective, quasi-experimental, before-after study in 37 patients with CPP and/or dyspareunia referred to the Rehabilitation Department of Hospital Universitario Santa Cristina (January 2016 to December 2018). The protocol consisted of 8 sessions of pelvic floor exercises assisted by manometric BFB (15min of tonic/phasic exercises each) supervised by a physiotherapist, followed by suprapubic and perineovaginal bipolar RF [capacitive(5 min)/resistive(10 min)]. The variables evaluated were pain (VAS 0-10) and strength (mmHg) of the pelvic floor musculature and the start/end of the treatment. RESULTS: The mean age was 41.5±12.65 years. The prevalence was higher among women aged 21-40 years (n=20, 54%) and those aged 41-60 years (n=12; 32.4%). Dyspareunia was present in 34 patients (91.8%), and non-specific CPP in 3 (8.2%). The protocol improved pain (from 7.27±1.34 to 3.75±2.21 points), maximal muscular strength (from 25.56±15.9mmHg to 35.35±20.4mmHg) and mean muscular strength (from 4.86±3.53mmHg to 7.18±4.46mmHg) respectively (p<0.0001). CONCLUSION: CPP and dyspareunia are a diagnostic challenge that requires multidisciplinary management. Treatment should be started early and should consist of distinct therapeutic modalities. The protocol of multimodal rehabilitation including BFB and capacitive-resistive RF reduces pain and improves strength in patients with CPP and dyspareunia.

Pelvic floor rehabilitation in the treatment of women with dyspareunia: a randomized controlled clinical trial.

INTRODUCTION AND HYPOTHESIS: Dyspareunia, the symptom of painful sexual intercourse, is a common sexual dysfunction in reproductive-aged women. Because of its multifactorial etiology, a multidisciplinary approach may be required to treat it. Musculoskeletal factors play an important role; thus, rehabilitating the pelvic floor and modifying the tone of the pelvic floor muscles (PFMs) may be an effective way to treat this dysfunction. The aim of this randomized controlled clinical study was to evaluate the effects of pelvic floor rehabilitation techniques on dyspareunia. METHODS: Of 84 women, assessed for eligibility, 64 women with dyspareunia were randomized into two groups: the experimental group (n = 32) received electrotherapy, manual therapy, and PFM exercises and the control group (n = 32) had no treatment while on the waiting list. Evaluations of PFM strength and endurance, sexual function, and pain were made directly before and after 3 months of treatment and at the 3-month follow-up. RESULTS: Between-group changes showed significant improvement in the experimental group in comparison with control group. Mean difference in the PFM strength (according to the 0-5 Oxford scale) between groups was 2.01 and the mean difference of endurance was 6.26 s. Also, the mean difference in the Female Sexual Function Index score (the score ranges from 2 to 95) was 51.05, and the mean difference in the VAS score was 7.32. All of the changes were statistically significant (p < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: According to the results, pelvic floor rehabilitation is an important part of a multidisciplinary treatment approach to dyspareunia.

Congenital vaginal atresia: A report of 39 cases in a regional Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital.

To investigate the clinical course and management of congenital vaginal atresia. This retro-spective analysis included patients with congenital vaginal atresia treated from March 2004 to August 2014 at the Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital of Fudan University. Thirty-nine patients were included in this study. Their average age was 16.87±2.2 years when they came to our hospital. Totally, 51% of the patients had isolated congenital vaginal atresia with a normal cervix, whereas the others had either cervical atresia or imperforate hymen. The primary presenting signs and symptoms included primary amenorrhea (71.8%), periodic abdominalgia (41.0%), abdominal pain (36.0%), dyspareunia (10.3%), menstrual disorders (5.1%), and pelvic mass (5.1%). Ultrasound and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) were effective inspection methods for the screening of urogenital tract-associated anomalies. Vagi-noplasty mainly included simple vagina reconstruction with insertion of a mold (n=22) and split-thickness skin grafting (n=4). In 64% of surgical patients, normal menstrual bleeding was achieved. Four of the patients subsequently became pregnant and delivered at term. Primary amenorrhea, periodic abdominalgia and abdominal pain are the main reasons for the post pubertal patients to visit doctors. Surgical methods can successfully provide these patients an opportunity for subsequent conservative management, can result in normal menstrual bleeding, resolve cyclic pelvic pain, and provide some po-tential for fertility.

Prospective Outcomes of a Pelvic Floor Rehabilitation Program Including Vaginal Electrogalvanic Stimulation for Urinary, Defecatory, and Pelvic Pain Symptoms.

OBJECTIVES: This study evaluated our experience after implementing a pelvic floor rehabilitation program including behavioral modification, biofeedback, and vaginal electrogalvanic stimulation (EGS). METHODS: This prospective cohort study evaluated outcomes of patients with pelvic floor dysfunction (urinary or defecatory dysfunction, pelvic pain/dyspareunia) who underwent pelvic floor rehabilitation. Patients received 4 to 7 sessions (1 every 2 weeks) including biofeedback and concluded with 30 minutes of vaginal EGS. Surveys assessed subjective changes in symptoms; success was evaluated using a 10-point visual analog scale (VAS) at the final session (10 = most successful). Paired comparisons of responses at baseline and final treatment were evaluated. RESULTS: Ninety-four patients were followed up through therapy completion. Treatment indications included urinary (89.4%), defecatory (33.0%), and pelvic pain or dyspareunia (30.9%); 44.7% of patients had a combination of indications. Among women with urinary symptoms, the percentage reporting leakage decreased from 92.9% to 79.3% (P = 0.001), leakage at least daily decreased from 69.0% to 39.5% (P < 0.001), daily urgency with leakage decreased from 42.7% to 19.5% (P = 0.001), daily urgency without leakage decreased from 41.5% to 18.3% (P < 0.001), and median VAS rating (0 = not at all, 10 = a great deal) of daily life interference decreased from 5 to 1.5 (P < 0.001). The median success ratings were 8, 8, and 7 for treatment of urinary symptoms, pelvic pain/dyspareunia, and bowel symptoms, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: An aggressive pelvic rehabilitation program including biofeedback with vaginal EGS had a high rate of self-reported subjective success and satisfaction and should be considered a nonsurgical treatment option in patients with pelvic floor dysfunction.

Effects of intravaginal estriol and pelvic floor rehabilitation on urogenital aging in postmenopausal women.

PURPOSE: To assess the effects of the combination of pelvic floor rehabilitation and intravaginal estriol administration on stress urinary incontinence (SUI), urogenital atrophy and recurrent urinary tract infections in postmenopausal women. METHODS: Two-hundred-six postmenopausal women with urogenital aging symptoms were enrolled in this prospective randomized controlled study. Patients were randomly divided into two groups and each group consisted of 103 women. Subjects in the treatment group received intravaginal estriol ovules, such as 1 ovule (1 mg) once daily for 2 weeks and then 2 ovules once weekly for a total of 6 months as maintenance therapy plus pelvic floor rehabilitation. Subjects in the control group received only intravaginal estriol in a similar regimen. We evaluated urogenital symptomatology, urine cultures, colposcopic findings, urethral cytologic findings, urethral pressure profiles and urethrocystometry before, as well as after 6 months of treatment. RESULTS: After therapy, the symptoms and signs of urogenital atrophy significantly improved in both groups. 61/83 (73.49%) of the treated patients, and only 10/103 (9.71%) of the control patients referred a subjective improvement of their incontinence. In the patients treated by combination therapy with estriol plus pelvic floor rehabilitation, we observed significant improvements of colposcopic findings, and there were statistically significant increases in mean maximum urethral pressure (MUP), in mean urethral closure pressure (MUCP), as well as in the abdominal pressure transmission ratio to the proximal urethra (PTR). CONCLUSIONS: Our results showed that combination therapy with estriol plus pelvic floor rehabilitation was effective and should be considered as a first-line treatment for symptoms of urogenital aging in postmenopausal women.

Effect of transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation on the postpartum dyspareunia treatment.

AIM: This article will evaluate the safety and efficacy of intravaginal transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS) for the treatment of vulvar pain and dyspareunia during the postpartum period related to perineal trauma caused by episiotomy. METHODS: From January 2007 to January 2009, 45 women presenting with postpartum dyspareunia related to perineal trauma after a vaginal delivery were educated on the importance of the pelvic floor and its part in continuing dyspareunia. The treatment consisted of weekly applications of intravaginal TENS in an outpatient setting and daily home therapy with myofascial stretching and exercises of the pelvic floor musculature. The results were evaluated using the cotton swab test, the Marinoff Dyspareunia Scale and the Visual Analog Scale, and the anovulvar distance was assessed prior to and at the end of the treatment period. RESULTS: Of the women included in the study, 84.5% reported an improvement of dyspareunia after only five applications of TENS, with a total remission of symptoms (in 95% of patients) at the end of the protocol. At follow-up, eight months after the end of treatment, all patients were pain free. CONCLUSIONS: Therapy with intravaginal transcutaneous nerve stimulation and pelvic floor relaxation exercises is safe and effective in the improvement of vulvar pain and dyspareunia in women with postpartum perineal trauma due to episiorrhaphy, after spontaneous delivery.

Efetividade de intervenções fisioterapêuticas para o vaginismo: uma revisão de literatura / Effectiveness of physical therapy for vaginismus: a literature review

O vaginismo é uma persistente contração involuntária da musculatura da vagina que interfere na penetração, impedindo a relação sexual e podendo comprometer as relações interpessoais e conjugais, para o qual algumas estratégias de fisioterapia têm sido propostas. O objetivo desta revisão foi avaliar a efetividade de tratamentos fisioterapêuticos propostos para o vaginismo. Foram levantados estudos em que o diagnóstico clínico da amostra fosse vaginismo, nas bases de dados Pubmed e Scielo, entre 1998 e 2009. Foram excluídos artigos de revisão, estudos transversais, ou em que as participantes referiam sinais e sintomas de vaginismo decorrentes de outras doenças, ou ainda com intervenções não realizadas por fisioterapeutas. Foram identificados apenas três estudos que se adequaram a esses critérios, em que foram utilizadas as terapias: sexual cognitiva comportamental associada à estimulação elétrica funcional com biofeedback; de dessensibilização por dilatadores de silicone; e a proposta por Masters & Johnson. Os estudos foram avaliados como de baixa qualidade metodológica e não forneciam evidências consistentes para a intervenção fisioterapêutica no vaginismo. Não foi possível efetuar uma metanálise, mas uma revisão crítica, devido à escassez de trabalhos. Portanto, não foram encontradas evidências consistentes de intervenção clínica satisfatória para o vaginismo. Requerem-se estudos clínicos randomizados, de alta qualidade, para comprovar a efetividade dos tratamentos propostos...

Vaginismus is an involuntary contraction of the vaginal muscles which makes sexual intercourse difficult or impossible – hence interfering in personal and marital relationships – for which physical therapy strategies have been proposed. The aim of this review was to assess the effectiveness of physical therapy interventions for vaginismus. Clinical trials in which participants were diagnosed with vaginismus were searched for in Scielo and Pubmed databases between 1998 and 2009. Exclusion criteria were: review and transversal studies; studies where patients presented signs and symptoms of vaginismus resulting from other diseases; and studies in which the interventions proposed can’t be carried out by physical therapists. Only three studies were found, in which the following therapies were used: Master & Johnson’s; sexual cognitive-behavioural therapy plus functional electrical stimulation-biofeedback; and desensitization by silicone dilators. All three studies were evaluated as having poor methodological quality and did not provide consistent evidence for clinical interventions in vaginismus. Due to the scarcity of studies found, no metanalysis was done, only a critical review. No consistent evidence could thus be found on satisfactory clinical physical therapies for vaginismus. Further randomized clinical trials, of high quality, are needed to assess the effectiveness of the treatments proposed...

[The role of physical therapy in the treatment of female sexual dysfunction].

Healthy sexual function requires physical, mental, and emotional well-being. Physical presentations that may limit sexual activity include decreased mobility, alterations in sensation, decreased genital circulation and pain. Physical therapists play an important role in facilitating optimal sexual function by providing treatment to restore function, improve mobility and relieve pain. This article illustrates, through four case reports, the importance of physiotherapy in the multidisciplinary approach to the treatment of female sexual dysfunction.

Physical therapy for vulvar vestibulitis syndrome: a retrospective study.

This retrospective study evaluated the effectiveness of physical therapy in relieving painful intercourse and improving sexual function in women diagnosed with vulvar vestibulitis. This syndrome is a frequent cause of premenopausal dyspareunia and is characterized by a sharp, burning pain located within and limited to the vulvar vestibule (vaginal entry) and elicited primarily via pressure applied to the area. Participants were 35 women with vulvar vestibulitis who took part in physical therapy treatment for an average of 7 sessions. We conducted telephone interviews to assess whether physical therapy or other subsequent treatments impacted on pain during intercourse and sexual functioning. Length of treatment follow up ranged from 2 to 44 months, with a mean of 16 months. Physical therapy yielded a complete or great improvement for 51.4% of participants, a moderate improvement for 20.0% of participants, and little to no improvement for the other 28.6%. Treatment resulted in a significant decrease in pain experienced both during intercourse and gynecological examinations; it also resulted in a significant increase in intercourse frequency and levels of sexual desire and arousal. Successful patients were significantly less educated than nonsuccessful patients. Findings demonstrate that physical therapy is a promising treatment modality for dyspareunia associated with vulvar vestibulitis.