A Quick Reference on Phosphorus.

Phosphorus, or phosphate, is the body's major intracellular anion involved in numerous biological processes. Most phosphate is intracellular, with the remaining amount contained within soft tissues and the extracellular space. Parathyroid hormone, calcitriol, calcitonin, and phosphatonins regulate normal phosphate homeostasis by adjusting renal and/or gastrointestinal absorption and/or excretion. Hypophosphatemia occurs secondary to decreased gastrointestinal absorption, transcellular shifts, increased renal excretion, or some combination of these general mechanisms. Hyperphosphatemia results from decreased renal excretion, increased intake or iatrogenic administration, transcellular shifts, or some combination of these.

Treatment of phosphorus balance disorders.

Phosphorus (P) homeostasis in ruminants has received increased attention over the past decades. Although environmental concerns associated with excessive P excretion in cattle manure have led to incentives to lower dietary P intake, hypophosphatemia-particularly in the periparturient dairy cow-has been associated with conditions, such as the downer cow syndrome or postparturient hemoglobinuria. The objective of this article is to revisit current understanding of P homeostasis in ruminants, to discuss the pathophysiology and clinical presentation of P balance disorders, and to review different treatment approaches to correct imbalances of the body's P equilibrium.

Phosphorus metabolic disorder of Guizhou semi-fine wool sheep.

Guizhou semi-fine wool sheep are affected by a disease, characterized by emaciation, lameness, stiffness in the gait, enlargement of the costochondral junctions, and abnormal curvature in the long bones. The objective of this study was to determine possible relationships between the disease and mineral deficiencies. Samples of tissue and blood were collected from affected and unaffected sheep. Samples of soil and forage were collected from affected and unaffected areas. The samples were used for biochemical analyses and mineral nutrient measurements. Results showed that phosphorus (P) concentrations in forage samples from affected areas were significantly lower than those from unaffected areas (P < 0.01) and the mean ratio of calcium (Ca) to P in the affected forage was 12:1. Meanwhile, P concentrations of blood, bone, tooth, and wool from the affected sheep were also significantly lower than those from the unaffected group (P < 0.01). Serum P levels of the affected animals were much lower than those of the unaffected ones, whereas serum alkaline phosphatase levels from the affected were significantly higher than those from the unaffected (P < 0.01). Inorganic P levels of the affected sheep were about half of those in the control group. Oral administration of disodium hydrogen phosphate prevented and cured the disease. The study clearly demonstrated that the disease of Guizhou semi-fine wool sheep was mainly caused by the P deficiency in forage, as a result of fenced pasture and animal habitat fragmentation.

Utilización nutritiva de fósforo en el transcurso de la anemia ferropénica nutricional / Nutritive utilization of phosphorus during the course of nutritional ferropenic anaemia

Se ha estudiado el efecto de la evolución de la anemia ferropénica nutricional sobre la utilización digestiva y metabólica de fósforo en tres periodos 20, 30 y 40 días. Los animales de experimentación han sido 48 ratas macho de la raza Wistar albina que se dividieron en 6 grupos: tres grupos controles(C) y tres grupos ferrodeficientes (FD) que recibieron una dieta AIN 93G con contenido normal (45mg Fe/kg dieta) o con un bajo contenido de hierro (5 mg/Fe Kg dieta) respectivamente durante 20, 30 ó 40 días. Se ha encontrado un aumento significativo en la utilización digestiva y metabólica de fósforo en el transcurso de la anemia ferropénica nutricional, efecto que se va haciendo más patente a medida que evoluciona la ferrodeficiencia. Este incremento en la utilización nutritiva de fósforo es debido principalmente al mecanismo pasivo de absorción de fósforo que opera principalmente en el yeyuno-íleon y es predominante en situación de anemia ferropénica nutricional(AU)

The evolution of the nutritional iron deficiency anemia on the digestive and metabolic utilization of phosphorus has been studied during three periods: 20, 30 and 40 days. 48 male Wistar albino breedrats were divided in 6 groups: three control groups (C) and three Fe-deficient groups (FD) receiving AIN 93G with normal-Fe content (45 mg /kg diet) or with a low-Fe content (5 mg/Kg diet) respectively during 20, 30 ó 40 days. A significant increase in the digestive and metabolic utilization of phosphorus has been found in the course of the nutritional iron deficiency anemia, effect that become more pronounced as the ferrodeficiency is instaured. This increase in the nutritive utilization of phosphorus is due mainly to the passive mechanism of phosphorus absorption which operates principally in the jejunum-ileum and is predominant in situation of nutritional iron deficiency anemia(AU)

An unusual case of generalized soft-tissue mineralization in a suckling foal.

An atypical case of severe soft-tissue mineralization in a 3-week-old foal from a herd of Andalusian horses is described. The herd clinical history and the laboratory findings were compatible with a diagnosis of secondary hyperparathyroidism due to a mineral imbalance in the diet (low calcium and high phosphorus intake). Mares showed a marked increase in serum parathyroid hormone (PTH) approximately 10 times normal levels. Serum PTH was marginally elevated in foals. Clinical signs (unthriftiness, painful joints, lameness in one or more limbs, and stiff gait) were more pronounced in foals than in mares. Two foals died and necropsy of one of them revealed extensive soft-tissue mineralization of arterial walls and pulmonary parenchyma. Clinical signs in mares and foals resolved by 4 weeks after diet adjustment.

Hypophosphatemia. Causes and clinical consequences.

Severe hypophosphatemia (i.e., serum phosphorus concentration below 1 mg/dl) occurs infrequently in veterinary patients. It is most often associated with diabetic ketoacidosis in small animals. Phosphate is necessary for the production of 2,3 diphosphoglycerate (2,3-DPG) and adenosine triphosphate (ATP); both are important for normal cellular metabolism. Consequences of severe hypophosphatemia may include hemolytic anemia, seizures, altered mentation, cardiomyopathy, and skeletal muscle weakness. Parenteral phosphate therapy is necessary in most cases of severe hypophosphatemia.

Aplicacao de Calcarea phosphorica na osteodistrofia fibrosa em frangos de corte / Calcarea phosphorica utilization in fibrous osteodystrophy in young chicken

Pintinhos de um dia da linhagem Cobb foram distribuidosem 6 grupos experimentais com 4 repeticoes, sendo 2 de cada sexo. Cada grupo recebeu Arsenicum album 30 CH, nosodio P.B.S. 30 CH, Calcarea phosphorica 30 CH, Arsenicum album + nosodio P.B.S. 30 CH e Colibacillinum C200, respectivamente e o ultimo grupo foi o controle que recebeu agua. Estes animais foram tratados com racao de milho e farelo, "ad libidum" e receberam os tratamentos na agua de beber. No decorrer da experimentacao, as aves apresentaram a sindrome da oeteodistrofia fibrosa por baixa disponibilidade de calcio e fosforo, na racao. Porem, as aves tratadas com Calcarea phosphorica 30 CH tiveram o seu peso dentro do normal, nao apresentando sintomas caracteristicos da deficiencia de fosforo. Por outro lado, os outros grupos nao foram beneficiados pelos tratamentos recebidos apresentando deficiencia no dsenvolvimento e ganho do peso

Aplicacao de Calcarea phosphorica na osteodistrofia fibrosa em frangos de corte / Calcarea phosphorica utilization in fibrous osteodystrophy in young chicken

Pintinhos de um dia da linhagem Cobb foram distribuidosem 6 grupos experimentais com 4 repeticoes, sendo 2 de cada sexo. Cada grupo recebeu Arsenicum album 30 CH, nosodio P.B.S. 30 CH, Calcarea phosphorica 30 CH, Arsenicum album + nosodio P.B.S. 30 CH e Colibacillinum C200, respectivamente e o ultimo grupo foi o controle que recebeu agua. Estes animais foram tratados com racao de milho e farelo, "ad libidum" e receberam os tratamentos na agua de beber. No decorrer da experimentacao, as aves apresentaram a sindrome da oeteodistrofia fibrosa por baixa disponibilidade de calcio e fosforo, na racao. Porem, as aves tratadas com Calcarea phosphorica 30 CH tiveram o seu peso dentro do normal, nao apresentando sintomas caracteristicos da deficiencia de fosforo. Por outro lado, os outros grupos nao foram beneficiados pelos tratamentos recebidos apresentando deficiencia no dsenvolvimento e ganho do peso

[Influence of x-ray irradiation on phosphorus metabolism in rabbits]. / Wplyw promieniowania rentgenowskiego na gospodarke fosforanowa u królików.

Twenty four rabbits were used in the experiment. The animals were divided into four groups, 6 animals in each. The rabbits were irradiated with a total dose of 910 R. The activity of alkaline phosphatase and the level of inorganic phosphorus were measured on the 5th, 10th and 15th day after irradiation in erythrocytes, plasma, duodenum, muscles and liver. There was found a decrease of phosphatase activity in the plasma, liver and duodenum, and an increase in the muscles and erythrocytes. The level of inorganic phosphorus increased in the duodenum, liver and plasma, and decreased in the muscles and erythrocytes. In the latter two, the increase of the phosphatase activity was accompanied by a decrease of the phosphorus level; on the contrary, the decrease of the enzyme activity in the liver and duodenum was accompanied by an increase of the phosphorus level. During the whole experimental period, the phosphatase activity was higher by about 40% than in the control group.