Tracheomediastinal fistula induced by concurrent chemoradiotherapy in small cell lung cancer: A case report and literature review.

Tracheomediastinal fistula is a rare but life-threatening complication of cancer. We report a case of tracheomediastinal fistula induced by concurrent chemoradiotherapy in limited stage small cell lung cancer. Despite the treatment response, the metastatic paratracheal lymph node increased gradually during concurrent chemoradiotherapy, resulting in the occurrence of tracheomediastinal fistula and mediastinitis. Without any surgical intervention, the patient achieved successful recovery from mediastinitis through antibiotic treatment, although the tracheomediastinal fistula remained open. In this report, we also review previous studies of tracheomediastinal and bronchomediastinal fistulas and summarize the clinical features.

Sarcoidosis or sarcoid-like reaction with mediastinal lymphadenopathy in patients after breast cancer surgery.

BACKGROUND: Patients with breast cancer present with lymphadenopathy involving non-caseating epithelioid cell granulomas in the mediastinum or axilla, referred to as sarcoidosis or sarcoid-like reactions (SLRs). However, sarcoidosis/SLRs prevalence and clinical presentation remain unclear. This study aimed to determine the frequency and clinical presentation of sarcoidosis/SLRs among postoperative patients with breast cancer. METHODS: Among all patients who underwent surgery for early-stage breast cancer at St. Luke's International Hospital in Japan between 2010 and 2021, those who subsequently developed enlarged mediastinal lymph nodes and underwent bronchoscopy for suspected breast cancer recurrence were included. Patients were classified into sarcoidosis/SLR or metastatic breast cancer groups, and the clinical characteristics were compared. RESULTS: A total of 9,559 patients underwent breast cancer surgery; bronchoscopy was performed to diagnose enlarged mediastinal lymph nodes in 29 cases. Breast cancer recurrence was observed in 20 patients. Eight women with a median age of 49 years (range 38-75) and a median time from surgery to diagnosis of 4.0 years (range 0.2-10.8) were diagnosed with sarcoidosis/SLRs. Four of the eight patients underwent mammoplasty with silicone breast implants (SBIs), and two experienced postoperative recurrences of breast cancer before or after lymphadenopathy, which was considered inciting factors for SLRs. The remaining two cases could have developed sarcoidosis after breast cancer surgery with no underlying causes for SLR. CONCLUSIONS: Postoperative sarcoidosis/SLRs rarely occur in patients with breast cancer. An adjuvant action of SBI likely contributed to the progression of SLRs; few cases exhibited a causal relationship with breast cancer recurrence.

Profile and outcomes of patients with mediastinal hematoma after cardiac catheterization: A retrospective analysis.

OBJECTIVE: To provide a comprehensive introduction of mediastinal hematoma. BACKGROUND: Mediastinal hematoma is a rare complication that is usually not considered in the differential diagnosis of chest pain after cardiac catheterization. METHODS: From January 1, 2006, to December 31, 2013, at Fuwai Hospital, 126,265 patients underwent coronary angiography (CAG); 121,215 of them underwent CAG via the radial artery. Ultimately, 10 patients with mediastinal hematoma due to cardiac catheterization were included. Patients' clinical characteristics, diagnosis, treatment, and prognosis were retrospectively analyzed. RESULTS: The incidences of mediastinal hematoma in cardiac catheterization and transradial cardiac catheterization were 0.79‱ and 0.74‱, respectively. A super slide hydrophilic guidewire was used in all 10 patients with mediastinal hematoma. These patients felt chest pain and dyspnea during/after the procedure, and computed tomography (CT) was used to diagnose mediastinal hematoma. Among them, two patients had a neck hematoma. The post-procedural hemoglobin level decreased substantially in all patients. Antiplatelet therapy was discontinued for 8-20 days in three patients without stents implanted, and then only oral aspirin was prescribed. Aspirin was transiently discontinued for 2 days in one patient undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention. The others continued taking dual antiplatelet drugs. Two patients received blood transfusion. There was no case of stent thrombosis, and surgery was not indicated for any patient. No complication was observed after discharge during the 9.0 ± 2.5-year follow-up. CONCLUSION: CT should be performed as early as possible in patients with suspected mediastinal hematoma. The prognosis of mediastinal hematoma is usually good with early diagnosis and suitable therapy.

Thoracic Radiotherapy for Renal Cell Carcinoma Metastases: Local Control for the Management of Lung and Mediastinal Disease in the Modern Era.

INTRODUCTION/BACKGROUND: Radiotherapy (RT) is an alternative local therapy to metastasectomy in the treatment of thoracic metastases from renal cell carcinoma (RCC), including the management of life-threatening disease. PATIENTS AND METHODS: We reviewed patients with lung and mediastinal RCC metastases treated with RT at our institution. Overall survival (OS) and metastasis control (MC) was measured from the start of RT using the Kaplan-Meier (KM) method. RESULTS: Seventy-one patients were treated with RT for 89 lung (n = 58) or mediastinal (n = 31) metastases. Of 89 treated lesions, 11 (12%) had local tumor recurrence, at a median of 1.6 years (range 0.4-2.9). MC at 1, 3, and 5-years was 96.6%, 83.5%, and 67.9%, respectively. For the 58-lung metastasis-directed RT courses, MC rates at 1, 3, and 5-years were 95.0%, 84.5%, and 84.5%, respectively (median MC not reached). For the 31-mediastinum metastasis-directed RT courses, MC rates at 1, 3, and 5-years were 100%, 43.4%, and 43.4%, respectively (median MC 2.9 years). MC was significantly improved for lung lesions compared to mediastinal lesions (P = .046). OS for the entire cohort at 1, 3, and 5 years was 65.2%, 48.5%, and 38.0%. There was no difference in OS based on metastatic sites in the 71 patients. Nineteen patients received RT to 19 lesions with the intention of preventing an event such as airway compromise or vascular invasion. One and two-year MC for these 19 lesions were 88.9% and 71.1%, respectively (median local control 2.4 years). OS in these 19 patients at 1, 2, and 5 years were 62.1%, 48.3%, and 32.2% respectively, with median survival 1.2 years. No patients developed grade 4 or 5 acute or late toxicities. CONCLUSION: Radiation therapy can safely achieve high metastasis control rates for lung and mediastinal metastases from RCC, including lesions at high risk for causing a life-threatening event.

Cyanoacrylate injection treatment for postoperative leakage of Boerhaave's syndrome: A case report.

RATIONALE: Surgical treatment remains the most effective option for treating Boerhaave's syndrome. However, in cases of postoperative anastomotic leakage of Boerhaave's syndrome, endoscopic interventions such as over-the-scope clip, stenting, or cyanoacrylate injection have emerged over reoperation. PATIENT CONCERNS: We report the case of a 50-year-old male patient who presented with vomiting and abdominal pain after alcohol consumption. Laparoscopic surgery was performed for primary closure of a laceration at the lower esophagus, and for the closure of a Boerhaave's syndrome, which was detected by abdominal computed tomography. However, postoperative anastomotic leakage was confirmed through esophagography after the operation. In our case, endoscopic treatment with an over-the-scope clip and stenting were not effective for the repair of the anastomotic leakage, but cyanoacrylate injection successfully healed the anastomotic leakage. DIAGNOSES: Boerhaave's syndrome was initially detected by abdominal computed tomography, but postoperative anastomotic leakage after the operation was confirmed with esophagography. INTERVENTIONS: A total of 2.0 cc of N-butyl-2-cyanoacrylate and lipiodol mixture (at 1:1) was injected into the leakage tract through the perforation entrance. OUTCOMES: Complete healing of the anastomotic leakage was confirmed with a follow-up esophagoscopy. LESSONS: N-butyl-2-cyanocrylate injection treatment can be used as a rescue option for postoperative leakage when over-the-scope clips and stenting fail for this indication.

High-titer rheumatoid factor seropositivity predicts mediastinal lymphadenopathy and mortality in rheumatoid arthritis-related interstitial lung disease.

Rheumatoid arthritis-related interstitial lung disease (RA-ILD) is a common connective tissue disease-related ILD (CTD-ILD) associated with high morbidity and mortality. Although rheumatoid factor (RF) seropositivity is a risk factor for developing RA-ILD, the relationship between RF seropositivity, mediastinal lymph node (MLN) features, and disease progression is unknown. We aimed to determine if high-titer RF seropositivity predicted MLN features, lung function impairment, and mortality in RA-ILD. In this retrospective cohort study, we identified patients in the University of Chicago ILD registry with RA-ILD. We compared demographic characteristics, serologic data, MLN size, count and location, and pulmonary function over 36 months among patients who had high-titer RF seropositivity (≥ 60 IU/ml) and those who did not. Survival analysis was performed using Cox regression modeling. Amongst 294 patients with CTD-ILD, available chest computed tomography (CT) imaging and serologic data, we identified 70 patients with RA-ILD. Compared to RA-ILD patients with low-titer RF, RA-ILD patients with high-titer RF had lower baseline forced vital capacity (71% vs. 63%; P = 0.045), elevated anti-cyclic citrullinated peptide titer (122 vs. 201; P = 0.001), CT honeycombing (50% vs. 80%; P = 0.008), and higher number of MLN ≥ 10 mm (36% vs. 76%; P = 0.005). Lung function decline over 36 months did not differ between groups. Primary outcomes of death or lung transplant occurred more frequently in the high-titer RF group (HR 2.8; 95% CI 1.1-6.8; P = 0.028). High-titer RF seropositivity was associated with MLN enlargement, CT honeycombing, and decreased transplant-free survival. RF titer may be a useful prognostic marker for stratifying patients by pulmonary disease activity and mortality risk.

Esophago-Pericardial Fistulae as a Sequela of Boerhaave Syndrome and Esophageal Stenting: A Case Report and Review of Literature.

Esophago-pericardial fistulae is a rare and dreaded entity. Most reported cases in the literature were described in association with advanced upper gastrointestinal malignancies, prior surgical procedures, and radiofrequency atrial fibrillation ablation. It has been rarely reported in association with benign esophageal conditions. Surgery had been the mainstay of treatment, but there are increasingly reported cases treated successfully with esophageal stenting and pericardial drainage. In this article, we report a novel case of an esophago-pericardial fistulae occurring as a sequela of esophageal stent placed for the management of Boerhaave syndrome.

Boerhaave's syndrome after pentazocine-induced vomiting in a 21-year-old male with asthma: a case report.

Boerhaave's syndrome is an uncommon syndrome characterized by spontaneous rupture of the oesophagus with a high mortality rate. While excessive alcohol intake and binge-eating are the classic precipitants of this syndrome, medication-induced vomiting causing Booerhave's is quite uncommon. Traditionally managed operatively, conservative management is being increasingly reported in selected cases. We report the case of 21-year-old male with who developed sudden onset chest pain and dyspnoea after pentazocine induced vomiting. He was referred after lack of response to initial treatment for acute severe asthma. A chest CT scan showed pneumomediastinum, subcutaneous emphysema and oesophageal tear. He was managed conservatively with oxygen therapy, nil per mouth and antibiotics with improvement of symptoms and discharge after 8 days.

Spontaneous esophageal rupture following perforated peptic ulcer: a report of two cases.

BACKGROUND: Spontaneous esophageal rupture, also called Boerhaave's syndrome, is relatively uncommon but may result in high morbidity and mortality. Synchronous presentation of spontaneous esophageal rupture and perforated peptic ulcer was rare and may contribute to the difficulty of achieving a correct diagnosis. CASE PRESENTATION: We reported two patients with spontaneous esophageal rupture following perforated peptic ulcer. Both patients were successfully treated with thoracoscopic primary repair of esophageal rupture. The first patient underwent peptic ulcer repair via laparotomy. The second patient underwent laparoscopic duodenorrhaphy. Both patients resumed oral intake smoothly and were discharged uneventfully. CONCLUSION: Minimally invasive approaches are safe and feasible for both esophageal rupture and perforated peptic ulcer in patients diagnosed within 24 h and without shock.

Seudoaneurisma de arteria bronquial y hematoma mediastínico tras EBUS-TBNA / Bronchial Artery Pseudoaneurysm and Mediastinal Hematoma after EBUS-TBNA

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Nocardia beijingensis lung mass in an immunocompetent adult.

A 47-year-old man was referred for ongoing workup of an enlarging lung mass. Extensive workup of the mass had been unrevealing for several months until cultures grew Nocardia beijingensis He was successfully treated with trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole and then doxycycline with near-complete resolution of the mass on follow-up. This case presents a rare species of N. beijingensis It highlights the importance of considering nocardiosis in immunocompetent adults and the challenge in initiating targeted treatment due to delayed culture results.