Downregulation of Mirlet7 miRNA family promotes Tc17 differentiation and emphysema via de-repression of RORγt.

Environmental air irritants including nanosized carbon black (nCB) can drive systemic inflammation, promoting chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and emphysema development. The let-7 microRNA (Mirlet7 miRNA) family is associated with IL-17-driven T cell inflammation, a canonical signature of lung inflammation. Recent evidence suggests the Mirlet7 family is downregulated in patients with COPD, however, whether this repression conveys a functional consequence on emphysema pathology has not been elucidated. Here, we show that overall expression of the Mirlet7 clusters, Mirlet7b/Mirlet7c2 and Mirlet7a1/Mirlet7f1/Mirlet7d, are reduced in the lungs and T cells of smokers with emphysema as well as in mice with cigarette smoke (CS)- or nCB-elicited emphysema. We demonstrate that loss of the Mirlet7b/Mirlet7c2 cluster in T cells predisposed mice to exaggerated CS- or nCB-elicited emphysema. Furthermore, ablation of the Mirlet7b/Mirlet7c2 cluster enhanced CD8+IL17a+ T cells (Tc17) formation in emphysema development in mice. Additionally, transgenic mice overexpressing Mirlet7g in T cells are resistant to Tc17 and CD4+IL17a+ T cells (Th17) development when exposed to nCB. Mechanistically, our findings reveal the master regulator of Tc17/Th17 differentiation, RAR-related orphan receptor gamma t (RORγt), as a direct target of Mirlet7 in T cells. Overall, our findings shed light on the Mirlet7/RORγt axis with Mirlet7 acting as a molecular brake in the generation of Tc17 cells and suggest a novel therapeutic approach for tempering the augmented IL-17-mediated response in emphysema.

Protective effect of liver X receptor on cigarette smoke and lipopolysaccharide induced airway inflammation and emphysema in mice.

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study is to assess the impact of Liver X receptors (LXRs) on airway inflammation, airway remodeling, and lipid deposition induced by cigarette smoke and lipopolysaccharide (LPS) exposure in the lung. METHODS: Wild mice and LXR-deficient mice were exposed to cigarette smoke and LPS to induce airway inflammation and remodeling. In addition, some wild mice received intraperitoneal treatment with the LXR agonist GW3965 before exposure to cigarette smoke and LPS. Lung tissue and bronchoalveolar lavage fluid were collected to evaluate airway inflammation, airway remodeling and lipid deposition. RESULTS: Exposure to cigarette smoke and LPS resulted in airway inflammation, emphysema and lipid accumulation in wild mice. These mice also exhibited downregulated LXRα and ABCA1 in the lung. Treatment with GW3965 mitigated inflammation, remodeling and lipid deposition, while the deletion of LXRs exacerbated these effects. Furthermore, GW3965 treatment following exposure to cigarette smoke and LPS increased LXRα and ABCA1 expression and attenuated MyD88 expression in wild mice. CONCLUSION: LXRs demonstrate the potential to mitigate cigarette smoke and LPS- induced airway inflammation, emphysema and lipid disposition in mice.

[Pulmonary lipofibroblasts in adults and alveolar regeneration in emphysema]. / Lipofibroblastes pulmonaires chez l'adulte et régénération alvéolaire au cours de l'emphysème.

Lipofibroblasts form a sub-population of fibroblasts located in the mesenchymal alveolar stem cell niche. They show close proximity with alveolar epithelial type 2 cells and play a key role in alveolar development and lung homeostasis. Their role in various diseases such as acute respiratory distress syndrome, pulmonary fibrosis and emphysema is progressively better understood. Through the activation of signaling pathways such as PPARg lipofibroblasts may help to induce endogenous alveolar regeneration.

Downregulated BMP-Smad1/5/8 signaling causes emphysema via dysfunction of alveolar type II epithelial cells.

Bone morphogenetic protein (BMP)-Smad1/5/8 signaling plays a crucial regulatory role in lung development and adult lung homeostasis. However, it remains elusive whether BMP-Smad1/5/8 signaling is involved in the pathogenesis of emphysema. In this study, we downregulated BMP-Smad1/5/8 signaling by overexpressing its antagonist Noggin in adult mouse alveolar type II epithelial cells (AT2s), resulting in an emphysematous phenotype mimicking the typical pathological features of human emphysema, including distal airspace enlargement, pulmonary inflammation, extracellular matrix remodeling, and impaired lung function. Dysregulation of BMP-Smad1/5/8 signaling in AT2s leads to inflammatory destruction dominated by macrophage infiltration, associated with reduced secretion of surfactant proteins and inhibition of AT2 proliferation and differentiation. Reactivation of BMP-Smad1/5/8 signaling by genetics or chemotherapy significantly attenuated the morphology and pathophysiology of emphysema and improved the lung function in Noggin-overexpressing lungs. We also found that BMP-Smad1/5/8 signaling was downregulated in cigarette smoke-induced emphysema, and that enhancing its activity in AT2s prevented or even reversed emphysema in the mouse model. Our data suggest that BMP-Smad1/5/8 signaling, located at the top of the signaling cascade that regulates lung homeostasis, represents a key molecular regulator of alveolar stem cell secretory and regenerative function, and could serve as a potential target for future prevention and treatment of pulmonary emphysema. © 2023 The Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland.

Benidipine calcium channel blocker promotes the death of cigarette smoke-induced senescent cells and improves lung emphysema.

Smoking is the main risk factor for many lung diseases including chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Cigarette smoke (CS) contains carcinogenic and reactive oxygen species that favor DNA mutations and perturb the homeostasis and environment of cells. CS induces lung cell senescence resulting in a stable proliferation arrest and a senescence-associated secretory phenotype. It was recently reported that senescent cell accumulation promotes several lung diseases. In this study, we performed a chemical screen, using an FDA-approved drug library, to identify compounds selectively promoting the death of CS-induced senescent lung cells. Aside from the well-known senolytic, ABT-263, we identified other potentially new senescence-eliminating compounds, including a new class of molecules, the dihydropyridine family of calcium voltage-gated channel (CaV) blockers. Among these blockers, Benidipine, decreased senescent lung cells and ameliorates lung emphysema in a mouse model. The dihydropyridine family of CaV blockers thus constitutes a new class of senolytics that could improve lung diseases. Hence, our work paves the way for further studies on the senolytic activity of CaV blockers in different senescence contexts and age-related diseases.

Citrus peel extract protects against diesel exhaust particle-induced chronic obstructive pulmonary disease-like lung lesions and oxidative stress.

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is the third leading cause of death worldwide and characterized by emphysema, small airway remodeling and mucus hypersecretion. Citrus peels have been widely used as food spices and in traditional Chinese medicine for chronic lung disease. Given that citrus peels are known for containing antioxidants and anti-inflammatory compounds, we hypothesize that citrus peel intake can suppress oxidative stress and inflammatory response to air pollution exposure, thereby alleviating COPD-like pathologies. This study aimed to investigate the efficacy of citrus peel extract, namely Guang Chenpi (GC), in preventing the development of COPD induced by diesel exhaust particles (DEPs) and its potential mechanism. DEP-induced COPD-like lung pathologies, inflammatory responses and oxidative stress with or without GC treatment were examined in vivo and in vitro. Our in vivo study showed that GC was effective in decreasing inflammatory cell counts and inflammatory mediator (IL-17A and TNF-α) concentrations in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF). Pretreatment with GC extract also significantly decreased oxidative stress in the serum and lung tissue of DEP-induced COPD rats. Furthermore, GC pretreatment effectively reduced goblet cell hyperplasia (PAS positive cells) and fibrosis of the small airways, decreased macrophage infiltration as well as carbon loading in the peripheral lungs, and facilitated the resolution of emphysema and small airway remodeling in DEP-induced COPD rats. An in vitro free radical scavenging assay revealed robust antioxidant potential of GC in scavenging DPPH free radicals. Moreover, GC demonstrated potent capacities in reducing ROS production and enhancing SOD activity in BEAS-2B cells stimulated by DEPs. GC treatment significantly attenuated the increased level of IL-8 and MUC5AC from DEP-treated BEAS-2B cells. Mechanistically, GC treatment upregulated the protein level of Nrf-2 and could function via MAPK/NF-κB signaling pathways by suppressing the phosphorylation of p38, JNK and p65. Citrus peel extract is effective in decreasing oxidative stress and inflammatory responses of the peripheral lungs to DEP exposure. These protective effects further contributed to the resolution of COPD-like pathologies.

Evaluating Novel Protein Phosphatase 2A Activators as Therapeutics for Emphysema.

The activity of PP2A (protein phosphatase 2A), a serine-threonine phosphatase, is reduced by chronic cigarette smoke (SM) exposure and α-1 antitrypsin (AAT) deficiency, and chemical activation of PP2A reduces the loss of lung function in SM-exposed mice. However, the previously studied PP2A-activator tricyclic sulfonamide compound DBK-1154 has low stability to oxidative metabolism, resulting in fast clearance and low systemic exposure. Here we compare the utility of a new more stable PP2A activator, ATUX-792, versus DBK-1154 for the treatment of SM-induced emphysema. ATUX-792 was also tested in human bronchial epithelial cells and a mouse model of AAT deficiency, Serpina1a-e-knockout mice. Human bronchial epithelial cells were treated with ATUX-792 or DBK-1154, and cell viability, PP2A activity, and MAP (mitogen-activated protein) kinase phosphorylation status were examined. Wild-type mice received vehicle, DBK-1154, or ATUX-792 orally in the last 2 months of 4 months of SM exposure, and 8-month-old Serpina1a-e-knockout mice received ATUX-792 daily for 4 months. Forced oscillation and expiratory measurements and histology analysis were performed. Treatment with ATUX-792 or DBK-1154 resulted in PP2A activation, reduced MAP kinase phosphorylation, immune cell infiltration, reduced airspace enlargements, and preserved lung function. Using protein arrays and multiplex assays, PP2A activation was observed to reduce AAT-deficient and SM-induced release of CXCL5, CCL17, and CXCL16 into the airways, which coincided with reduced neutrophil lung infiltration. Our study indicates that suppression of the PP2A activity in two models of emphysema could be restored by next-generation PP2A activators to impact lung function.

Characterization of a spontaneous mouse model of mild, accelerated aging via ECM degradation in emphysematous lungs.

Emphysema limits airflow and causes irreversible progression of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Strain differences must be considered when selecting mouse models of COPD, owing to disease complexity. We previously reported that a novel C57BL/6JJcl substrain, the Mayumi-Emphysema (ME) mouse, exhibits spontaneous emphysema; however, the other characteristics remain unknown. We aimed to characterize the lungs of ME mice and determine their experimental availability as a model. ME mice had a lower body weight than the control C57BL/6JJcl mice, with a median survival time of ~80 weeks. ME mice developed diffused emphysema with respiratory dysfunction from 8 to 26 weeks of age, but did not develop bronchial wall thickening. Proteomic analyses revealed five extracellular matrix-related clusters in downregulated lung proteins in ME mice. Moreover, EFEMP2/fibulin-4, an essential extracellular matrix protein, was the most downregulated protein in the lungs of ME mice. Murine and human EFEMP2 were detected in the pulmonary artery. Furthermore, patients with mild COPD showed decreased EFEMP2 levels in the pulmonary artery when compared to those without COPD. The ME mouse is a model of mild, accelerated aging with low-inflammatory emphysema and respiratory dysfunction that progresses with age and pulmonary EFEMP2 decrease, similar to that observed in patients with mild COPD.

Strain-dependent lung transcriptomic differences in cigarette smoke and LPS models of lung injury in mice.

Cigarette smoking increases the risk of acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS; Calfee CS, Matthay MA, Eisner MD, Benowitz N, Call M, Pittet J-F, Cohen MJ. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 183: 1660-1665, 2011; Calfee CS, Matthay MA, Kangelaris KN, Siew ED, Janz DR, Bernard GR, May AK, Jacob P, Havel C, Benowitz NL, Ware LB. Crit Care Med 43: 1790-1797, 2015; Toy P, Gajic O, Bacchetti P, Looney MR, Gropper MA, Hubmayr R, Lowell CA, Norris PJ, Murphy EL, Weiskopf RB, Wilson G, Koenigsberg M, Lee D, Schuller R, Wu P, Grimes B, Gandhi MJ, Winters JL, Mair D, Hirschler N, Sanchez Rosen R, Matthay MA, TRALI Study Group. Blood 119: 1757-1767, 2012) and causes emphysema. However, it is not known why some individuals develop disease, whereas others do not. We found that smoke-exposed AKR mice were more susceptible to lipopolysaccharides (LPS)-induced acute lung injury (ALI) than C57BL/6 mice (Sakhatskyy P, Wang Z, Borgas D, Lomas-Neira J, Chen Y, Ayala A, Rounds S, Lu Q. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 312: L56-L67, 2017); thus, we investigated strain-dependent lung transcriptomic responses to cigarette smoke (CS). Eight-week-old male AKR and C57BL/6 mice were exposed to 3 wk of room air (RA) or cigarette smoke (CS) for 6 h/day, 4 days/wk, followed by intratracheal instillation of LPS or normal saline (NS) and microarray analysis of lung homogenate gene expression. Other groups of AKR and C57 mice were exposed to RA or CS for 6 wk, followed by evaluation of static lung compliance and tissue elastance, morphometric evaluation for emphysema, or microarray analysis of lung gene expression. Transcriptomic analyses of lung homogenates show distinct strain-dependent lung transcriptional responses to CS and LPS, with AKR mice having larger numbers of genes affected than similarly treated C57 mice, congruent with strain differences in physiologic and inflammatory parameters previously observed in LPS-induced ALI after CS priming. These results suggest that genetic differences may underlie differing susceptibility of smokers to ARDS and emphysema. Strain-based differences in gene transcription contribute to CS and LPS-induced lung injury. There may be a genetic basis for smoking-related lung injury. Clinicians should consider cigarette smoke exposure as a risk factor for ALI and ARDS.NEW & NOTEWORTHY We demonstrate that transcriptomes expressed in lung homogenates also differ between the mouse strains and after acute (3 wk) exposure of animals to cigarette smoke (CS) and/or to lipopolysaccharide. Mouse strains also differed in physiologic, pathologic, and transcriptomic, responses to more prolonged (6 wk) exposure to CS. These data support a genetic basis for enhanced susceptibility to acute and chronic lung injury among humans who smoke cigarettes.

Salidroside ameliorated the pulmonary inflammation induced by cigarette smoke via mitigating M1 macrophage polarization by JNK/c-Jun.

Pulmonary inflammation induced by cigarette smoke (CS) promoted the development of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), and macrophage polarization caused by CS modulated inflammatory response. Previous studies indicated that salidroside exerted therapeutic effects in COPD, but the anti-inflammatory mechanisms were not clear. This study aimed to explore the effects and mechanisms of salidroside on macrophage polarization induced by CS. Wistar rats received passively CS exposure and were treated intraperitoneally with salidroside at a low, medium or high dose. Lung tissues were stained with hematoxylin-eosin. Emphysema and inflammatory scores were evaluated by histomorphology. Lung function, cytokines, and cell differential counts in BALF were detected. The macrophage polarization was determined by immunohistochemistry in lung tissues. Alveolar macrophages (AMs) were isolated and treated with cigarette smoke extract (CSE), salidroside or inhibitors of relative pathways. The polarization status was determined by qPCR, and the protein level was detected by Western blotting. CS exposure induced emphysema and lung function deterioration. The inflammatory scores, cytokines level and neutrophils counts were elevated after CS exposure. Salidroside treatment partly ameliorated above abnormal. CS exposure activated M1 and M2 polarization of AMs in vivo and in vitro, and salidroside mitigated M1 polarization induced by CS. CSE activated the JNK/c-Jun in AMs and the M1 polarization of AMs was inhibited by the inhibitors of JNK and AP-1. Salidroside treatment deactivated the JNK/c-Jun, which indicated that salidroside mitigated the M1 polarization of AMs induced by CS via inhibiting JNK/c-Jun. Salidroside treatment ameliorated the pulmonary inflammation and M1 polarization of AMs induced by CS, and the process might be mediated by the deactivation of JNK/c-Jun.

Dual Impact of IGF2 on Alveolar Stem Cell Function during Tobacco-Induced Injury Repair and Development of Pulmonary Emphysema and Cancer.

Pulmonary emphysema is a destructive inflammatory disease primarily caused by cigarette smoking (CS). Recovery from CS-induced injury requires proper stem cell (SC) activities with a tightly controlled balance of proliferation and differentiation. Here we show that acute alveolar injury induced by two representative tobacco carcinogens, 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone and benzo[a]pyrene (N/B), increased IGF2 expression in alveolar type 2 (AT2) cells to promote their SC function and facilitate alveolar regeneration. Autocrine IGF2 signaling upregulated Wnt genes, particularly Wnt3, to stimulate AT2 proliferation and alveolar barrier regeneration after N/B-induced acute injury. In contrast, repetitive N/B exposure provoked sustained IGF2-Wnt signaling through DNMT3A-mediated epigenetic control of IGF2 expression, causing a proliferation/differentiation imbalance in AT2s and development of emphysema and cancer. Hypermethylation of the IGF2 promoter and overexpression of DNMT3A, IGF2, and the Wnt target gene AXIN2 were seen in the lungs of patients with CS-associated emphysema and cancer. Pharmacologic or genetic approaches targeting IGF2-Wnt signaling or DNMT prevented the development of N/B-induced pulmonary diseases. These findings support dual roles of AT2 cells, which can either stimulate alveolar repair or promote emphysema and cancer depending on IGF2 expression levels. SIGNIFICANCE: IGF2-Wnt signaling plays a key role in AT2-mediated alveolar repair after cigarette smoking-induced injury but also drives pathogenesis of pulmonary emphysema and cancer when hyperactivated.

Intratracheally injected human-induced pluripotent stem cell-derived pneumocytes and endothelial cells engraft in the distal lung and ameliorate emphysema in a rat model.

OBJECTIVES: Pulmonary emphysema is characterized by the destruction of alveolar units and reduced gas exchange capacity. In the present study, we aimed to deliver induced pluripotent stem cell-derived endothelial cells and pneumocytes to repair and regenerate distal lung tissue in an elastase-induced emphysema model. METHODS: We induced emphysema in athymic rats via intratracheal injection of elastase as previously reported. At 21 and 35 days after elastase treatment, we suspended 80 million induced pluripotent stem cell-derived endothelial cells and 20 million induced pluripotent stem cell-derived pneumocytes in hydrogel and injected the mixture intratracheally. On day 49 after elastase treatment, we performed imaging, functional analysis, and collected lungs for histology. RESULTS: Using immunofluorescence detection of human-specific human leukocyte antigen 1, human-specific CD31, and anti--green fluorescent protein for the reporter labeled pneumocytes, we found that transplanted cells engrafted in 14.69% ± 0.95% of the host alveoli and fully integrated to form vascularized alveoli together with host cells. Transmission electron microscopy confirmed the incorporation of the transplanted human cells and the formation of a blood-air barrier. Human endothelial cells formed perfused vasculature. Computed tomography scans revealed improved vascular density and decelerated emphysema progression in cell-treated lungs. Proliferation of both human and rat cell was higher in cell-treated versus nontreated controls. Cell treatment reduced alveolar enlargement, improved dynamic compliance and residual volume, and improved diffusion capacity. CONCLUSIONS: Our findings suggest that human induced pluripotent stem cell-derived distal lung cells can engraft in emphysematous lungs and participate in the formation of functional distal lung units to ameliorate the progression of emphysema.

[Alteration of pulmonary epithelial permeability by cathepsin S in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease]. / Altération de la perméabilité épithéliale pulmonaire par la cathepsine S au cours de la bronchopneumopathie chronique obstructive.

Smoking is accountable for most of the chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) cases. COPD, which is characterized by the development of chronic bronchitis, could be associated with emphysema. In active smokers, there is an overexpression of cathepsin S, a cysteine protease, which participates in the development of emphysema via its elastinolytic activity. Likewise, we demonstrated that cathepsin S could degrade one or more protein constituents of cell junctions. This deleterious proteolytic activity leads to an alteration of the integrity of the lung epithelial barrier, which in turn could aggravate chronic inflammation and promote the exacerbation phases associated with infections.

Endotyping COPD: hypoxia-inducible factor-2 as a molecular "switch" between the vascular and airway phenotypes?

COPD is a heterogeneous disease with multiple clinical phenotypes. COPD endotypes can be determined by different expressions of hypoxia-inducible factors (HIFs), which, in combination with individual susceptibility and environmental factors, may cause predominant airway or vascular changes in the lung. The pulmonary vascular phenotype is relatively rare among COPD patients and characterised by out-of-proportion pulmonary hypertension (PH) and low diffusing capacity of the lung for carbon monoxide, but only mild-to-moderate airway obstruction. Its histologic feature, severe remodelling of the small pulmonary arteries, can be mediated by HIF-2 overexpression in experimental PH models. HIF-2 is not only involved in the vascular remodelling but also in the parenchyma destruction. Endothelial cells from human emphysema lungs express reduced HIF-2α levels, and the deletion of pulmonary endothelial Hif-2α leads to emphysema in mice. This means that both upregulation and downregulation of HIF-2 have adverse effects and that HIF-2 may represent a molecular "switch" between the development of the vascular and airway phenotypes in COPD. The mechanisms of HIF-2 dysregulation in the lung are only partly understood. HIF-2 levels may be controlled by NAD(P)H oxidases via iron- and redox-dependent mechanisms. A better understanding of these mechanisms may lead to the development of new therapeutic targets.

FOXO3 Activation Prevents Cellular Senescence in Emphysema Induced by Cigarette Smoke.

Because cigarette smoke can induce COPD/emphysema through accelerating senescence with or without an incomplete repair system. However, the pathogenesis of COPD following lung senescence induced by CS is not fully understood. Airspace enlargement and airway epithelial cell senescence are common finding during the COPD development. We investigated the lung tress response to CS and demonstrated that a stress-responsive transcription factor, FOXO3, was regulated by deacetylase. SIRT1 inhibited FOXO3 acetylation and FOXO3 degradation, leading to FOXO3 accumulation and activation in airway epithelial cells. CS exposure activated SIRT1 contributed to FOXO3 activation and functioned to protect lungs, as deletion of SIRT1 decreased CS-induced FOXO3 activation and resulted in more severe airway epithelial cells senescence airspace enlargement. Strikingly, deletion of FOXO3 during the development of COPD aggravated lung structural and functional damage, leading to a much more profound COPD phenotype. We show that deletion of FOXO3 resulted in decreased autophagic response and increased senescence, which may explain lung protection by FOXO3. Our study indicates that in the COPD, stress-responsive transcription factors can be activated for adaptions to counteract senescence insults, thus attenuating COPD development.

HIV Increases the Risk of Cigarette Smoke-Induced Emphysema Through MMP-9.

BACKGROUND: HIV is associated with an increased risk for emphysema. Matrix metalloproteinase 9 (MMP-9) is a lung tissue remodeling enzyme associated with emphysema. We previously found MMP-9 activity increases with increases in oxidative stress and that HIV increases alveolar oxidative stress. We hypothesized that HIV proteins would increase the risk of cigarette smoke-induced emphysema due to MMP-9. METHODS: HIV-1 transgenic rats and wild-type littermates were exposed to cigarette smoke or sham for 8 weeks. Lung compliance and histology were assessed. Bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL), primary alveolar macrophages (AM), and serum samples were obtained. A rat alveolar macrophage cell line was exposed to the HIV protein Tat, and MMP-9 levels were assessed by Western immunoblotting. MMP-9 protein expression and activity were assessed in AM from the HIV rat model by ELISA and cytoimmunofluoresence, respectively. Serum from human subjects with and without HIV and tobacco dependence was assessed for MMP-9 levels. RESULTS: MMP-9 expression was significantly increased in rat alveolar macrophages after Tat exposure. HIV-1 transgenic rats developed emphysema while wild-type littermates did not. MMP-9 expression was also increased in the serum, BAL, and AM of HIV-1 transgenic rats after exposure to cigarette smoke compared with wild-type rats. In parallel, serum samples from HIV+ smokers had higher levels of MMP-9 than subjects without HIV and those who did not smoke. CONCLUSION: The combination of HIV and cigarette smoke increases MMP-9 expression in experimental rat HIV models and human subjects. HIV and cigarette smoke both induce alveolar oxidative stress and thereby increase MMP-9 activity.

PM2.5 promotes apoptosis of alveolar epithelial cells via targeting ROS/p38 signaling pathway and thus leads to emphysema in mice.

BACKGROUND: The aim of this study was to uncover the ability of PM2.5 exposure to induce apoptosis in alveolar epithelial cells by stimulating excessive production of reactive oxygen species (ROS), thus activating p38 to result in emphysema in mice. METHODS: Male BALB/c mice with 6-8-week-old were exposed to 200 TPM mg/L PM2.5 for 12 weeks. Lung tissues of mice were harvested after sacrifice. Hematoxylin and eosin staining was conducted for observing alveolar structure change. Protein levels of p-p38 and p38, as well as ROS level in mouse liver tissues were determined. A549 cells were exposed to different doses of PM2.5, followed by ROS detection, protein level detection of p-p38 and p38, and apoptosis determination. After transfection of si-p38, protein level of clv-caspase3 and apoptotic rate in PM2.5-exposed A549 cells were assessed. RESULTS: After 12-week exposure to PM2.5, enlarged alveolar space, elevated ROS level in lung tissues and activated p38 were observed in mice. In PM2.5-exposed A549 cells, ROS level, p-p38 expression and apoptotic rate were dose-dependently enhanced. The antioxidant NAC reversed the above changes in PM2.5-exposed A549 cells. Silence of p38 reversed the enhanced clv-claspase3 level and apoptotic rate in PM2.5-exposed A549 cells. CONCLUSIONS: PM2.5 exposure elevates ROS level in lung tissues, and activates p38, thus leading to apoptosis of alveolar epithelial cells. PM2.5 finally results in the development of emphysema in mice.

CircRNA_0026344 via miR-21 is involved in cigarette smoke-induced autophagy and apoptosis of alveolar epithelial cells in emphysema.

Cigarette smoke (CS), a main source of indoor air pollution, is a primary risk factor for emphysema, and aberrant cellular autophagy is related to the pathogenesis of emphysema. Circular RNAs (circRNAs) affect the expression of mRNAs via acting as microRNA (miRNA) sponges, but their role in emphysema progression is not established. In the present investigation, CS, acting on alveolar epithelial cells, caused higher levels of miR-21, p-ERK, and cleaved-caspase 3 and led to lower levels of circRNA_0026344 and PTEN, which induced autophagy and apoptosis. miR-21 suppressed the expression of PTEN, which was involved in the regulation of autophagy and apoptosis. Further, in alveolar epithelial cells, overexpression of circRNA_0026344 blocked cigarette smoke extract (CSE)-induced autophagy and apoptosis, but this blockage was reversed by upregulation of miR-21 with a mimic. These results demonstrated that, in alveolar epithelial cells, CS decreases circRNA_0026344 levels, which sponge miR-21 to inhibit the miR-21 target, PTEN, which, in turn, activates ERK and thereby promotes autophagy and apoptosis, leading to emphysema. Thus, for emphysema, circRNA_0026344 regulates the PTEN/ERK axis by sponging miR-21, which is associated with the CS-induced autophagy and apoptosis of alveolar epithelial cells. In sum, the present investigation identifies a novel mechanism for CS-induced emphysema and provides information useful for the diagnosis and treatment of CS-induced emphysema.

Aurintricarboxylic acid mitigates cigarette smoke extract induced oxidative stress and pulmonary inflammation via inhibition of NF-Ò¡B/p65 signaling.

Cigarette smoke (CS) induced emphysema and chronic pulmonary inflammation are major comorbidities of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), a major cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. CS exposure exacerbates pulmonary inflammation and compromises immunity to various infections. Aurintricarboxylic acid (ATA) is a polyanionic aromatic compound especially recognized for its anti-inflammatory, nucleic acid, and protein interaction inhibition properties. The study was designed to investigate the anti-inflammatory role of ATA against cigarette smoke extract (CSE) induced pulmonary inflammation. Nicotine concentration was quantified in CSE by UPLC/MS technique. In vitro, fluorescence microscopy, and flow cytometry was performed in CSE stimulated alveolar epithelial cells to determine the effect of ATA on oxidative stress-mediated cellular apoptosis. In vivo, pulmonary inflammation was induced in male Wistar rats via a modified non-invasive intratracheal instillation of cigarette smoke extract (100 µl/animal) twice a week for 8 weeks and post-treated with ATA (10 mg/kg) intraperitoneally for 15 days. Lung homogenates were assessed for MDA and GSH. Lung tissues were subjected to western blotting and histopathological analysis. As result, ATA reduced CSE-induced chromatin condensation, fragmentation, cellular apoptosis in alveolar epithelial cells, and apoptotic biomarkers expression including BAX and Caspase-3 in the lungs. ATA reduced inflammation by normalizing redox balance reflected by MDA/GSH levels. ATA obviated airspace enlargement, fiber deposition, and immune cell infiltration. Reduced inflammation was accompanied by inhibition of inflammatory biomarkers TNF-α, TNFR1, TWEAK, and NF-Ò¡B/p65 activation and nuclear translocation. ATA efficaciously diminished the oxidative stress and pulmonary inflammation associated with lung pathogenesis through TNF-α/TNFR1/NF-Ò¡B/p65 signaling pathway. HIGHLIGHTSATA treatment attenuates CSE-stimulated chromatin condensation, fragmentation, and cellular apoptosis in alveolar epithelial cells.ATA treatment inhibits CSE stimulated activation and nuclear translocation of NF-Ò¡B/p65.ATA treatment diminishes CSE-induced oxidant injury, apoptosis, and emphysema-like phenotypic changes in the lungs.ATA inhibits lung inflammation via suppression of the NF-Ò¡B/p65 signaling pathway.

Gr1+ myeloid-derived suppressor cells participate in the regulation of lung-gut axis during mouse emphysema model.

BACKGROUND: Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is often accompanied by intestinal symptoms. Myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) possess immunosuppressive ability in cancer, chronic inflammation, and infection. The aim of this study was to verify the distribution of MDSCs in emphysema mouse model and participation in lung-gut cross-talk. METHODS: Adult male C57BL/6 mice were exposed to cigarette smoke (CS) for 6 months or injected with porcine pancreas elastase to establish emphysema models. Flow cytometry and immunohistochemistry analysis revealed the distribution of MDSCs in tissues. The expression of inflammation and MDSCs-associated genes in the small intestine and colon were analyzed by real-time PCR. RESULTS: The small intestine and colon of CS-induced emphysematous mice displayed pathological changes, CD4+/CD8+ T cells imbalance, and increased neutrophils, monocytes, and macrophages infiltration. A significant expansion of MDSCs could be seen in CS-affected respiratory and gastrointestinal tract. Importantly, higher expression of MDSCs-related effector molecules inducible nitric oxide synthase (INOS), NADPH oxidase 2 (NOX2), and arginase 1 (ARG-1) suggested the immunosuppressive effect of migrated MDSCs (P<0.05). CONCLUSION: These data provide evidence for lung-gut axis in emphysema model and the participants of MDSCs.