[Epiphyseal fracture of the second metatarsal in adolescents: report of two cases]. / Fractura epifisaria del segundo metatarsiano en adolescentes: reporte de dos casos.

Epiphyseal fractures of the metatarsal head are a rare entity specially as an isolated injury and is rarely seen in patients with skeletal immaturity. Due lack of documentation for this type of fracture, the treatment of choice is uncertain. The purpose of the present study is to present two cases and treatment of epiphyseal fracture of the second metatarsal head, to our knowledge there are no publications for this injury.

Las fracturas epifisarias de la cabeza metatarsiana son una entidad poco frecuente, principalmente cuando se presentan de forma aislada y en raras ocasiones se ven en pacientes con inmadurez esquelética. Debido a la escasez de documentación para este tipo de fractura, el tratamiento de elección es incierto. El motivo del presente estudio es presentar dos casos de fractura epifisaria de la cabeza del segundo metatarsiano y su tratamiento, ya que para nuestro conocimiento no hay publicaciones al respecto.

Adolescent idiopathic scoliosis: is there a relationship between Risser staging and the proximal humerus ossification system?

PURPOSE: To evaluate whether there is a mismatch between Risser staging and the proximal humerus ossification system (PHOS); and to analyze the correlation in the skeletal maturity stages between the two humeral epiphyses. METHODS: Data from patients aged 10 to 18 years with adolescent idiopathic scoliosis (AIS) seen between 2018 to 2021 were analyzed. In an anteroposterior (AP) spine radiograph the ossification process was evaluated using the Risser classification method and bilateral PHOS (if both humeral epiphyses were visualized). A mismatch between methods was defined as a Risser 0-1 (relatively skeletally immature) with a PHOS 4-5 (skeletally mature), or a Risser 2-5 (relatively skeletally mature) with a PHOS 1-3 (skeletally immature). The McNemar test was used to calculate the significance of the mismatch. RESULTS: A mismatch between Risser and PHOS stages was observed in 28.5% of 105 patients, which was statistically significant (p < 0.001). Of the 49 patients with a Risser 0-1, 55.1% (n = 27) had a PHOS 4-5. None of the patients with a Risser 2-5 had a PHOS 1-3. In the 47 patients in whom both humeri were visualized, the absolute correlation between the left and right PHOS values was 95.7%. CONCLUSION: Of AIS patients who are relatively skeletally immature according to Risser staging, more than half may be skeletally mature when measured with PHOS. In patients with a Risser 0-1, it is recommended to measure skeletal maturity in an AP spine radiograph using the PHOS method, which may more accurately guide treatment decision-making, without the need to visualize both humeral epiphyses in this radiographic projection. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: IV.

Influence of growth plate morphology on bone trabecular groups, a framework computational approach.

The morphology of the growth plate undergoes various transformations during each stage of development, affecting its shape, width, density, and other characteristics. This significantly impacts the distribution of stress in the epiphysis of long bones. To the best of our knowledge, this study represents the first attempt to examine the relationship between growth plate morphology and trabecular bone patterns. Our analysis was conducted using a finite element model and we analyzed two medical cases: trabecular patterns in the femoral epiphysis and the calcaneus bone. Our findings revealed a correlation between the formation of main trabecular groups and growth plate morphology. We investigated how an increased density in high-shear stress zones, which are typically located at the periphery of the growth plate, may occur to prevent failure by shear. This is evident in cases such as slipped capital femoral epiphysis or sever's disease, different simulations align with the clinical data available in the literature from a qualitative and quantitative point of view. Our results suggest that further research should focus on understanding the impact of growth plate morphology on bone remodeling and exploring potential preventive measures for different bone disorders.

Influence of age and sex on bone development and athletic career longevity of Thoroughbred racehorses in Brazil - preliminary study / Influência do gênero e da idade no estágio de desenvolvimento ósseo e longevidade atlética de equinos da Raça Puro Sangue Inglês de corridas no Brasil - estudo preliminar

The impact of high-speed exercise on the musculoskeletal system of young racehorses has been extensively discussed because of concerns regarding animal health and welfare. This study investigated the correlation between age, degree of ossification of the distal radial epiphysis, sex, and career longevity of Thoroughbred racehorses in Brazil from 2012 to 2015. We performed a retrospective evaluation of 286 dorsopalmar radiographs of the left radiocarpal region of young horses and their racing performance. Distal radial epiphyseal closure was classified into three degrees: A, B, or C. Performance data included the number of races raced, athletic career length, and the number of races per month. The variables were subjected to regression analysis. At the time of radiographic examination, male horses were significantly older than females, and horses with epiphyseal closure degrees differed with age. Age at first race was 33.08±3.81 months, the average of races raced was 18.32±15.14 races, athletic career duration was 20.37±13.82 months, and the number of races raced per month was 0.93±0.46 races. Age influenced (P>0.001) the distal radial epiphyseal closure on racehorses, but sex did not (P=0.218 for males and P=0.275 for females). An inverse association was observed between age at the first race, the number of races raced per month, and athletic career duration. The frequency of race and the age at the first race influenced athletic career duration.

O impacto do exercício de alta velocidade no sistema musculoesquelético de cavalos de corrida jovens tem sido amplamente discutido devido a preocupações com a saúde e o bem-estar animal. Este estudo investigou a correlação entre idade, grau de ossificação da epífise radial distal, sexo e longevidade da carreira de cavalos Puro Sangue Inglês de corrida no Brasil de 2012 a 2015. Realizamos uma avaliação retrospectiva de 286 radiografias dorsopalmar da região radiocarpica esquerda de cavalos jovens e seu desempenho de corrida. O fechamento epifisário radial distal foi classificado em três graus decrescentes: A, B ou C. Os dados de desempenho incluíram o número de corridas disputadas, duração da carreira atlética e o número de corridas por mês. As variáveis foram submetidas à análise de regressão. No momento do exame radiográfico, os cavalos machos eram significativamente mais velhos que as fêmeas, e os cavalos com diferentes graus de fechamento epifisário diferiram com a idade. A idade na primeira corrida foi de 33,08±3,81 meses, a média de corridas disputadas foi de 18,32±15,14 corridas, a duração da carreira atlética foi de 20,37±13,82 meses e o número de corridas realizadas por mês foi de 0,93±0,46 corridas. A idade influenciou (P>0,001) o fechamento da epífise radial distal em cavalos de corrida, mas o sexo não (P=0,218 para machos e P=0,275 para fêmeas). Uma associação inversa foi observada entre a idade na primeira corrida, o número de corridas disputadas por mês e a duração da carreira atlética. A frequência de corrida e a idade na primeira corrida influenciaram a duração da carreira atlética.

Vosoritide para acondroplasia con epífisis abierta / Vosoritide for achondroplasia with epiphysis open

INTRODUCCIÓN: La acondroplasia es la causa más común de baja estatura desproporcionada. Es causada por una mutación patogénica en el gen del receptor 3 del factor de crecimiento de fibroblastos (FGFR3, siglas del inglés Fibroblast Growth Factor Receptor 3), que codifica un receptor transmembrana importante en la regulación del crecimiento lineal de los huesos largos. Esto resulta en una alteración de la osificación endocondral, provocando un crecimiento desproporcionado, donde el crecimiento del tronco no se ve tan gravemente afectado como el de las extremidades y el cráneo. En el 80% de los casos es producida por una mutación genética de novo, siendo de herencia autosómica dominante. Cuando ambos padres tienen acondroplasia, la probabilidad de que cada uno de sus futuros hijos pueda tener una estatura promedio es del 25%, tener acondroplasia es del 50% y finalmente tener acondroplasia homocigota (que suele ser letal) es del 25%. La acondroplasia afecta el crecimiento de casi todos los huesos del cuerpo, incluidos el cráneo, la columna vertebral, los brazos y las piernas, lo que da como resultado una estatura muy baja con una apariencia característica: acortamiento predominantemente proximal (humero, fémur) de los huesos largos de las extremidades (rizomelia); de los dedos de las manos secundario a huesos metacarpianos cortos (braquidactilia), cifosis (deformidad convexa de la unión torácica-lumbar), compresión cervicomedular (debido al estrechamiento en la parte superior de la columna secundario al estrechamiento del foramen magnum); macrocefalia y rasgos faciales caracterizado por prominencia frontal y retrusión del tercio medio facial. Las personas afectadas pueden sufrir alguna de las complicaciones adicionales: hidrocefalia; estenosis del canal vertebral (pacientes después de su segunda o tercera década de vida); obstrucción de la vía aérea superior/apnea obstructiva del sueño (secundario a la reducción del espacio de las vías respiratorias por la retrusión de la parte media de la cara junto con el agrandamiento de adenoides y amígdalas); deformidades óseas (genu varum: desviación hacia afuera debido al arqueamiento); malformación de Arnold-Chiari; microftalmos, y disfunción del oído medio, obesidad, hipertensión arterial, problemas de movilidad, dolor crónico y baja actividad física. OBJETIVO: El objetivo del presente informe es evaluar la evidencia disponible acerca de la eficacia, seguridad, aspectos económicos, recomendaciones de sociedades científicas y las políticas de cobertura (PC) para el uso del vosoritide para personas con acondroplasia y epífisis abierta. DESCRIPCIÓN DE LA TECNOLOGÍA: El vosoritide (BMN 111) es un péptido natriurético humano tipo C recombinante modificado que es producido en células de Escherichia coli mediante tecnología de ADN recombinante. En los pacientes con acondroplasia, el gen FGFR3 que regula el crecimiento está "activado" permanentemente, impidiendo el crecimiento normal de los huesos por lo que terminan siendo más cortos de lo habitual.33 Vosoritide actúa uniéndose a un receptor denominado receptor del péptido natriurético tipo B, que reduce la actividad de FGFR3, y esto, promueve la proliferación y diferenciación de condrocitos y el crecimiento óseo endocondral. MÉTODOS: Las búsquedas se llevaron a cabo en las principales bases de datos bibliográficas: PUBMED, CRD (Centre for Reviews and Dissemination), Cochrane, TRIPdatabase (TRIP: Turning Research Into Practice), Epistemonikos, BRISA (Base Regional de Informes de Evaluación de Tecnologías en Salud de las Américas), LILACS (Literatura Latinoamericana y del Caribe en Ciencias de la Salud), INAHTA (International Network of Agencies for Health Technology Assessment), PROSPERO (International Prospective Register Of Systematic Reviews), en buscadores genéricos de internet y en sitios web de financiadores de salud. Se realizó una búsqueda sistemática de información publicada con fecha límite hasta el 29 de junio sobre el uso del vosoritide en pacientes con Acondroplasia y epífisis abierta. Se priorizó para la búsqueda inicial, la identificación de Revisiones Sistemáticas (RS) y Metaanálisis (MA), Evaluaciones de Tecnologías Sanitarias (ETS), Evaluaciones Económicas (EE), Guías de Práctica Clínica (GPC), políticas de cobertura (PC) de diferentes sistemas de salud y ensayos clínicos aleatorizados (ECA), se realizó una búsqueda con los filtros metodológicos correspondientes. RESULTADOS: Como resultado de la búsqueda bibliográfica, se recuperaron 12 estudios: ocho en curso, cuatro finalizados (estudio 111-101 [NCT01590446], estudio 111-202 [NCT02055157], Savarirayan y cols. 2020 [111-301, NCT03197766] y Savarirayan y cols. 2021 [111-302, NCT03424018]; tres Evaluaciones de Tecnologías Sanitarias (ETS); una revisión sistemática en curso; cinco Guías de Práctica Clínica (GPC) / Consensos / Recomendaciones. No se han hallado estudios primarios con comparación "cabeza-cabeza" entre el vosoritide versus cirugía de alargamiento u hormona de crecimiento. CONCLUSIONES: Al momento, no está autorizada su comercialización en Argentina, pero está en evaluación por el Registro de Especialidades Médicas. No se han encontrado estudios primarios con comparación "cabeza-cabeza" entre el vosoritide versus cirugía de alargamiento u hormona de crecimiento. No se recuperó evidencia relacionado con la tasa de complicaciones graves como: estrechez de la unión cérvico-medular; macrocefalia/hidrocefalia; estenosis del canal vertebral; obstrucción de la vía aérea superior; deformidades óseas; malformación de Arnold-Chiari; microftalmos. No hubo diferencias clínicamente significativas en la calidad de vida relacionada con la salud, ni tampoco en la independencia funcional para vosoritide frente a placebo en personas de 5 a 18 años de edad con acondroplasia y epífisis abierta (certeza alta ⨁⨁⨁⨁). Aumenta la velocidad de crecimiento anualizada (1,57 cm/año más alto), aunque se desconoce si se sostiene en el tiempo para vosoritide frente a placebo en personas de 5 a 18 años de edad con acondroplasia y epífisis abierta (certeza alta ⨁⨁⨁⨁). Aumenta la puntuación Z a 52 semanas de seguimiento (cambio medio de mínimos cuadrados 0.28 más alto), aunque se desconoce si se sostiene en el tiempo, para vosoritide frente a placebo en personas de 5 a 18 años de edad con acondroplasia y epífisis abierta (certeza alta ⨁⨁⨁⨁). No hay diferencias en la proporción de segmentos corporales superiores e inferiores entre el inicio y el final de seguimiento, para vosoritide frente a placebo en personas de 5 a 18 años de edad con acondroplasia y epífisis abierta (certeza alta ⨁⨁⨁⨁). Si bien probablemente no aumente el riesgo de eventos adversos serios, y aumenta el riesgo de cualquier evento adverso (certeza alta ⨁⨁⨁⨁). No se recuperaron Guías de Práctica Clínica que recomienden su utilización y la mayoría de las políticas de cobertura relevadas no la mencionan en la indicación evaluada. Si bien no existen evaluaciones económicas locales, se estima que podría ser NO costoefectiva en Argentina. Se estimó que el impacto en términos de costo de oportunidad requeriría sumar 32.870 gastos en salud per cápita por año, o limitaría el pago de 1.232 haberes jubilatorios mínimos anuales.

Adult age-at-death estimation using the first rib: A simple probabilistic approach.

Age-at-death estimation is a difficult task in fragmented or incomplete contexts. The generation and testing of methods are needed to identify their potential application in different types of osteological samples. This paper proposes a new method for age estimation using the first rib. Four hundred and fifteen individuals from the Coimbra Identified Skeletal Collections (Portugal) were studied; the sample was divided in two groups (reference and test samples), used to develop the procedure and to evaluate its reliability. The three rib joints and two variables (surface texture and topography, and periarticular margins and subsidence of the surface) were recorded. Statistical analyses were performed to test the procedure reproducibility, and side and sex variations. Posterior probabilities were calculated following Bayesian statistics and used to estimate the most likely age-at-death in the test sample. The results show the reproducibility of the method is adequate, left and right ribs can be indistinctly recorded, and both sexes show similar change patterns. The costal face and the head epiphyseal region offered satisfactory results and the percentages of correct estimations are greater for younger individuals, decreasing as ages-at-death are higher. This method is more effective among individuals in the 20-50 years cohort; nevertheless, it also offered satisfactory estimates in older ones. Overestimations in individuals younger than 40 years and underestimations in individuals older than 75 years were identified. In conclusion, the first rib offer adequate estimates when a basic probabilistic approach is chosen. Whenever possible, this proposal must be included in a multifactorial perspective with other age markers.

Vascular Safe Zone During Percutaneous Pinning of the Distal Femur.

PURPOSE: During percutaneous pinning of the pediatric distal femur, iatrogenic vascular damage in the medial thigh is a frequent concern. The proximity of a proximal-medial pin to these vessels has never been studied in children. This study describes a radiologic vascular safe zone that is easily visualized during surgery (wherein the superficial femoral vessels are safely posterior). METHODS: Patients ≤16 years old with magnetic resonance imaging of one or both femora between 2005 and 2020 were retrospectively reviewed. The "at-risk level" (ARL) was defined as the distal-most axial image with a femoral vessel anterior to the posterior condylar axis. A standardized retrograde lateral-to-medial pin was templated. A correlation matrix and least squares regression identified age and physeal width (PW) as ideal independent variables. A vascular safe zone above the medial femoral condyle (MFC) was modeled as a multiple of PW (i.e. x*PW) and needed to satisfy 3 age-dependent criteria: (1) at the ARL, the pin is medial to the vessels, (2) the pin exits the medial thigh before the ARL, and (3) the chosen "vascular safe zone" (x*PW) is always distal to the ARL. RESULTS: Forty-three patients averaging 7.1±3.9 (0.3-16) years old were included. Intra-Class correlation coefficients were excellent (0.92-0.98). All measurements strongly correlated with age ( r =0.76-0.92, P <0.001) and PW ( r =0.82-0.93, P <0.001). All patients satisfied criteria 1. Criteria 2 was satisfied in all patients ≥6 years old, 86% of children 4-5, and only 18% of children ≤3. In children >3 years old, the largest safe zone that satisfied criteria 3 was 2×PW. On average, the ARL was 2.5×PW (99% CI 2.3-2.7) above the MFC. The average ARL in children ≥6 years old was significantly higher than 2×PW (162 mm vs. 120 mm, P <0.001). CONCLUSION: During passage of a distal femur pin into the medial thigh, children ≥6 years old have a vascular safe zone that extends 2×PW proximal to the MFC. Surgeons should be cautious with medial pin placement in children 4-5 years old and, if possible, avoid this technique in children ≤3. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: IV.

Lycopene prevents bone loss in ovariectomized rats and increases the number of osteocytes and osteoblasts.

Osteoporosis is a prevalent disease with a high incidence in women at the onset of menopause mainly because of hormonal changes, genetics, and lifestyle, leading to decreased bone mass and risk of fractures. Maintaining bone mass is a challenge for postmenopausal women, with calcium-rich food intake being essential for bone health. Nevertheless, other nutrients such as carotenoids may influence bone metabolism because of their high antioxidant properties. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of the carotenoid lycopene on bone cells and in the microarchitecture of ovariectomized rats employing in vitro and in vivo assays. After 8 weeks of ovariectomy, femurs were removed to isolate bone marrow mesenchymal cells to be cultured in osteogenic medium (sham and ovariectomized/OVX) or with 1 µmol/L lycopene (OVX/Lyc). There were performed assays for alkaline phosphatase activity and its in situ detection, mineralization nodules, and quantitative expression of genes associated with osteogenesis. Daily ingestion of 10 mg/kg of lycopene by oral gavage for 8 weeks after ovariectomy was conducted for stereological evaluation of the number and volume of osteoblasts, osteoclasts, and osteocytes of femur distal epiphysis and for microtomographic evaluation of the bone microarchitecture of the femoral proximal epiphysis. Data were normalized and analyzed by comparison among the groups using one-way ANOVA followed by post hoc tests with the significance level set out at 5%. Results showed that lycopene promoted an increase in ALP in situ detection as well as a significant increase in mineralized nodules deposition and expression of genes Runx2 and Bglap when compared with the OVX group. The administration by oral gavage of lycopene increased the total number of osteoblasts and osteocytes when compared to sham and ovariectomized groups. Additionally, it decreased the volume and number of osteoclasts and also reduced the volume of osteocytes compared to the sham group. These results suggest that lycopene improves bone cell metabolism and bone remodeling with the onset of osteoporosis. Future studies with different concentrations and periods of administration should be carried out to shed further light on it.

A comprehensive review of the "supracondylar process" with translation of Adachi.

The supracondylar process is a nonpathological projection from the distal humerus that in some patients, can result in compression of regional neurovascular structures, for example, median nerve. Since the first description of the supracondylar process in 1818, it has also been a focus of anthropological study because of its possible relevance to human origins and relationships to other species. Although its overall incidence is low, it is more common in races of European descent. It is particularly interesting for anatomists and anthropologists, but knowledge of its anatomical relationships and effect on pathological processes helps in the diagnosis and treatment of supracondylar process syndrome. One of the most detailed descriptions of this variant process stems from the work of Buntaro Adachi. Herein, a translation of his findings is provided and a review of the supracondylar process and its potential pathological presentations presented.

Complex Fracture-Dislocations of the Elbow in the Pediatric Population.

BACKGROUND: Complex fracture-dislocations of the elbow, including terrible triad of the elbow, are serious injuries with guarded outcomes in adults. Although described extensively in adults, little is known about similar complex fracture-dislocations of the elbow in the pediatric population. The purpose of this study was to describe patterns of elbow dislocations with associated fractures in children and report the outcomes of these injuries. METHODS: This was a retrospective review of patients who presented to a level I trauma center from 2007 to 2019 with an elbow dislocation and at least 2 associated fractures. Demographic data, fracture locations, and treatment modality were recorded. Operative reports and radiographs were reviewed to determine clinical outcomes and complications. RESULTS: A total of 26 patients (mean age, 9.8 y) were identified. The majority of patients sustained an elbow dislocation and a medial epicondyle fracture (n=16). The most common third fractures involved the lateral condyle (n=8) or radial neck (n=7). At mean 6.03±3.11 months follow-up, 3 patients lacked ≥10 degrees of extension, and 2 patients lacked ≥15 degrees of flexion. Most patients had a Flynn score of "excellent" (n=20, 76.9%) or "good" (n=2, 7.7%). One patient with significant residual stiffness (>30 degrees flexion contracture) eventually underwent open contracture release. CONCLUSIONS: The most common complex elbow fracture-dislocation pattern in this series was an elbow dislocation with fracture of the medial epicondyle and lateral condyle or radial neck. In contrast to adult terrible triad injuries, most patients had a favorable clinical outcome, with nearly 80% excellent results and a low rate of complications. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: Therapeutic Level IV-case series.

Crecimiento guiado en extremidades inferiores / Guided growth in lower extremities

El crecimiento guiado es una opción quirúrgica de uso creciente para la corrección de las deformidades angulares de extremidades inferiores en pacientes esqueléticamente inmaduros. Es posible de realizar en múltiples planos o segmentos, con excelentes resultados. Su uso más frecuente es en deformidades del plano coronal alrededor de la rodilla. La epifisiodesis permanente se puede realizar en pacientes dentro de los dos años previos al término del crecimiento longitudinal del segmento a tratar, considerando la epifisiodesis temporal para los pacientes con más de 2 años de crecimiento restante.En casos leves a moderados las tasas de éxito llegan incluso al 100% en algunas series, en tanto, pacientes con enfermedad de Blount, obesidad, edad esquelética avanzada o deformidades severas, tienen menos posibilidades de lograr una corrección completa.Independientemente de la técnica quirúrgica, es necesario una adecuada planificación preoperatoria, educación familiar y un seguimiento estricto para así minimizar las complicaciones y permitir una excelente corrección de la deformidad con una morbilidad mínima.

Guided Growth is a surgical option of increasing use for the correction of angular deformities of the lower extremities in skeletally immature patients. It is possible to perform in multiple planes or segments, with excellent results. Its most frequent use is in deformities of the coronal plane around the knee. Permanent epiphysiodesis can be performed in patients within 2 years before the end of longitudinal growth of the segment to be treated, considering temporary epiphysiodesis for patients with more than 2 years of remaining growth.In mild to moderate cases, the success rates reach even 100% in some series, while patients with Blount's disease, obesity, advanced skeletal age or severe deformities are less likely to achieve a complete correction.Regardless of the surgical technique, adequate preoperative planning, family education and strict follow-up are necessary to minimize complications and allow excellent correction of the deformity with minimal morbidity

[Distal epiphysiolysis of the femur in a newborn]. / Epifisiolisis distal del fémur en un recién nacido.

Fracture separation of the epiphysis from the distal femur is a elatively rare lesion in newborns, but it has been documented as a difficult complication of labor. Most of the cases occur at the distal humeral level and exceptionally affect the femur. Epiphysiolysis of the distal femur is practically not described. They are normally located in the upper third of the femur due to a twisting movement of the femur in breech deliveries and even in difficult caesarean sections. The differential diagnosis at the beginning of the examination is usually with septic arthritis of the newborn. This difficult and infrequent diagnosis arises from a 3-day-old baby who presents for his post-discharge check-up with swelling in one of his knees.

La separación por fractura de la epífisis del fémur distal es una lesión relativamente poco frecuente en los recién nacidos, pero se ha documentado como una complicación del parto distócico. La mayoría de los casos ocurren a nivel distal del húmero y, de manera excepcional, afectan al fémur. La epifisiolisis distal del fémur casi no está descrita en la literatura. Se localizan normalmente en el tercio superior del fémur por un movimiento de torsión de este en los partos en posición podálica e incluso en cesáreas distócicas. El diagnóstico diferencial al inicio de la exploración suele ser con artritis séptica del recién nacido. A partir de un paciente de 3 días de vida que se presenta a su control posterior al alta con tumefacción en una de sus rodillas, se plantea este difícil e infrecuente diagnóstico.

Treatment of Osteochondral Lesion of the First Metatarsal Head: Osteochondral Graft Transplantation Combined With Moberg Osteotomy: Case Report.

Most osteochondral lesions of the first metatarsal head are likely traumatic in etiology. The treatment ranges from microfractures to mosaicplasty. In this case report, we describe a central osteochondral lesion of the first metatarsal head treated with osteochondral graft obtained from the head of the same metatarsal in combination with Moberg osteotomy. After surgical treatment, the patient's American Orthopedic Foot and Ankle Society Forefoot Scale score improved from 58 to 85, and the range of motion also improved. This technique may be an alternative treatment modality for osteochondral lesions of the first metatarsal.Level of Evidence: Level V.

Hip Morphology in Early-stage LCPD: Is There an Argument for Anatomic-specific Containment?

BACKGROUND: Early containment surgery has become increasingly popular in Legg-Calvé-Perthes Disease (LCPD), especially for older children. These procedures treat the proximal femur, the acetabulum, or both, and most surgeons endorse the same surgical option regardless of an individual patient's anatomy. This "one-surgery-fits-all" approach fails to consider potential variations in baseline anatomy that may make one option more sensible than another. We sought to describe hip morphology in a large series of children with newly diagnosed LCPD, hypothesizing that variation in anatomy may support the concept of anatomic-specific containment. METHODS: A retrospective review of a prospectively collected multicenter database was conducted for patients aged 6 to 11 at diagnosis. To assess anatomy before significant morphologic changes secondary to the disease itself, only patients in Waldenström stages IA/IB were included. Standard hip radiographic measurements including acetabular index, lateral center-edge angle, proximal femoral neck-shaft angle (NSA), articulotrochanteric quartiles, and extrusion index (EI) were made on printed anteroposterior pelvis radiographs. Age-specific percentiles were calculated for these measures using published norms. Significant outliers (≤10th/≥90th percentile) were reported where applicable. RESULTS: A total of 168 patients with mean age at diagnosis of 8.0±1.3 years met inclusion criteria (81.5% male). Mean acetabular index for the entire cohort was 16.8±4.1 degrees; 58 hips (34.5%) were significantly dysplastic compared with normative data. Mean lateral center-edge angle was 15.9±5.2 degrees at diagnosis; 110 (65.5%) were ≤10th percentile indicating dysplasia (by this metric). Mean NSA overall was 136.5±7.0 degrees. Fifty-one (30.4%) and 20 (11.9%) hips were significantly varus (≤10th percentile) or valgus (≥90th percentile), respectively. Thirty-five hips (20.8%) were the third articulo-trochanteric quartiles or higher suggesting a higher-riding trochanter at baseline. Mean EI was 15.5%±9.0%, while 63 patients (37.5%) had an EI ≥20%. CONCLUSIONS: The present study finds significant variation in baseline anatomy in children with early-stage LCPD, including a high prevalence of coexisting acetabular dysplasia as well as high/low NSAs. These variations suggest that the "one-surgery-fits-all" approach may lack specificity for a particular patient; a potentially wiser option may be an anatomic-specific containment operation (eg, acetabular-sided osteotomy for coexisting dysplasia, varus femoral osteotomy for valgus NSA). LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: Level IV.

Presencia de cresta ósea en la epífisis proximal de la tibia: propuesta para su incorporación en la terminologia anatomica / Presence of a bony crest in the proximal epiphysis of the tibia: proposal for its incorporation in the terminologia anatomica

RESUMEN: La Terminologia Anatomica (TA) presenta las estructuras anatómicas en un lenguaje unificado para todas las estructuras del cuerpo humano. Sin embargo, hay características como algunos accidentes óseos que no se han considerado en las actualizaciones de la TA, ya sean epónimos que no se han relacionado con términos actuales o estructuras descritas clásicamente, como es el caso de una característica ósea que se observa y palpa fácilmente en la epífisis proximal de la tibia, a nivel del cóndilo lateral, uniendo el tubérculo anterolateral de la tibia con la tuberosidad de la misma. Esta característica corresponde a una elevación lineal, descrita como lugar de inserción del tracto iliotibial y del músculo tibial anterior. Basado en lo anterior, se analizaron 65 tibias de individuos Chilenos, adultos, de ambos sexos, 60 pertenecientes a la Universidad de La Frontera y 5 a la Universidad San Sebastián, considerando como criterio de inclusión la integridad del tejido compacto en la epífisis proximal. La revisión de las muestras reveló la presencia de una elevación lineal en el 100 % de los casos, uniendo la tuberosidad de la tibia con el tubérculo anterolateral (Gerdy), no observándose elevación similar desde la tuberosidad de la tibia en dirección al cóndilo medial. Esta elevación es utilizada como referencia en la palpación durante la evaluación de la rodilla. Por las evidencias presentadas, consideramos que esta elevación debe considerarse en la TA como una característica más de la tibia, en base a su disposición lineal y elevada, además de su dirección oblicua desde la tuberosidad de la tibia al tubérculo anterolateral de la misma, por lo que proponemos denominarla como cresta anterolateral de la tibia (Crista anterolateralis tibiae).

SUMMARY: Anatomical Terminology (AT) presents anatomical structures in a unified language for all structures of the human body. However, there are characteristics such as some bone accidents that have not been considered in the TA updates, whether they are eponyms that have not been related to current terms or classically described structures, as is the case of a characteristic bone that is easily observed and palpated in the proximal epiphysis of the tibia, at the level of the lateral condyle, joining the anterolateral tubercle of the tibia with the tuberosity of the tibia. This characteristic corresponds to a linear elevation, described as the insertion site of the iliotibial tract and the tibialis anterior muscle. Based on the above, 65 tibiae from Chilean individuals, adults, of both sexes, 60 belonging to the Universidad de La Frontera and 5 from the Universidad San Sebastián were analyzed, considering as an inclusion criterion the integrity of the compact tissue in the epiphysis proximal. The review of the samples revealed the presence of a linear elevation in 100 % of the cases, joining the tibial tuberosity with the anterolateral tubercle (Gerdy), not observing similar elevation from the tibial tuberosity in the direction of the medial condyle. This elevation is used as a reference for palpation during knee evaluation. Based on the evidence presented, we consider that this elevation should be considered in TA as one more characteristic of the tibia, based on its linear and elevated disposition, in addition to its oblique direction from the tibial tuberosity to the anterolateral tubercle of the tibia, for what we propose to call it the Crista anterolateralis tibiae (anterolateral crest of the tibia).

Tumor de células gigantes del fémur / Tumor of giant cells of the femur

El tumor de células gigantes de hueso es un tumor raro de características benignas con un comportamiento agresivo localmente. Predomina en mujeres y por lo general se presenta en la epífisis y metáfisis de los huesos largos. El propósito de este estudio es presentar el caso de un paciente con una lesión tumoral de rodilla y muslo izquierdos de 2 años de evolución y señalar las características diagnósticas de este tumor al mismo tiempo que se revisan los métodos imagenológicos recientes para su confirmación. Se presenta a un paciente masculino de 19 años de edad, que comenzó con dolor, aumento de volumen de la rodilla y muslo izquierdos, acompañado de impotencia funcional. Se reportaron los hallazgos clínicos, radiográficos e histológicos. Debido a la demora entre el inicio de los síntomas y el diagnóstico se practicó el tratamiento quirúrgico del miembro afectado (amputación). Tras 10 meses de observación no se han presentado recidivas o metástasis. Se envió al Servicio de Oncología para valorar e tratamiento con radioterapia. El tumor de células gigantes del hueso es un tumor raro, de buen pronóstico, pero que puede recidivar y causar metástasis cuando se maligniza. Por la posibilidad de transformación en sarcoma requiere estudio y observación periódica. El tiempo para realizar el diagnóstico es fundamental y debe pensarse en este tumor en caso de lesiones líticas de hueso reportadas por imagenología(AU)

The giant cell tumor of bone is a rare benign tumor with a locally aggressive behavior. It predominates in women and usually occurs in the epiphysis and metaphysis of long bones. To present a patient with a tumor lesion left knee and thigh two years of evolution, also noted the diagnostic characteristics of this tumor while recent imaging methods are reviewed for confirmation. 19-year-old male who began with pain, increased volume of the knee and left thigh, accompanied by functional impotensia. clinical, radiological and histological findings were reported. Because of the delay between the onset of symptoms and diagnosis surgical treatment of the affected limb (amputation) was performed. After ten months of observation there have been no recurrences or metastases. The giant cell tumor of bone is a rare tumor with good prognosis but can recur and metastasize when it becomes malignant. The possibility of transformation in sarcoma requires periodic study and observation. The time for diagnosis is essential and should think of this tumor in case of lytic bone lesions reported by imaging(AU)

Sonography of the distal femoral epiphysis in the etiological diagnosis of congenital hypothyroidism.

The etiology of congenital hypothyroidism (CH) is often difficult to identify, owing mainly to limitations in currently available diagnostic tests. Characteristics of the distal femoral epiphyseal (DFE) ossification center may provide important information and help identify some causes of CH. We analyzed the contribution of DFE ultrasonography in the investigation of 11 young infants with positive screening for CH. DFE ultrasonography emerged as a simple test that helped indicate the period of onset of CH and, when associated with clinical history, hormone levels, and thyroid ultrasonography, contributed to suggest the etiology of CH.

Correção de fratura Salter-Harris tipo I em porquinho-da-índia (Cavia porcellus) - relato de caso / [Correction of Salter-Harris type 1 fracture in guinea pig (Cavia porcellus) - case report]

Um filhote de porquinho-da-índia (Cavia porcellus) foi recebido para atendimento após histórico de ataque por cão. Na avaliação física, observou-se edema, dor e crepitação em membro pélvico direito, sugestivo de fratura. Na avaliação radiográfica, confirmou-se fratura Salter-Harris tipo I em epífise distal da tíbia. A resolução cirúrgica escolhida foi a associação de pino transarticular e coaptação externa com tala de Altman. O paciente teve acompanhamento radiográfico semanal e obteve alta médica no 35o dia de pós-cirúrgico, quando se observou consolidação com completo remodelamento ósseo.(AU)

A guinea pig (Cavia porcellus) cub presented edema, pain, and crepitus in the right pelvic limb after being attacked by a dog. Radiographic examination revealed Salter-Harris type 1 fracture on the distal region of the tibia. The surgery technique to correct the fracture involved an association of transarticular pinning and external coaptation with Altman splint. After surgery, radiographs of the patient were performed weekly and on the 35th post-surgery day, the bone was completely remodeled and healed, and the animal was dismissed.(AU)

Novel progressive acrodysostosis-like skeletal dysplasia, cerebellar atrophy, and ichthyosis.

Acrodysostosis refers to a rare heterogeneous group of bone dysplasias that share skeletal features, hormone resistance, and intellectual disability. Two genes have been associated with acrodysostosis with or without hormone resistance (PRKAR1A and PDE4D). Severe intellectual disability has been reported with acrodysostosis but brain malformations and ichthyosis have not been reported in these syndromes. Here we describe a female patient with acrodysostosis, intellectual disability, cerebellar hypoplasia, and lamellar ichthyosis. The patient has an evolving distinctive facial phenotype and childhood onset ataxia. X-rays showed generalized osteopenia, shortening of middle and distal phalanges, and abnormal distal epiphysis of the ulna and radius. Brain magnetic resonance imaging showed cerebellar atrophy without other brainstem abnormalities. Genetic workup included nondiagnostic chromosomal microarray and skeletal dysplasia molecular panels. These clinical findings are different from any recognized form of acrodysostosis syndrome. Whole exome sequencing did not identify rare or predicted pathogenic variants in genes associated with known acrodysostosis, lamellar ichthyosis, and other overlapping disorders. A broader search for rare alleles absent in healthy population databases and controls identified two heterozygous truncating alleles in FBNL7 and PPM1M genes, and one missense allele in the NPEPPS gene. Identification of additional patients is required to delineate the mechanism of this unique disorder.