Health Status of French Young Patients with Inborn Errors of Metabolism with Lifelong Restricted Diet.

OBJECTIVE: To describe the health status of young patients affected by inborn errors of metabolism that require adherence to a restricted diet (IEMRDs) and to describe and compare their self- and proxy (parent)-reported quality of life (QoL) with reference values. STUDY DESIGN: A cross-sectional study was conducted in 2015-2017 in patients affected by IEMRDs (except phenylketonuria) younger than 18 years. Data collection was based on medical records, clinical examinations, parents' and children's interviews, and self-reported questionnaires. Measurements included clinical and healthcare data, child and family environment data, and self- and proxy (parent)-reported QoL. RESULTS: Of the 633 eligible participants, 578 were recruited (50.3% boys; mean age: 8.7 years); their anthropometric status did not differ from the general population. Approximately one-half of them had at least 1 complication of the disease. Their self-reported global QoL did not differ from that of the general population. However, relations with friends and leisure activities QoL domains were negatively impacted, whereas relations with medical staff, relations with parents, and self-esteem QoL domains were positively impacted. Their proxy (parent)-reported QoL was negatively impacted. CONCLUSIONS: Young patients affected by IEMRDs present a high rate of clinical complications. Although their proxy (parent)-reported QoL was negatively impacted, their self-reported QoL was variably impacted (both positively and negatively). These results may inform counseling for those who care for affected patients and their families.

[Diagnosis and treatment of methylmalonic aciduria: a case report]. / Diagnóstico y tratamiento de la aciduria metilmalónica: a propósito de un caso.

The methylmalonic aciduria is an organic acidemia, inherited as autosomic recessive trait, caused by a deficiency of the methylmalonyl-CoA mutase, or by defects in the biosynthesis of the cofactor adenosylcobalamin. Regarding the enzymatic defect, there are two forms: mut(o) with no detectable enzymatic activity and mut(-) with reduced activity. Its clinical presentation may vary from a severe neonatal form with acidosis and death, up to a progressive chronic form. Here we describe the case of a four year-old boy, with diagnosis of methylmalonyl-CoA mutase deficiency type mut(-) with an acute presentation. Molecular analysis of MUT gene identified two mutations c.607G>A (G203R) and c.2080C>T (R694W), later confirmed in the parents. The aim of this report is to highlight the importance of including the organic acid analysis in urine among the first line exams in acutely and severely ill children with undefined etiology. The definitive diagnosis is important because it may allow a specific treatment and a favorable evolution to prevent the secuelae.

Dietoterapia en errores innatos del metabolismo / Nutritional treatment of inborn errors of metabolism

Dependiendo del defecto enzimático, algunos errores innatos del metabolismo (EIM) responden satisfactoriamente a la manipulación de la dieta. Según la alteración metabólica, se han identificado siete formas de tratamiento nutricional, las que permiten reestablecer el balance metabólico. Una de ellas es a través de la reducción del sustrato acumulado causado por la deficiencia primaria de una enzima o por la inhibición secundaria de una de ellas. Un ejemplo ampliamente descrito en la literatura es la fenilquetonuria en la que se ha demostrado que gracias al diagnóstico neonatal temprano, seguido de un tratamiento basado en una dieta restringida en fenilalanina revierten su acumulación previniendo con ello el da¤o neurológico que la enfermedad causa al no ser tratada temprana y adecuadamente. Otra forma de tratamiento es la suplementación de una sustancia nutritiva en déficit debido al defecto metabólico, como ocurre en los defectos del ciclo de la urea, en los cuales donde la arginina debe entregarse como fármaco. Algunos EIM con defecto parcial de la enzima tienen la posibilidad de estimular vías alternas para detoxificar o evitar la síntesis de sustancias nocivas a través drogas o megadosis de vitaminas, un ejemplo es la homocistinuria donde la betaína y piridoxina reducen la producción de homocisteína. Otros defectos enzimáticos abren vías metabólicas alternas, las que generan metabolitos tóxicos, el tratamiento en estos casos, consiste en proporcionar cofactores o megadosis de vitaminas para formar complejos no tóxicos que sean excretados por vía urinaria. Es importante se¤alar que el diagnóstico precoz y el seguimiento estricto a largo plazo, permite que un ni¤o con un EIM se desarrolle normalmente.

Acute encephalopathy despite early therapy in a patient with homozygosity for E365K in the glutaryl-coenzyme A dehydrogenase gene.

A patient with glutaric aciduria type I had an acute encephalopathic crisis despite early treatment. This report indicates that current therapeutic strategies may be insufficient for some high-risk patients and stresses the demand for new approaches in glutaric aciduria type I.

[3-Hydroxy-3-methyl-glutaryl-CoA-lyase deficiency as coma etiology in the neonatal period: case report]. / Deficiência da 3-OH-3-metil-glutaril-CoA-liase como causa de coma no período neonatal. Relato de caso.

We report a patient that presented two episodes of coma in the neonatal period, with severe metabolic acidosis and hypoglycemia, without ketosis. The urinary organic acid analysis showed increased amounts of 3-hydroxy-3-methyl-glutaric, 3-methylglutaconic, 3-methylglutaric and 3-hydroxyisovaleric acid. The deficiency of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA lyase was diagnosed by the clinical and metabolic features. This disease shows autosomal recessive inheritance and the treatment is done by a diet with restriction of protein (mainly leucine) and lipids, high in carbohydrate content, and the avoidance of fasting and carnitine supplementation.

Deficiência da 3-0H-3-metil-glutaril-Coa-Liase como causa de coma no período neonatal: relato de caso / 3-hydroxy-3-methyglutaryl-CoA-lyse deficiency as coma etiology in the neonatal period: case report

Estudamos um paciente que apresentou dois episódios de coma no primeiro mês de vida, com descompensaçao metabólica, nos quais se observou hipoglicemia e acidose metabólica acentuada, sem cetonúria. O estudo dos ácidos orgânicos urinários demonstrou elevaçao acentuada de 3-OH-3-metil-glutárico, 3-metil-glutacônico, 3-metil-glutárico e 3-OH-isovalérico. Os sinais e sintomas clínicos associados às alteraçoes metabólicas citadas permitiram o diagnóstico da deficiência da 3-OH-3-metil-glutaril-CoA-liase, entidade de origem autossômica recessiva, passível de ser tratada, como no caso estudado, com dieta hipoproteica, restrita em leucina, hipogordurosa e rica em carboidratos, associada a L-carnitina e evitando-se períodos prolongados de jejum.

Reversal of severe hypertrophic cardiomyopathy and excellent neuropsychologic outcome in very-long-chain acyl-coenzyme A dehydrogenase deficiency.

Very-long-chain acyl-coenzyme A dehydrogenase (VLCAD) deficiency is a disorder of fatty acid beta oxidation that reportedly has high rates of morbidity and mortality. We describe the outcome of a 5-year-old girl with VLCAD deficiency who was first seen at 5 months of age with severe hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, hepatomegaly, encephalopathy, and hypotonia. Biochemical studies indicated VLCAD deficiency caused by a stable yet inactive enzyme. Molecular genetic analysis of her VLCAD gene revealed a T1372C (F458L) missense mutation and a 1668 ACAG 1669 splice site mutation. After initial treatment with intravenous glucose and carnitine, the patient has thrived on a low-fat diet supplemented with medium-chain triglyceride oil and carnitine and avoidance of fasting. Her ventricular hypertrophy resolved significantly over 1 year, and cognitively, she is in the superior range for age. Clinical recognition of VLCAD deficiency is important because it is one of the few directly treatable causes of cardiomyopathy in children.

Trimetilaminuria: Síndrome del olor a pescado: descripción de un nuevo caso y revisión de la bibliografía / Trimethylaminuria: fish odor syndrome: description of a new case and bibliographic review

Se describe el decimocuarto caso del síndrome de olor a pescado, en un niño de 7 años, cuya única manifestación clínica es desprender dicho olor, fenómeno que se acentúa con la transpiración y al ingerir alimentos ricos en colina. Se trata de un error congénito del metabolismo por una falla en el sistema oxidante de la trimetilamina del hígado que permite el pasaje a la sangre, secreciones, aliento y orina de esta amina volátil cuyo olor es característico, por lo que también se denomina a esta enzimopatía trimetilaminemia o trimetilaminuria. La trimetilamina se determinó en el suero del paciente por medio de la cromatografía en fase gaseosa. Se aportan datos sobre sus dermatoglifos y se contribuye a delimitar la afección, desligándola de manifestaciones accidentales (AU)

Trimetilaminuria: Síndrome del olor a pescado: descripción de un nuevo caso y revisión de la bibliografía / Trimethylaminuria: fish odor syndrome: description of a new case and bibliographic review

Se describe el decimocuarto caso del síndrome de olor a pescado, en un niño de 7 años, cuya única manifestación clínica es desprender dicho olor, fenómeno que se acentúa con la transpiración y al ingerir alimentos ricos en colina. Se trata de un error congénito del metabolismo por una falla en el sistema oxidante de la trimetilamina del hígado que permite el pasaje a la sangre, secreciones, aliento y orina de esta amina volátil cuyo olor es característico, por lo que también se denomina a esta enzimopatía trimetilaminemia o trimetilaminuria. La trimetilamina se determinó en el suero del paciente por medio de la cromatografía en fase gaseosa. Se aportan datos sobre sus dermatoglifos y se contribuye a delimitar la afección, desligándola de manifestaciones accidentales