Impact of ethnicity in upper gastrointestinal hemorrhage.

GOALS: To examine ethnicity's role in the etiology and outcome of upper gastrointestinal hemorrhage (UGIH). BACKGROUND: UGIH is a serious condition with considerable associated morbidity and mortality. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We analyzed 2196 patients admitted with acute UGIH between January 2006 and February 2012. Complete clinical data were gathered prospectively and entered into our GI Bleed Registry, which captures demographic and clinical variables. Results were analyzed using the χ² analyses and the analysis of variance techniques with Tukey multiple comparisons. RESULTS: Among 2196 patients, 620 (28%) were black, 625 (29%) white, 881 (40%) Hispanic, and 70 (3%) were members of other ethnicities. Gastroduodenal ulcers (25%), esophageal varices (25%), and esophagitis (12%) were the most frequently identified causes of UGIH. Blacks experienced a high rate of gastroduodenal ulcers (199/620), whereas Hispanics most commonly had esophageal varices. In all ethnicities, the most common cause of bleeding in patients younger than 35 or older than 65 years was gastroduodenal ulcer disease. However, among patients aged 35 to 64 years, there were differences in the etiology of UGIH. Blacks aged 50 to 64 years frequently experienced gastroduodenal ulcers, whereas Hispanics aged 35 to 49 years typically had esophageal varices. Rebleeding rates were significantly lower in whites (5.8%) than in Hispanics (9.9%) or blacks (8.7%) (P=0.02). CONCLUSIONS: By examining a diverse population, we conclude that UGIH may follow trends. Hispanics were likely to have esophageal varices and higher rebleeding rates, whereas blacks were likely to have ulcers and the highest mortality. Whites were equally likely to have ulcers or varices, but a lower rate of rebleeding.

Mucosal eosinophilia: prevalence and racial/ethnic differences in symptoms and endoscopic findings in adults over 10 years in an urban hospital.

BACKGROUND: Eosinophilic esophagitis is a chronic inflammatory disease with mucosal accumulation of eosinophils. There is a paucity of data among racial/ethnic groups other than white patients. AIM: To determine if racial/ethnic differences exist in clinical presentation, endoscopic appearance, and biopsy results in adult patients (age ≥18 y) with mucosal eosinophilia and examine the prevalence of mucosal eosinophilia at an urban hospital over a 10-year period. METHODS: Pathology reports searched at Temple University Hospital 2000 to 2009; key words: "eosinophils", "esophagus", and "biopsy". Clinical and endoscopic records reviewed on patients with ≥15 eosinophils/high power field. RESULTS: A total of 64 adults (average age, 41 y; 62% male patients; 81% white, 12% black, and 6% Hispanic). White patients were significantly younger (P=0.03). Adult mucosal eosinophilia diagnosis increased by 833% (3 in 2000 to 25 in 2009); black/Hispanic diagnosis increased by 500% (1 in 2000 to 5 in 2009). Solid food dysphagia was more common among white patients (72% vs. 0.33%, P=0.02). Reflux symptoms were more common in black/Hispanic patients (42% vs. 22%, P=0.16). Normal endoscopy (42% vs. 13%, P=0.04) and reflux changes (41% vs. 21%, P=0.16) were more common in black/Hispanic patients. Furrows (42% vs. 8%, P=0.04) and rings (46% vs. 0%, P=0.002) were more common in white patients. Average eosinophil counts did not vary between groups. CONCLUSIONS: Mucosal eosinophilia presents with significant differences between racial/ethnic groups in age at onset, symptoms at presentation, and endoscopic features. Differences may reflect different phenotypes of the same disease or separate disease entities.

Prevalence of erosive esophagitis among Japanese patients taking low-dose aspirin.

BACKGROUND AND AIM: The risk for erosive esophagitis (EE) with low-dose aspirin (ASA) remains unknown, especially among Japanese patients. We conducted the present study to compare the risk of EE with that of gastroduodenal mucosal injury among Japanese patients taking ASA. METHODS: From 5555 patients undergoing upper gastrointestinal endoscopy from January 2005 to December 2006 at Teikyo University Hospital, Tokyo, Japan, 159 patients (76 males and 83 females, mean age: 69.3 +/- 11 years) fulfilling the following conditions were selected: (i) taking ASA (less than 100 mg/day) continuously; (ii) not taking acid suppressants; and (iii) no history of gastrointestinal tract surgery, malignancies, severe cardiac failure, or liver cirrhosis. Age- and sex-matched patients not taking aspirin were randomly chosen as controls (n = 159). Two well-experienced endoscopic examiners evaluated endoscopic records to determine the presence or absence of esophageal hiatal hernia, EE, and gastroduodenal ulcers. RESULTS: The prevalence of EE in patients taking aspirin (9.4%) was not different from that of the controls (6.3%, odds ratio [OR]: 1.5, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.7-3.2), whereas peptic ulcers were found more frequently in the aspirin group (14%) than in the control group (4%, OR: 3.6, 95% CI: 1.5-8.8). CONCLUSION: In Japanese patients taking ASA, EE was not as common as peptic ulcers.

Validation of structured scoring using the LA classification for esophagitis and endoscopically suspected Barrett's esophagus in a tertiary Asian endoscopy center.

AIM: To determine the inter-observer agreement and validity of the LA Classification in scoring the severity of esophagitis in Asian patients. METHODS: Video endoscopy clips were selected from 45 consecutive patients participating in reflux studies. The videos were viewed by endoscopists who then independently scored the presence, severity and distribution of esophagitis, including endoscopically suspected Barrett's esophagus (ESBE). Each video was discussed and a consensus on findings reached. Kappa (k) correlation was calculated to describe inter-observer agreement. RESULTS: Thirty-five clips were scored (no esophagitis 20%, grade-A 54%, grade-B 23%, grade-C 3%, respectively and 10 clips were excluded for poor imaging). Excellent agreement was noted on the presence of esophagitis (mean k = 0.79, range 0.77-0.82). Fifteen patients (42%) had ESBE with a mean k of 0.48 (range 0.39-0.60). Inter-observer agreement on the LA grade was good (mean k = 0.58, range 0.55-0.63), whilst in agreement between endoscopists and consensus grading, the mean kappa rose to 0.77 (range 0.73-0.81). There was a trend of increasing agreement as viewings progressed, with superior kappa correlation after 16 cases. Evaluation of the extent of esophagitis showed good k values using the alternative approach of grouping by circumferential extent (mean k = 0.64, range 0.60-0.67) at the lower categories of severity. CONCLUSIONS: Scoring using the LA classification for esophagitis and the concurrence on the presence of ESBE showed moderate to strong agreement amongst Asian endoscopists. Our results also suggested that an alternative method of scoring esophagitis based on proportion of circumferential involvement was reliable. A learning effect was observed and reliable scoring was achieved after 16 patients.

Alcohol consumption is associated with an increased risk of erosive esophagitis and Barrett's epithelium in Japanese men.

BACKGROUND: Evidence regarding the association between alcohol consumption and the gastro-esophageal reflux disease (GERD) spectrum has been conflicting. We examined the association between alcohol consumption and erosive esophagitis and Barrett's epithelium in Japanese men. METHODS: The study population comprised 463 men subjects who had undergone an upper endoscopy at the Gastroenterology Division of Yokohama City University Hospital between August 2005 and July 2006. The presence of erosive esophagitis and Barrett's epithelium was diagnosed based on the Los Angeles Classification and the Prague C and M Criteria, respectively. We divided the study population into four groups: never drinkers, light drinkers (less than 25.0 g of ethanol per day), moderate drinkers (25.0 to 50.0 g of ethanol per day), and heavy drinkers (more than 50.0 g of ethanol per day). A linear regression of the logistic regression analysis was used to analyze the dose-response trends. RESULTS: Compared with never drinkers, light drinkers (less than 25.0 g ethanol per day), moderate drinkers (25.0 to 50.0 g per day), and heavy drinkers (more than 50.0 g per day) had ORs for erosive esophagitis of 1.110 (95% CI: 0.553 - 2.228, p = 0.7688), 1.880 (95% CI: 1.015 - 3.484, p = 0.0445) and 1.988 (95% CI: 1.120 - 3.534, p = 0.0190), respectively. These groups had ORs for Barrett's epithelium of 1.278 (95% CI: 0.752 - 2.170, p = 0.3643), 1.458 (95% CI: 0.873 - 2.433, p = 0.1500), and 1.912 (95% CI: 1.185 - 3.086, p = 0.0079), respectively. The odds ratios/grams (alcohol)/day of dose response trends for erosive esophagitis and Barrett's epithelium were 1.015 (95% CI: 1.004-1.026, p = 0.0066) and 1.012 (95% CI: 1.003-1.021, p = 0.0079), respectively. CONCLUSION: These findings suggest that alcohol consumption in Japanese men tends to be associated with an increased risk of erosive esophagitis and Barrett's epithelium.

Symptom resolution does not predict healing of erosive oesophagitis in Chinese.

BACKGROUND: Previous studies suggested that Chinese have a milder spectrum of gastro-oesophageal reflux disease and a lower dose of proton pump inhibitors (PPI) is sufficient for the control of symptoms as compared with the Western population. AIMS: To determine if 8 weeks of esomeprazole 20 mg daily would be adequate for both symptom resolution and oesophagitis healing in Chinese patients and the predictive factors for the response. METHODS: 66 patients with oesophagitis were included. Oesophagitis severity was graded by Los Angeles (LA) classification. 61 patients underwent 24-hour ambulatory pH study at baseline. All were given esomeprazole 20 mg daily for 8 weeks. Symptom response and healing of oesophagitis was assessed at the end of the treatment period. RESULTS: 75.8% of the patients had complete reflux symptom resolution but only 48% had complete healing of the oesophagitis at endoscopy after 8 weeks of treatment. LA classification grading at baseline endoscopy (p < 0.0001) and total number acid reflux episodes on 24-hour pH monitoring prior to treatment (p = 0.007) were both good predictors of oesophagitis healing but not for symptom resolution. CONCLUSIONS: Our results suggested that 8 weeks of lower dose PPI is not sufficient for oesophagitis healing. Symptom resolution with PPI does not predict oesophagitis healing in Chinese.

Ethnicity, gender, and socioeconomic status as risk factors for esophagitis and Barrett's esophagus.

Barrett's esophagus is thought to be a disease occurring predominantly in White Caucasian males of higher socioeconomic status. There are no published studies simultaneously examining risk of Barrett's esophagus according to ethnicity, gender, and socioeconomic status within a single data set. The authors conducted a retrospective case-control analysis within a cross-sectional study to determine risk of Barrett's esophagus in relation to sociodemographic variables in a large United Kingdom population. All patients undergoing upper gastrointestinal endoscopy at two clinical centers between January 2000 and January 2003 were evaluated. Data on ethnicity, age, gender, socioeconomic status, and the presence of Barrett's esophagus and esophagitis at endoscopy were collected. A total of 20,310 patients were analyzed. Barrett's esophagus was more common in White Caucasians (401/14,095 (2.8%)) than in South Asians (16/5,190 (0.3%)) (adjusted odds ratio (OR)=6.03, 95% confidence interval (CI): 3.56, 10.22), as was esophagitis (2,500/14,095 (17.7%) vs. 557/5,190 (10.7%); adjusted OR=1.76, 95% CI: 1.57, 1.97). Patients with Barrett's esophagus were also more likely to be male (adjusted OR=2.70, 95% CI: 2.18, 3.35) and of higher socioeconomic status (adjusted OR=1.58, 95% CI: 1.16, 2.15 (top tertile vs. bottom tertile)). White Caucasian ethnicity, male gender, and higher socioeconomic status are independent risk factors for Barrett's esophagus.

Gastro-oesophageal reflux is more prevalent in Western dyspeptics: a prospective comparison of British and South-East Asian patients with dyspepsia.

BACKGROUND: There is a paucity of data directly comparing dyspepsia in Western and Eastern populations. AIM: To compare clinical symptoms, epidemiological factors and endoscopic diagnoses in two sample populations with dyspepsia from the United Kingdom and South-East Asia in a cross-sectional study. METHODS: Patients with uncomplicated dyspepsia attending endoscopy units in Leeds, UK, and Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, were prospectively interviewed and underwent subsequent endoscopy. RESULTS: A total of 1003 Malaysian patients (January 2002 to August 2003) and 597 Caucasian British patients (January 2000 to October 2002) were studied. The mean age was 48.7 +/- 15.8 and 47.5 +/- 13.8 years for the Malaysian and British patients respectively (P = NS). There was a higher proportion of cigarette smoking (35.7% vs. 12.4%, P < 0.0001) and alcohol consumption (34.4% vs. 2.0%, P < 0.0001) amongst British patients, but no difference in non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug use nor having Helicobacter pylori infection. Gastro-oesophageal reflux disease (GERD) symptoms were more common in British compared with South-East Asian patients [heartburn (72% vs. 41%), regurgitation (66% vs. 29.8%) and dysphagia (21.1% vs. 7.3%), P < 0.0001]. This correlated with an increased endoscopic finding of oesophagitis (26.8% vs. 5.8%) and columnar-lined oesophagus (4.4% vs. 0.9%) amongst British patients (P < 0.001). A logistic regression model revealed that British Caucasian race (OR 9.7; 95% CI = 5.0-18.8), male gender (OR 2.0; 95% CI = 1.4-2.9) and not having H. pylori infection (OR 0.5; 95% CI = 0.3-0.7) were independent predictors for oesophagitis. CONCLUSION: GERD is more common in British compared with South-East Asian dyspeptic patients suggesting that race and/or western lifestyle are important risk factors.

The prevalence of laryngeal pseudosulcus among Japanese patients with laryngopharyngeal reflux related symptoms.

Infraglottic edema extending from the anterior commissure to the posterior larynx, called the laryngeal pseudosulcus, may have some value in the diagnosing of laryngopharyngeal reflux (LPR). The purpose of this study is to evaluate the prevalence, sensitivity and specificity of this finding among Japanese patients with LPR-related symptoms. Forty-three patients diagnosed as LPR based on their symptoms and 42 control patients without LPR were enrolled. The presence of pseudosulcus was determined with transnasal fiberoptic laryngoscopy. Thirty-seven of the 43 patients with LPR and 13 of the 42 control patients had evidence of laryngeal pseudosulcus (p<0.001). The sensitivity and specificity of pseudosulcus in the symptom-based diagnosis of LPR are 86 and 69%, respectively. This study shows that laryngeal pseudosulcus is highly correlated with LPR-related symptoms. The presence of this finding is suggestive of LPR.

Gastroesophageal reflux among different racial groups in the United States.

BACKGROUND & AIMS: White people in the United States are several-fold more affected by esophageal adenocarcinoma than black people. It remains unknown whether this racial discrepancy reflects a higher prevalence of gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) symptoms or a higher degree of esophageal damage. METHODS: A cross-sectional survey followed by endoscopy was performed among employees at a VA medical center. The association between race and GERD symptoms and erosive esophagitis was analyzed in logistic regression analyses controlling for demographic, clinical, and histologic variables. RESULTS: A total of 496 of 915 people (54%) returned interpretable questionnaires, and endoscopy was performed in 215 participants. The mean age was 45 years, and 336 (68%) were women. Racial distribution was 43% black, 34% white, and 23% other races. Heartburn occurring at least weekly was reported in 27%, 23%, and 24% of these racial groups, respectively. The age-adjusted prevalence of heartburn or regurgitation was not significantly different among the groups. Erosive esophagitis was found in 50 of 215 participants (23%); 31 of these cases were mild. Only one person had Barrett's esophagus (0.4%). For weekly heartburn or regurgitation, black participants had significantly less frequent erosive esophagitis than white participants (24% vs. 50%; P = 0.03). With multiple adjustments, black participants had a persistently lower risk of esophagitis (adjusted odds ratio, 0.22-0.46; P < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: White and black people in the United States have a similarly high prevalence of GERD symptoms. However, black people have a lower prevalence of esophagitis for the same frequency of GERD symptoms. Barrett's esophagus was rare in this study, even among those with frequent symptoms.

Gastro-oesophageal reflux disease, reflux oesophagitis and non-erosive reflux disease in a multiracial Asian population: a prospective, endoscopy based study.

OBJECTIVE: To determine the prevalence of and risk factors for gastro-oesophageal reflux disease (GORD), reflux oesophagitis and non-erosive reflux disease (NERD) amongst Malaysian patients undergoing upper gastrointestinal endoscopic examination. DESIGN: A cross-sectional study on consecutive patients with dyspepsia undergoing upper gastrointestinal endoscopy. SETTING: A large general hospital in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. PARTICIPANTS: Consecutive patients undergoing endoscopy for upper abdominal discomfort were examined for the presence of reflux oesophagitis, hiatus hernia and Barrett's oesophagus. The diagnosis and classification of reflux oesophagitis was based on the Los Angeles classification. Patients with predominant symptoms of heartburn or acid regurgitation of at least one per month for the past 6 months in the absence of reflux oesophagitis were diagnosed as having NERD. The prevalence of GORD, reflux oesophagitis and NERD were analysed in relation to age, gender, race, body mass index (BMI), presence of hiatus hernia, Helicobacter pylori status, alcohol intake, smoking and level of education. RESULTS: One thousand patients were studied prospectively. Three hundred and eighty-eight patients (38.8%) were diagnosed as having GORD based on either predominant symptoms of heartburn and acid regurgitation and/or findings of reflux oesophagitis. One hundred and thirty-four patients (13.4%) had endoscopic evidence of reflux oesophagitis. Two hundred and fifty-four (65.5%) were diagnosed as having NERD. Hiatus hernia was found in 6.7% and Barrett's oesophagus in 2% of patients. Of our patients with reflux oesophagitis 20.1% had grade C and D oesophagitis. No patients had strictures. Following logistic regression analysis, the independent risk factors for GORD were Indian race (odds ratio (OR), 3.25; 95% confidence interval (CI), 2.38-4.45), Malay race (OR, 1.67; 95% CI, 1.16-2.38), BMI > 25 (OR, 1.41; 95% CI, 1.04-1.92), presence of hiatus hernia (OR, 4.21; 95% CI, 2.41-7.36), alcohol consumption (OR, 2.42; 95% CI, 1.11-5.23) and high education level (OR, 1.52; 95% CI, 1.02-2.26). For reflux oesophagitis independent the risk factors male gender (OR, 1.64; 95% CI, 1.08-2.49), Indian race (OR, 3.25; 95% CI, 2.05-5.17), presence of hiatus hernia (OR, 11.67; 95% CI, 6.40-21.26) and alcohol consumption (OR, 3.22; 95% CI, 1.26-8.22). For NERD the independent risk factors were Indian race (OR, 3.45; 95% CI, 2.42-4.92), Malay race (OR, 1.80; 95% CI, 1.20-2.69), BMI > 25 (OR, 1.47; 95% CI, 1.04, 2.06) and high education level (OR, 1.66; 95% CI, 1.06-2.59). CONCLUSIONS: Reflux oesophagitis and Barrett's oesophagus were not as uncommon as previously thought in a multiracial Asian population and a significant proportion of our patients had severe grades of reflux oesophagitis. NERD, however, still constituted the larger proportion of patients with GORD. Indian race was consistently a significant independent risk factor for reflux oesophagitis, NERD and for GORD overall.

Ethnic differences in the prevalence of endoscopic esophagitis and Barrett's esophagus: the long and short of it all.

Recent studies indicate that the prevalence of gastroesophageal reflux disease in Asia is either increasing or better recognized. There is a paucity of reliable data on the prevalence of reflux disease in the various races in general and in Malaysia, in particular. The prevalence of erosive esophagitis and Barrett's esophagus in a multiethnic Malaysian population was studied, as well as the relationship of various factors associated with reflux disease. Chinese, Malay, and Indian patients undergoing gastroscopy in a tertiary referral center were assessed for the presence of esophagitis, hiatus hernia, and Barrett's esophagus. Patient demographics and risk factors associated with gastroesophageal reflux disease were also documented. The prevalence of endoscopically documented esophagitis among 1985 patients was 6.1%, the majority of which were mild, Grade I or II (88%). There was a preponderance of Indians with esophagitis, as well as males (P < 0.05) and those with the presence of a hiatus hernia (P < 0.01). Long-segment Barrett's esophagus was found in 1.6% of patients, and short-segment Barrett's in 4.6%. Indians had the highest prevalence of Barrett's esophagus compared with Chinese (P < 0.05) or Malays (P < 0.01). Hiatus hernia and erosive esophagitis were both positively associated with Barrett's metaplasia (P < 0.01). A significant proportion of Malaysian patients undergoing endoscopy has mild reflux esophagitis and Barrett's esophagus. Indian ethnicity and the presence of a hiatus hernia were significantly associated with endoscopic esophagitis and Barrett's metaplasia. These observed racial differences warrant further study.

Low frequency of endoscopic esophagitis in Asian patients.

The aim of this study was to determine the frequency of endoscopic esophagitis in patients seen for upper gastrointestinal complaints in an Asian center. We studied a consecutive series of 11,943 patients undergoing diagnostic esophagogastroduodenoscopy at our unit over a 10-year period. Three hundred and eighty-nine patients (3.3%) had endoscopic esophagitis with no other significant lesion (primary esophagitis), whereas 143 (1.2%) had esophagitis associated with peptic ulcer or gastric or duodenal malignancy (secondary esophagitis). In contrast, peptic ulcer was diagnosed in 2,787 patients (23.3%) and gastric carcinoma in 286 (2.4%). The reported frequency of endoscopic esophagitis among patients undergoing endoscopy in Western countries varied from 9 to 23%. Our data therefore show that endoscopic esophagitis is much less common in Singaporean patients.