[Complicated gastric cancer and modern treatment approaches]. / Oslozhnennye formy raka zheludka ­ sovremennye podkhody k lecheniyu.

Among all patients with gastric cancer, 40% admit to the hospitals due to cancer-related complications. The most common complications of gastric cancer are bleeding (22-80%), malignant gastric outlet obstruction (26-60%), and perforation (less than 5%). The main treatment methods for gastric cancer complicated by bleeding are various forms of endoscopic hemostasis, transarterial embolization and external beam radiotherapy. Surgical treatment is possible in case of ineffective management. However, surgical algorithm is not standardized. Malignant gastric outlet stenosis requires decompression: endoscopic stenting, palliative gastroenterostomy. Surgical treatment is also possible (gastrectomy, proximal or distal resection of the stomach). The main problem for patients with complicated gastric cancer is the lack of standardized algorithms and abundance of potential surgical techniques. The aim of our review is to systematize available data on the treatment of complicated gastric cancer and to standardize existing methods.

Case Report of Overlapping Pyloric Obstruction Due to Dichlorvos Poisoning and Cholelithiasis with Choledocholithiasis.

BACKGROUND Pyloric obstruction after dichlorvos poisoning causes repeated vomiting and inability to eat. Choledocholithiasis and cholelithiasis are the common digestive diseases, with high morbidity and relapse in elderly patients. However, the complex situation of these diseases' coexistence is a clinically intractable problem, and literature on selecting optimal surgical planning is scarce. CASE REPORT A thin 79-year-old woman took dichlorvos due to family conflicts. She improved after being urgently sent to local hospital for gastric lavage and detoxification. Over the next 3 months, she presented with intermittent nausea, vomiting, epigastric pain, and mental apathy, and was readmitted. Gastroscopy showed extensive scarring in the antrum, pyloric obstruction, and gastric retention. Magnetic resonance cholangiopancreatography revealed gallstones and choledocholithiasis. Also, she presented with gastric retention, hypertension, moderate anemia, hypoproteinemia, and electrolyte disturbances. After hospitalization, conservative treatment was performed, without improving vomiting, followed by surgical treatment. Gastrojejunostomy, Braun anastomosis, and nasojejunal feeding tube placement were performed for pyloric stenosis; cholecystectomy for cholelithiasis; and choledochotomy, intraoperative choledochoscopy examination, basket stone extraction, and primary suture of common bile duct without indwelling T tube for choledocholithiasis. Patient recovered and was discharged 9 days after surgery. She was recovered well, without vomiting, at 2-month follow-up. CONCLUSIONS Gastrojejunostomy plus Braun anastomosis is effective treatment of elderly patients with pyloric obstruction formed after pesticide-induced corrosion. Careful selection of choledocholithotomy with primary suture without indwelling T tube reduced postoperative pain and accelerated recovery. This complex case of pyloric obstruction with gallbladder and bile duct stones provides useful considerations for clinical treatment.

[A Long-Term Survival Case of Gastric Cancer with Pyloric Stenosis and Peritoneum Dissemination That Received Intravenous and Intraperitoneal Paclitaxel Combined with S-1 Therapy after Bypass Surgery].

Although a 74-year-old man with gastric cancer with pyloric stenosis(cT4aN[+]M0, Stage Ⅲ)had undergone surgery, he was diagnosed with peritoneum dissemination. He received bypass surgery, and an intraperitoneal access port was implanted in his subcutaneous space. Postoperatively, he received 4 courses of SOX therapy. In treatment effect, the primary tumor showed no change, and ascites developed. Therefore, we changed the chemotherapy regimen in intravenous and intraperitoneal paclitaxel combined with S-1 therapy. After starting this regimen, the primary tumor decreased in size, and the pyloric stenosis improved. Currently, the patient is alive without recurrence for 5 years and 8 months after intravenous and intraperitoneal paclitaxel combined with S-1 therapy and receiving this treatment regularly.

Risk Factor Analysis of Gastroparesis Syndrome in 2652 Patients with Radical Distal Gastrectomy.

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study is to investigate the risk factors of postoperative gastroparesis syndrome (PGS) in patients with gastric cancer who underwent radical distal gastrectomy. METHODS: The clinical data of 2652 patients with gastric cancer who underwent radical distal gastrectomy in the past 10 years were retrospectively analyzed. Furthermore, the incidence of PGS was set as the dependent variable, and the risk factors for PGS were screened using univariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses. Risk factor analysis for the different digestive tract reconstruction methods was also performed. RESULTS: Univariate analysis revealed that preoperative pyloric obstruction (p = 0.001), digestive tract reconstruction (p = 0.001), jejunum nutrition tube application (p = 0.001), intraperitoneal chemotherapy drug application (p = 0.002), age (≥ 66 years or < 66 years) (p = 0.042), operative time (≥ 184.5 min or < 184.5 min) (p = 0.049), and postoperative indwelling catheter time (≥ 4.5 days or < 4.5 days) (p = 0.045) were related to PGS. Multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that preoperative pyloric obstruction (odds ratio (OR) = 2.830, p = 0.004), application of a jejunum nutrition tube (OR = 3.309, p = 0.011), intraperitoneal chemotherapy (OR = 0.482, p = 0.010), and digestive tract reconstruction were independent risk factors for PGS. CONCLUSION: This study identified risk factors associated with PGS, which could be further applied in clinical practice.

[Effect of jejunal feeding tube placement on complications after laparoscopic radical surgery in patients with incomplete pyloric obstruction by gastric antrum cancer].

Objective: To assess the effect of jejunal feeding tube placement on early complications of laparoscopic radical gastrectomy in patients with incomplete pyloric obstruction by gastric cancer. Methods: This was a retrospective cohort study. Perioperative clinical data of 151 patients with gastric antrum cancer complicated by incomplete pyloric obstruction who had undergone laparoscopic distal radical gastrectomy from May 2020 to May 2022 in the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University were collected. Intraoperative jejunal feeding tubes had been inserted in 69 patients (nutrition tube group) and not in the remaining 82 patients (conventional group). There were no statistically significant differences in baseline characteristics between the two groups (all P>0.05). The operating time, intraoperative bleeding, time to first intake of solid food, time to passing first flatus, time to drainage tube removal, and postoperative hospital stay, and early postoperative complications (occurded within 30 days after surgery) were compared between the two groups. Results: Patients in both groups completed the surgery successfully and there were no deaths in the perioperative period. The operative time was longer in the nutritional tube group than in the conventional group [(209.2±4.7) minutes vs. (188.5±5.7) minutes, t=2.737, P=0.007], whereas the time to first postoperative intake of food [(2.7±0.1) days vs. (4.1±0.4) days, t=3.535, P<0.001], time to passing first flatus [(2.3±0.1) days vs. (2.8±0.1) days, t=3.999, P<0.001], time to drainage tube removal [(6.3±0.2) days vs. (6.9±0.2) days, t=2.123, P=0.035], and postoperative hospital stay [(7.8±0.2) days vs. (9.7±0.5) days, t=3.282, P=0.001] were shorter in the nutritional tube group than in the conventional group. There was no significant difference between the two groups in intraoperative bleeding [(101.1±9.0) mL vs. (111.4±8.7) mL, t=0.826, P=0.410]. The overall incidence of short-term postoperative complications was 16.6% (25/151). Postoperative complications did not differ significantly between the two groups (all P>0.05). Conclusion: It is safe and feasible to insert a jejunal feeding tube in patients with incomplete outlet obstruction by gastric antrum cancer during laparoscopic radical gastrectomy. Such tubes confer some advantages in postoperative recovery.

Effect of jejunal feeding tube placement on complications after laparoscopic radical surgery in patients with incomplete pyloric obstruction by gastric antrum cancer / 中华胃肠外科杂志

Objective: To assess the effect of jejunal feeding tube placement on early complications of laparoscopic radical gastrectomy in patients with incomplete pyloric obstruction by gastric cancer. Methods: This was a retrospective cohort study. Perioperative clinical data of 151 patients with gastric antrum cancer complicated by incomplete pyloric obstruction who had undergone laparoscopic distal radical gastrectomy from May 2020 to May 2022 in the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University were collected. Intraoperative jejunal feeding tubes had been inserted in 69 patients (nutrition tube group) and not in the remaining 82 patients (conventional group). There were no statistically significant differences in baseline characteristics between the two groups (all P>0.05). The operating time, intraoperative bleeding, time to first intake of solid food, time to passing first flatus, time to drainage tube removal, and postoperative hospital stay, and early postoperative complications (occurded within 30 days after surgery) were compared between the two groups. Results: Patients in both groups completed the surgery successfully and there were no deaths in the perioperative period. The operative time was longer in the nutritional tube group than in the conventional group [(209.2±4.7) minutes vs. (188.5±5.7) minutes, t=2.737, P=0.007], whereas the time to first postoperative intake of food [(2.7±0.1) days vs. (4.1±0.4) days, t=3.535, P<0.001], time to passing first flatus [(2.3±0.1) days vs. (2.8±0.1) days, t=3.999, P<0.001], time to drainage tube removal [(6.3±0.2) days vs. (6.9±0.2) days, t=2.123, P=0.035], and postoperative hospital stay [(7.8±0.2) days vs. (9.7±0.5) days, t=3.282, P=0.001] were shorter in the nutritional tube group than in the conventional group. There was no significant difference between the two groups in intraoperative bleeding [(101.1±9.0) mL vs. (111.4±8.7) mL, t=0.826, P=0.410]. The overall incidence of short-term postoperative complications was 16.6% (25/151). Postoperative complications did not differ significantly between the two groups (all P>0.05). Conclusion: It is safe and feasible to insert a jejunal feeding tube in patients with incomplete outlet obstruction by gastric antrum cancer during laparoscopic radical gastrectomy. Such tubes confer some advantages in postoperative recovery.

Controlled long term outcome of pyloromyotomy for pyloric stenosis: No long-term adverse effect.

PURPOSE: Pyloromyotomy for pyloric stenosis is one of the more common surgical procedures performed on infants. The long-term effects of the procedure are however unclear. The purpose of this study was to study the effects into adult life, compare them with controls and to see if there is a need for structured follow up of patients. METHODS: Of the 101 patients operated for pyloric stenosis between 1972 and 1974 at our tertiary referral center 91 could be traced. They were all invited to participate in the study and were sent validated questionnaires (PAGI-SYM, GIQLI) as well as a study-specific questionnaire examining the use of antacid drugs, incidence of gastroscopy and abdominal surgery. Sixty patients responded (66%, mean age 45 years, 46 male) and were included. Thereafter, 600 age and sex-matched controls were sent the same questionnaires. 132 responded (22%, 90 male) and were includes as controls. RESULTS: No significant differences could be found in any of the examined parameters when looking at the whole material or the male patients. Female patients had higher PAGI-SYM-scores for post prandial fullness (mean 1.11 vs 0.43, P = 0.035) and heartburn (mean 0.59 vs 0.14, P = 0.043) when compared to controls. CONCLUSIONS: The present study shows that most patients operated for pyloric stenosis during infancy experience no negative effects into adulthood. The finding in the female patient group is interesting but is unlikely to have any clinical implications. The results from this study strongly implicate that there is no need for follow up of patients into adulthood. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: Level III.

[Distal Gastrectomy under Management of Intra-Aortic Balloon Pumping Therapy for an Elderly Patient with Carcinomatous Pyloric Stenosis Complicated by Severe Coronary Stenosis].

This case involved an 82-year-old man with a history of diabetes mellitus and myocardial infarction. He was undergoing treatment with 2 oral antiplatelet agents. The patient presented to our hospital for carcinomatous pyloric stenosis caused by type 4 advanced gastric cancer. Although distal gastrectomy was planned, preoperative coronary angiography revealed triple- vessel coronary artery disease. Therefore, surgery was performed under management of intra-aortic balloon pumping (IABP)therapy. The patient's hemodynamics at the time of the operation were stable, and no perioperative cardiovascular complications occurred. However, the patient was not able to start an oral diet because of impaired swallowing function. Although he underwent daily swallowing rehabilitation, he died of aspiration pneumonia 40 days postoperatively. There are many reports of cancer resection under IABP management for patients with severe heart disease. Because the perioperative hemodynamics were stable in all 21 reported cases of digestive malignant tumor resections in Japan, an IABP is suggested to be very effective for patients with severe heart disease. However, early death has also occurred, as in the present case. Close attention to the indications for IABP therapy is needed, especially in elderly patients, in consideration of not only cancer and heart disease but also preoperative activities of daily living.

[Endoscopic treatment of cicatricial pyloric stenosis of peptic origin in a 4-year-old boy]. / Tratamiento endoscópico de la obstrucción del tracto de salida gástrico de origen péptico-cicatricial en un niño de 4 años.

Gastric outlet obstruction is an uncommon condition in children. Traditionally, surgery has been the standard mode of treatment, but it is associated with higher morbidity and mortality. Endoscopic treatment has emerged as an alternative to conventional treatment. We present the case of a 4-year-old patient with refractory prepyloric stenosis secondary to peptic ulcer disease. The picture begins with vomiting and abdominal pain of 2 months of evolution. Pre-pyloric stenosis was confirmed. Faced with the lack of response to medical treatment and balloon dilation, radiated incisions were made with electrocautery and steroid injections. When medical treatment is not sufficient, endoscopic balloon therapy should be the first therapeutic gesture in this type of stenosis; given its refractoriness, we believe it is important to highlight the usefulness of endoscopic treatment, which could prevent surgery and associated morbidity and mortality.

La obstrucción de la salida gástrica es una afección infrecuente en la edad pediátrica. Tradicionalmente, la cirugía ha sido el modo de tratamiento estándar, pero está asociada a mayor morbimortalidad. El tratamiento endoscópico ha surgido como una alternativa al tratamiento convencional. Presentamos el caso de un paciente de 4 años con estenosis prepilórica secundaria a enfermedad ulceropéptica. El cuadro clínico empezó con vómitos y dolor abdominal de 2 meses de evolución. Frente a la falta de respuesta al tratamiento médico y a la dilatación endoscópica con balón, se realizaron incisiones radiadas con electrocauterio e inyecciones de esteroides. La terapéutica endoscópica con balón debería ser el primer gesto terapéutico en este tipo de estenosis refractarias al tratamiento médico.

Tratamiento endoscópico de la obstrucción del tracto de salida gástrico de origen péptico-cicatricial en un niño de 4 años / Endoscopic treatment of cicatricial pyloric stenosis of peptic origin in a 4-year-old boy

La obstrucción de la salida gástrica es una afección infrecuente en la edad pediátrica. Tradicionalmente, la cirugía ha sido el modo de tratamiento estándar, pero está asociada a mayor morbimortalidad. El tratamiento endoscópico ha surgido como una alternativa al tratamiento convencional. Presentamos el caso de un paciente de 4 años con estenosis prepilórica secundaria a enfermedad ulceropéptica. El cuadro clínico empezó con vómitos y dolor abdominal de 2 meses de evolución. Frente a la falta de respuesta al tratamiento médico y a la dilatación endoscópica con balón, se realizaron incisiones radiadas con electrocauterio e inyecciones de esteroides. La terapéutica endoscópica con balón debería ser el primer gesto terapéutico en este tipo de estenosis refractarias al tratamiento médico

Gastric outlet obstruction is an uncommon condition in children. Traditionally, surgery has been the standard mode of treatment, but it is associated with higher morbidity and mortality. Endoscopic treatment has emerged as an alternative to conventional treatment. We present the case of a 4-year-old patient with refractory prepyloric stenosis secondary to peptic ulcer disease. The picture begins with vomiting and abdominal pain of 2 months of evolution. Pre-pyloric stenosis was confirmed. Faced with the lack of response to medical treatment and balloon dilation, radiated incisions were made with electrocautery and steroid injections. When medical treatment is not sufficient, endoscopic balloon therapy should be the first therapeutic gesture in this type of stenosis; given its refractoriness, we believe it is important to highlight the usefulness of endoscopic treatment, which could prevent surgery and associated morbidity and mortality.

Open versus laparoscopic pyloromyotomy for pyloric stenosis.

BACKGROUND: Infantile hypertrophic pyloric stenosis (IHPS) is a disorder of young children (aged one year or less) and can be treated by laparoscopic (LP) or open (OP) longitudinal myotomy of the pylorus. Since the first description in 1990, LP is being performed more often worldwide. OBJECTIVES: To compare the efficacy and safety of open versus laparoscopic pyloromyotomy for IHPS. SEARCH METHODS: We conducted a literature search on 04 February 2021 to identify all randomised controlled trials (RCTs), without any language restrictions. We searched the following electronic databases: MEDLINE (1990 to February 2021), Embase (1990 to February 2021), and the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL). We also searched the Internet using the Google Search engine (www.google.com) and Google Scholar (scholar.google.com) to identify grey literature not indexed in databases. SELECTION CRITERIA: We included RCTs and quasi-randomised trials comparing LP with OP for hypertrophic pyloric stenosis. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS: Two review authors independently screened references and extracted data from trial reports. Where outcomes or study details were not reported, we requested missing data from the corresponding authors of the primary RCTs. We used a random-effects model to calculate risk ratios (RRs) for binary outcomes, and mean differences (MDs) for continuous outcomes. Two review authors independently assessed risks of bias. We used GRADE to assess the certainty of the evidence for all outcomes. MAIN RESULTS: The electronic database search resulted in a total of 434 records. After de-duplication, we screened 410 independent publications, and ultimately included seven RCTs (reported in 8 reports) in quantitative analysis. The seven included RCTs enrolled 720 participants (357 with open pyloromyotomy and 363 with laparoscopic pyloromyotomy). One study was a multi-country trial, three were carried out in the USA, and one study each was carried out in France, Japan, and Bangladesh. The evidence suggests that LP may result in a small increase in mucosal perforation compared with OP (RR 1.60, 95% CI 0.49 to 5.26; 7 studies, 720 participants; low-certainty evidence). LP may result in up to 5 extra instances of mucosal perforation per 1,000 participants; however, the confidence interval ranges from 4 fewer to 44 more per 1,000 participants. Four RCTs with 502 participants reported on incomplete pyloromyotomy. They indicate that LP may increase the risk of incomplete pyloromyotomy compared with OP, but the confidence interval crosses the line of no effect (RR 7.37, 95% CI 0.92 to 59.11; 4 studies, 502 participants; low-certainty evidence). In the LP groups, 6 cases of incomplete pyloromyotomy were reported in 247 participants while no cases of incomplete pyloromyotomy were reported in the OP groups (from 255 participants). All included studies (720 participants) reported on postoperative wound infections or abscess formations. The evidence is very uncertain about the effect of LP on postoperative wound infection or abscess formation compared with OP (RR 0.59, 95% CI 0.24 to 1.45; 7 studies, 720 participants; very low-certainty evidence). The evidence is also very uncertain about the effect of LP on postoperative incisional hernia compared with OP (RR 1.01, 95% CI 0.11 to 9.53; 4 studies, 382 participants; very low-certainty evidence). Length of hospital stay was assessed by five RCTs, including 562 participants. The evidence is very uncertain about the effect of LP compared to OP (mean difference -3.01 hours, 95% CI -8.39 to 2.37 hours; very low-certainty evidence). Time to full feeds was assessed by six studies, including 622 participants. The evidence is very uncertain about the effect of LP on time to full feeds compared with OP (mean difference -5.86 hours, 95% CI -15.95 to 4.24 hours; very low-certainty evidence). The evidence is also very uncertain about the effect of LP on operating time compared with OP (mean difference 0.53 minutes, 95% CI -3.53 to 4.59 minutes; 6 studies, 622 participants; very low-certainty evidence). AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS: Laparoscopic pyloromyotomy may result in a small increase in mucosal perforation when compared with open pyloromyotomy for IHPS. There may be an increased risk of incomplete pyloromyotomy following LP compared with OP, but the effect estimate is imprecise and includes the possibility of no difference. We do not know about the effect of LP compared with OP on the need for re-operation, postoperative wound infections or abscess formation, postoperative haematoma or seroma formation, incisional hernia occurrence, length of postoperative stay, time to full feeds, or operating time because the certainty of the evidence was very low for these outcomes. We downgraded the certainty of the evidence for most outcomes due to limitations in the study design (most outcomes were susceptible to detection bias) and imprecision. There is limited evidence available comparing LP with OP for IHPS. The included studies did not provide sufficient information to determine the effect of training, experience, or surgeon preferences on the outcomes assessed.

Simultaneous laparoscopic hiatal hernia repair and pyloroplasty for a type 3 hiatal hernia with post-ESD pyloric stenosis for early gastric cancer.

We present a case of early gastric cancer in the pylorus with a type 3 hiatal hernia, which was treated by endoscopic submucosal dissection (ESD). A 70-year-old man was referred to our hospital with a hiatal hernia. Endoscopy revealed early gastric cancer, and we performed an ESD adaptation at the pylorus. The ESD was successful, but post-ESD pyloric stenosis occurred. Symptoms of hiatal hernia worsened because of the pyloric stenosis. Laparoscopic hiatal hernia repair with Toupet fundoplication and Heineke-Mikulicz pyloroplasty was simultaneously performed. The postoperative course was good, and follow-up after discharge was uneventful. To our knowledge, there have been no reports in which laparoscopic hiatal hernia repair, fundoplication, and pyloroplasty were simultaneously performed for a substantial hiatal hernia with post-ESD pyloric stenosis.

Getting it right first time: implementation of laparoscopic pyloromyotomy without a learning curve.

INTRODUCTION: Laparoscopic pyloromyotomy is now an accepted procedure for the treatment of pyloric stenosis. However, it is clear that during the implementation period there are significantly higher incidences of mucosal perforation and incomplete pyloromyotomy. We describe how we introduced a new laparoscopic procedure without the complications associated with the learning curve. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Five consultants tasked one surgeon to pilot and establish laparoscopic pyloromyotomy before mentoring the others until they were performing the procedure independently; all agreed to use exactly the same instruments and operative technique. This involved a 5mm 30-degree infra-umbilical telescope with two 3mm instruments. Data were collected prospectively. RESULTS: Between 1 January 2013 and 31 December 2017, 140 laparoscopic pyloromyotomies were performed (median age 27 days, range 13-133 days, male to female ratio 121:19). Fifty-five per cent of procedures were performed by trainees. Complications were one mucosal perforation and one inadequate pyloromyotomy. There were no injuries to other organs, problems with wound dehiscence or other significant complications. The median time of discharge was one day (range one to six days). CONCLUSION: Our rate of perforation and incomplete pyloromyotomy was 1.4%, which is equivalent to the best published series of either open or laparoscopic pyloromyotomy. We believe that this resulted from the coordinated implementation of the procedure using a single technique to reduce clinical variability, increase mentoring and improve training. This approach appears self-evident but is rarely described in the literature of learning curves. In this age of increased accountability, new technologies should be incorporated into routine practice without an increase in morbidity to patients.

[A Case of Adenocarcinoma Arising from an Ectopic Pancreas of the Stomach Presenting as Pyloric Stenosis].

The patient was a 37-year-old man who visited a neighborhood clinic complaining of nausea and upper abdominal pain. Since examination revealed abdominal distention, he was referred to our hospital. Abdominal computed tomography at our hospital revealed retention of gastric contents and contrast-enhancing wall thickening localized to the pyloric region. Upper gastrointestinal endoscopy showed stenosis involving the entire circumference of the pylorus. However, multiple biopsies failed to reveal any evidence of malignancy. Four dilatations were performed, with no improvement. Therefore, the patient was referred to the Department of Surgery. Since malignant disease could not be ruled out, laparoscopic distal gastrectomy with D2 lymph node dissection was performed. Histopathological examination of the resected specimen revealed the presence of ectopic pancreatic tissue in the proper muscle layer of the pylorus. Adenocarcinoma invading and proliferating into the surrounding ectopic mucosal lesion was observed. Therefore, the patient was diagnosed with adenocarcinoma arising from ectopic pancreas. The possibility of ectopic pancreatic cancer may need to be considered in patients with pyloric stenosis caused by a submucosal tumor-like lesion.

Heineke, Mikulicz, Jaboulay, and Finney: Innovators of Surgical Pyloroplasty.

This historical retrospective explores the history of the gastric pyloroplasty through the lives of the 4 surgeons whose eponymous procedures have defined the operative management of pyloric strictures: Heineke, Mikulicz, Jaboulay, and Finney. Today's gastrointestinal surgeons employ a combination of techniques that highlight the rich and colorful history of their field.

[Efficacy of Laparoscopic Gastrojejunal Bypass for Unresectable Gastric Cancer with Pyloric Stenosis].

In general, gastrojejunal bypass is performed for unresectable gastric cancers with stenosis. It enables patients to take food and be discharged from the hospital earlier. Previously, we used to primarily perform open gastrojejunal bypass; however, recently, we perform laparoscopic gastrojejunal bypass because it is minimally invasive. We evaluated 31 patients who underwent gastrojejunal bypass for unresectable gastric cancer in our department between December 2009 and December 2019. We retrospectively compared the laparoscopic surgery group(n=7)with the open surgery group(n=24). No significant difference in patient background was found between the study groups. Compared to patients in the open surgery group, those in the laparoscopic group had significantly shorter postoperative hospital stay and time until initiation of oral intake, relatively lesser blood loss, and no postoperative complications. Moreover, more patients in the laparoscopic group than in the open surgery group were administered postoperative chemotherapy. Further, postoperative chemotherapy was administered sooner in the laparoscopic group than in the open surgery group. Laparoscopic gastrojejunal bypass is a safe and less invasive treatment for unresectable gastric cancer with stenosis. It may be superior to the conventional open surgery with regard to early postoperative chemotherapy for cancer.

Adequacy of Preoperative Resuscitation in Laparoscopic Pyloromyotomy and Anesthetic Emergence.

BACKGROUND: Pyloromyotomy is one of the most common surgical procedures performed on otherwise healthy infants. Pyloric stenosis results in a hypochloremic, hypokalemic metabolic alkalosis that is considered a medical emergency. This alkalotic state is believed to be associated with an increased incidence of apneic episodes. Because apnea tends to occur during anesthetic emergence, we sought to examine the association between the preoperative serum bicarbonate level and anesthetic emergence time after laparoscopic pyloromyotomy. METHODS: Data were collected from patients who underwent laparoscopic pyloromyotomies from April 2014 to October 2018. To estimate the correlation between preoperative bicarbonate level and emergence time while accounting for the positive skew of emergence time and potential confounding variables, a weighted quantile mixed regression was used. Due to a nonlinear association with emergence time, preoperative serum bicarbonate was split into 2 continuous intervals (<24 and ≥24 mEq/L) and the slope versus outcome was fit for each interval. RESULTS: A total of 529 patients who underwent laparoscopic pyloromyotomy were analyzed in this study. After controlling for confounders, the preoperative serum bicarbonate interval of ≥24 mEq/L was linearly associated with median emergence time (median increase of 0.81 minutes per 1 mEq/L increase of bicarbonate; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.42-1.20; P < .001). Only 3 patients (0.6%) had apneic episodes after pyloromyotomy despite all having preoperative serum bicarbonate levels <29 mEq/L. CONCLUSIONS: Preoperative serum bicarbonate was positively associated with median anesthetic emergence time in a linear manner for values ≥24 mEq/L, although this correlation may not appear to be clinically substantial per 1 mEq/L unit. However, when preoperative serum bicarbonate levels were dichotomized at a commonly used presurgical threshold, the difference in median emergence time between ≥30 and <30 mEq/L was an estimated 5.4 minutes (95% CI, 3.1-7.8 minutes; P < .001).