Molecular characterization of the nitric oxide synthase gene and its immunomodulation of nitric oxide production in the triangle shell mussel (Hyriopsis cumingii).

Nitric oxide synthase (NOS) is a critical enzyme that catalyzes nitric oxide biosynthesis and orchestrates various immunological responses mediated by nitric oxide (NO) in host animals. In this study, the NOS gene was identified in the triangle shell mussel (Hyriopsis cumingii) (HcNOS). HcNOS was highly conserved in the characteristic gene structures of NOS. Phylogenetic analysis suggested that HcNOS was a typical invertebrate NOS. Further gene expression analysis, NOS activity assays and nitric oxide content measurements demonstrated the inducibility of HcNOS in responses to lipopolysaccharide (LPS) challenge and during tissue transplantation. Of note, mantle grafting induced a prolonged HcNOS/NO response, suggesting that through the HcNOS/NO system, multiple immunomodulators may play decisive roles in tissue grafting in triangle shell mussels. Thus, HcNOS appears to be a crucial player in responding to both bacterial infection and tissue transplantation.

Colour plasticity in the shells and pearls of animal graft model Pinctada margaritifera assessed by HSV colour quantification.

The bivalve Pinctada margaritifera has the capacity to produce the most varied and colourful pearls in the world. Colour expression in the inner shell is under combined genetic and environmental control and is correlated with the colour of pearls produced when the same individual is used as a graft donor. One major limitation when studying colour phenotypes is grader subjectivity, which leads to inconsistent colour qualification and quantification. Through the use of HSV (Hue Saturation Value) colour space, we created an R package named 'ImaginR' to characterise inner shell colour variations in P. margaritifera. Using a machine-learning protocol with a training dataset, ImaginR was able to reassign individual oysters and pearls to predefined human-based phenotype categories. We then tested the package on samples obtained in an experiment testing the effects of donor conditioning depth on the colour of the donor inner shell and colour of the pearls harvested from recipients following grafting and 20 months of culture in situ. These analyses successfully detected donor shell colour modifications due to depth-related plasticity and the maintenance of these modifications through to the harvested pearls. Besides its potential interest for standardization in the pearl industry, this new method is relevant to other research projects using biological models.