RESUMO
OBJECTIVES: The frequency of phosphate additives reported in the United States Department of Agriculture Branded Foods Product Database and how these additives impact phosphate content is unknown. METHODS: All products included in the Branded Foods Product Database reporting phosphorus content were reviewed for presence of phosphate salts and/or lecithin additives. RESULTS: Phosphorus content information was available for 3,466 (1.45%) food items, of these 1791 (51.6%) contained additives. Median phosphorus content was lowest in products with lecithin only compared to products without phosphorus additives (86 [54-200] vs. 145 [77-351] mg per 100 g, P < .01), which was not different from products with phosphate salts (176 [101-276] mg per 100 g, P = .22) or products with both phosphate salts and lecithin (161 [99-285] mg per 100 g, P = 1.00). The impact of a phosphorus salt on phosphorus content (mg per 100) was explored among ultra-processed products grouped by similar phosphorus contents. The phosphorus content of in in nondairy alternatives, dairy, plant proteins, and grains were significantly higher when the product contained a phosphate salt compared to products without a phosphate salt. For all products phosphorus and potassium content were correlated, but the relationship was stronger for when a potassium phosphate additive was present compared to absent (rho = 0.81 vs. 0.53, P < .05). Similar patterns were seen for sodium, calcium, and iron with stronger correlations with phosphate content for products with additives than those without (calcium phosphate: rho = 0.47 vs. 0.32; iron phosphate: rho = 0.47 vs. 0.33; sodium phosphate: rho = 0.45 vs. 0.07. All P < .05). The relationship between phosphate and sodium for products without phosphate additives was weak. CONCLUSIONS: Lecithin may not be associated with increased phosphorus content. Calcium, potassium, sodium, and iron phosphorus salts appear to be associated with increases in the composite mineral and phosphorus content, with the strongest correlation between potassium and phosphorus content.
Assuntos
Fósforo na Dieta , Fósforo , Estados Unidos , Humanos , Aditivos Alimentares , Fósforo na Dieta/análise , Cálcio , Lecitinas , Sais , Fosfatos , SódioRESUMO
The Western diet is high in dietary phosphorus, partially due to added phosphorus, (i.e., phosphates) predominantly present in processed food products. Elevated serum phosphate levels, otherwise known as hyperphosphatemia, have been associated with changes in health status, of note detrimental effects on cardiovascular and renal health. However, the extent to which highly absorbed added phosphorus contributes to these changes is relatively unknown, due to its poor characterization among food composition databases. Industry-provided data on phosphorus source ingredients and ranges of added phosphorus present in food categories to enable a more accurate estimation of the total, added, and natural phosphorus intakes in the U.S. population. Using regression analyses, we then assessed relationships between estimated total, added, and natural phosphorus intakes on biomarkers of health status and mortality in individuals enrolled in the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) 1988-1994 and 2001-2016 datasets. Total, added, and natural phosphorus intakes were associated with several biomarkers of health status. Added phosphorus intake was consistently inversely associated with HDL cholesterol in both men and women, whereas naturally occurring phosphorus intake was inversely correlated with the risk of elevated blood pressure. However, in most cases, the predicted impact of increases in phosphorus intake would result in small percentage changes in biomarkers. No meaningful associations between phosphorus and mortality were found, but indications of a correlation between mortality with quintiles of naturally occurring phosphorus were present, depending on covariate sets used. The disparate results for natural and added phosphorus intakes within the current study provide increased support for updating current food composition databases to more accurately account for dietary phosphorus intake as total, naturally occurring, and added phosphorus.
Assuntos
Fósforo na Dieta , Adulto , Biomarcadores , Dieta , Feminino , Nível de Saúde , Humanos , Masculino , Inquéritos Nutricionais , Fósforo , Fósforo na Dieta/análise , Estados Unidos/epidemiologiaRESUMO
Dietary phosphorus intake in the USA has been consistently greater than the Recommended Daily Allowance (RDA) with several studies reporting associations between intake and health risks as well as all-cause mortality within healthy subjects and patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD). The current study utilized a novel approach to calculate added phosphorus content in foods to determine sources (National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, NHANES 2001-2016, n = 39,796) and trends in consumption (NHANES 1988-1994, 2001-2016, n = 55,744) of total, naturally occurring, and added phosphorus. Among adults (19+ years), the mean intake of total and natural phosphorus (mg/day) in 1988-1994 as compared with 2015-2016 increased (total: 1292 ± SE 11 vs. 1398 ± SE 17; natural: 1113 ± SE 10 vs. 1243 ± SE 16 mg/day); in contrast, added phosphorus intake decreased during this time (178 ± SE 2.9 vs. 155 ± SE 4.1 mg/day). Added phosphorus as a percent of total ranged from about 14.6% in 1988-1994 to about 11.6% in 2015-2016. The top five sources of total and naturally occurring phosphorus, representing approximately 20% of intake, were cheese, pizza, chicken (whole pieces), reduced-fat milk, and eggs/omelets. The top five sources of added phosphorus were cheese, soft drinks, cakes/pies, rolls/buns, and cookies/brownies, representing 45% of added phosphorus in the diet. Consumption of added phosphorus has decreased over the past few decades, possibly due to increased demand for foods with less additives/ingredients but may also be due to inaccurate phosphorus values in nutrition databases. Further studies are needed to validate the added phosphorus calculations utilized in this study and nutrition databases should consider providing added phosphorus content.
Assuntos
Dieta/tendências , Aditivos Alimentares/análise , Inquéritos Nutricionais/tendências , Fósforo na Dieta/análise , Adulto , Ingestão de Alimentos , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Recomendações Nutricionais , Estados Unidos , Adulto JovemRESUMO
BACKGROUND: The impact of dietary phosphorus (P) excess, especially on renal and cardiovascular health, has been investigated in several species, but little is known in dogs. OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to examine effects of different P sources on concentration and postprandial kinetics of selected parameters of P homeostasis in dogs. METHODS: Eight beagles received one control diet (P 0.5% dry matter [DM]) and three high P diets (poultry meal, NaH2PO4, and KH2PO4; P 1.7% DM) for 18d. Urine samples were collected pre- and postprandially while faeces were collected quantitatively for 5d and analysed for minerals. On day 18, blood was sampled 1h pre- and 0.5, 1, 1.5, 2, 3, 5 and 7h postprandially. RESULTS: Pi (KH2PO4, NaH2PO4) but not organic P caused an increased apparent P digestibility and significantly influenced kinetics of serum FGF23, parathyroid hormone, P, CrossLaps and bonespecific alkaline phosphatase, demonstrating a disrupted calcium (Ca) and P homeostasis with potential harm for renal, cardiovascular and skeletal health. CONCLUSIONS: Results of feeding Pi to dogs indicate distinct disturbances of Ca and P metabolism, in contrast to organic sources. The use of Pi in food can therefore not be considered as safe. Further research, especially on dose and long-term effects, is warranted.
Assuntos
Homeostase/efeitos dos fármacos , Compostos Orgânicos/química , Fósforo na Dieta/farmacologia , Fósforo/metabolismo , Animais , Cães , Fezes/química , Fósforo na Dieta/análise , Período Pós-Prandial/efeitos dos fármacosRESUMO
Kidney patients are restricted from sodium, potassium, phosphorus, and protein. In thisstudy, new recipes have been developed in order to prevent the decrease in appetite, to control the loss of liquid electrolytes due to vomiting, to help patients feel better by improving their morale, to facilitate their adaptation to the diet. Eight selected foods were prepared by modified for reducing sodium, potassium, and phosphorus (repeating 2 times) and by standard recipes (repeating two times). Eight foods and 16 recipes were obtained. Sodium, potassium, phosphorus, and protein contents were measured after the process. Sodium, potassium, and phosphorus contents were analyzed with the ICP-MS method. Protein content was analyzed with the Kjeldahl nitrogen determination method. Applied cooking methods led to a decrease in sodium, potassium, phosphorus, and protein levels in the modified foods. The highest loss rate (65.3%) was observed in proteins in apple halva. The lowest loss (21.5%) was determined in the potassium in the banana cake. These cooking methods can be useful for enriching the meals of kidney patients.
Assuntos
Dieta Saudável , Nefropatias/dietoterapia , Fósforo na Dieta/análise , Potássio na Dieta/análise , Insuficiência Renal Crônica/terapia , Sódio na Dieta/análise , Proteínas Alimentares/análise , Humanos , Rim , Fósforo , Potássio , Diálise Renal , Sódio , Inquéritos e QuestionáriosRESUMO
Dietary phosphorus (P) is essential for bone mineralisation in vertebrates. P deficiency can cause growth retardation, osteomalacia and bone deformities, both in teleosts and in mammals. Conversely, excess P supply can trigger soft tissue calcification and bone hypermineralisation. This study uses a wide range of complementary techniques (X-rays, histology, TEM, synchrotron X-ray tomographic microscopy, nanoindentation) to describe in detail the effects of dietary P on the zebrafish skeleton, after two months of administering three different diets: 0.5% (low P, LP), 1.0% (regular P, RP), and 1.5% (high P, HP) total P content. LP zebrafish display growth retardation and hypomineralised bones, albeit without deformities. LP zebrafish increase production of non-mineralised bone matrix, and osteoblasts have enlarged endoplasmic reticulum cisternae, indicative for increased collagen synthesis. The HP diet promotes growth, high mineralisation, and stiffness but causes vertebral centra fusions. Structure and arrangement of bone matrix collagen fibres are not influenced by dietary P in all three groups. In conclusion, low dietary P content stimulates the formation of non-mineralised bone without inducing malformations. This indicates that bone formation and mineralisation are uncoupled. In contrast, high dietary P content promotes mineralisation and vertebral body fusions. This new zebrafish model is a useful tool to understand the mechanisms underlying osteomalacia and abnormal mineralisation, due to underlying variations in dietary P levels.
Assuntos
Osso e Ossos/química , Calcificação Fisiológica/efeitos dos fármacos , Osteogênese/efeitos dos fármacos , Fósforo na Dieta , Animais , Fósforo na Dieta/análise , Fósforo na Dieta/farmacologia , Peixe-ZebraRESUMO
Limestone particle size (PS) affects its solubility and thus can influence broiler performance by altering the rate of calcium (Ca) release into the gastrointestinal tract. The objective of this research was to determine, using 2 × 2 × 2 factorial arrangement, the influence of PS (fine and coarse) and supplemented phytase (0 and 1,000 FYT/kg) in diets formulated with 2 Ca and Pi levels (positive control [PC]; negative control [NC]) on live performance, bone ash, and apparent ileal nutrients digestibility (AID). Starter PC: 0.9 Ca and 0.45 Pi; NC: 0.72 Ca and 0.03 Pi. Grower PC: 0.76 Ca and 0.38 Pi; NC: 0.58 Ca and 0.23 Pi. The 8 diets were assigned randomly to a total of 1,512 birds, with 21 birds per pen and 9 pens per treatment. The main effects of PS and Ca and Pi levels had no influence on feed intake (FI), body weight gain (BWG), or feed conversion ratio. Adding phytase improved BWG by 8 g and 50 g and FI by 25 g and 56 g at 0-14 D (P ≤ 0.05) and 0-35 D (P ≤ 0.05), respectively. Interaction between Ca and Pi levels and phytase improved BWG and FI for 0-14 D (P ≤ 0.05) and BWG during 15-28 D (P ≤ 0.05) for PC without phytase and for PC and NC with phytase when compared with NC without phytase. Birds fed PC without phytase, or either PC or NC with phytase were about 96 g heavier than NC without phytase. Birds fed either PC or NC diet with coarse limestone or PC with fine limestone gained approximately 14 g more (P ≤ 0.05) than birds fed NC with fine limestone for BWG at 0-14 D (P ≤ 0.05). Phytase increased tibia bone ash (14 D) by 1% (P ≤ 0.05). AID of Ca and Pi at 14 D was improved (P ≤ 0.05) by 66% when phytase was added to coarse limestone. Results indicate that phytase improved broiler performance without being affected by PS. Furthermore, phytase had greater influence on coarse limestone than on fine limestone for bone ash and AID. Ca and Pi levels were the most influential factors in determining bone ash although phytase inclusion could lead to an improvement during early days.
Assuntos
6-Fitase/análise , Carbonato de Cálcio/metabolismo , Cálcio da Dieta/análise , Galinhas/fisiologia , Digestão , Minerais/análise , Fósforo na Dieta/análise , Ração Animal/análise , Fenômenos Fisiológicos da Nutrição Animal , Animais , Carbonato de Cálcio/administração & dosagem , Galinhas/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Dieta/veterinária , Suplementos Nutricionais/análise , Digestão/efeitos dos fármacos , Relação Dose-Resposta a Droga , Masculino , Tamanho da Partícula , Distribuição AleatóriaRESUMO
AIM: The potential renal acid load (PRAL) has been described in relation to different health outcomes. Outcomes over time and conclusions made are often based on baseline dietary intake values. However, to study reliable long-term associations, parameters calculated based on dietary intake data, such as PRAL, must be stable over time. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to assess the stability of PRAL and its components over a 10-year time period. METHODS: PRAL values of three-day dietary intake data from 197 women and 373 men on two assessment moments (2002-2004 and 2012-2014) were calculated. Pearson correlation and intra-class correlation coefficients were used for assessing the stability of PRAL and its components. Level of agreement between the two assessment moments was estimated after splitting up subjects in quintiles of PRAL, calculating kappa values and changes of quintiles over time. RESULTS: No significant differences in mean PRAL over time were found. Stability of PRAL and its components was low. Poor agreement between the first and second assessment was shown by low kappa values and change of most of the subjects to an adjacent and non-adjacent quintile after 10 years. CONCLUSIONS: Based on nutrition assessments carried out using three-day dietary records, stability of PRAL over a 10-year time period could not be confirmed, even though no significant difference between mean PRAL and its components over time was found. Therefore, interpretation of longitudinal outcomes based on PRAL and its component calculated at baseline should be interpreted with caution.
Assuntos
Dieta , Rim/metabolismo , Adolescente , Adulto , Idoso , Índice de Massa Corporal , Cálcio da Dieta/administração & dosagem , Cálcio da Dieta/análise , Bases de Dados Factuais , Registros de Dieta , Proteínas Alimentares/administração & dosagem , Proteínas Alimentares/análise , Feminino , Seguimentos , Humanos , Concentração de Íons de Hidrogênio , Estudos Longitudinais , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Avaliação Nutricional , Fósforo na Dieta/administração & dosagem , Fósforo na Dieta/análise , Potássio na Dieta/administração & dosagem , Potássio na Dieta/análise , Adulto JovemRESUMO
Coccidiosis penalizes calcium (Ca), phosphorus (P), and fat-soluble vitamin status, as well as bone mineralization in broiler chickens. We hypothesized that dietary vitamin D (VitD) supplementation in the form of 25-hydroxycholecalciferol (OHD), compared to cholecalciferol (D3), would improve bone mineralization in broilers receiving marginally deficient Ca/P diets, with more pronounced effects during malabsorptive coccidiosis. In a 2 VitD source × 2 Ca/P levels × 2 levels of infection factorial experiment (n = 6 pens per treatment, 6 birds/pen), Ross 308 broilers were assigned to an Aviagen-specified diet supplemented with 4,000 IU/kg of either OHD or D3 between days 11 and 24 of age. The diet contained adequate (A; 8.7:4.4 g/kg) or marginally deficient (M; 6.1:3.1 g/kg) total Ca and available (av)P levels. At day 12 of age, birds were inoculated with water (C) or 7,000 Eimeria maxima oocysts (I). Pen performance was measured over 12 days post-infection (pi). One bird per pen was assessed for parameters of bone mineralization and intestinal histomorphometric features (day 6 and 12 pi), as well as E. maxima replication and gross lesions of the small intestine (day 6 pi). There was no interaction between infection status and Ca/avP level on bone mineralization. Bone breaking strength (BS), ash weight (AW), and ash percentage (AP) were highest in broilers fed the OHD-supplemented A diets irrespective of infection status. Eimeria maxima infection impaired (P < 0.05) ADG and FCR pi; Ca and P status at day 6 pi; OHD status, BS, AW, and AP at day 12 pi; and intestinal morphology at day 6 and 12 pi. A- compared to M-fed broilers had higher BS, AW, and AP at day 6 pi, and AW at day 12 pi. VitD source affected only OHD status, being higher (P < 0.001) for OHD- than D3-fed broilers at day 6 and 12 pi. In conclusion, offering OHD and adequate levels of Ca and P improved bone mineralization, with no effect on performance. Dietary D3 and OHD supplemented at 4,000 IU/kg had similar effects on coccidiosis-infected and uninfected broilers, which led to the rejection of our hypothesis.
Assuntos
Cálcio/deficiência , Galinhas/fisiologia , Colecalciferol/metabolismo , Fósforo/deficiência , Vitaminas/metabolismo , Ração Animal/análise , Animais , Calcifediol/administração & dosagem , Calcifediol/metabolismo , Calcificação Fisiológica/efeitos dos fármacos , Cálcio da Dieta/análise , Galinhas/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Colecalciferol/administração & dosagem , Coccidiose/parasitologia , Coccidiose/veterinária , Dieta/veterinária , Suplementos Nutricionais/análise , Eimeria/fisiologia , Intestinos/efeitos dos fármacos , Intestinos/fisiologia , Fósforo na Dieta/análise , Doenças das Aves Domésticas/parasitologia , Vitaminas/administração & dosagemRESUMO
This research was conducted to determine the effects of phosphorus (P), calcium (Ca), and magnesium (Mg) content in pasture with body weight and body condition scores in cattle depending entirely on natural grazing. The work was done in 2006 in Mogosane Village of North-West Province, South Africa, and it was conducted from March 2006 to March 2007, with the annual rainfall of 384.38 mm maximum. A total of 25 growing mixed breed cattle aged between 6 months and 2 years old were selected randomly from a herd feeding exclusively on communal grazing. Animals were depending on natural pasture, with no supplements given. Records of body mass (BM) and body condition score (BCS) were recorded from a diverse range of animals in order to include as many different body masses and body condition scores as possible. Mean BM and BCS values are reported but there were no significant (P > 0.05) differences between months. Possible reasons are given in the "Results and Discussion" section. The focus of the research reported here was on the changes in the P, Ca, and Mg concentrations of pasture. Pasture samples were collected once a month for analysis to determine the contents of P, Ca, and Mg. Mineral concentrations in the pasture increased significantly (P < 0.05) with rainfall in January 2007, February 2007, and March 2007, and in January 2007 and February 2007, the mean values of BCS (3.90) and BM (444.05 kg) increased. After the good rains in March 2006 and April 2006, there were significant (P < 0.05) decreases in grass P and Mg in the following dry months along with decreases in BCS and BM. There were subsequent significant (P < 0.05) increases in grass P and Mg following rains in August 2006 through January 2007. Grass Ca followed a much different pattern compared with that of P and Mg with significant (P < 0.05) increases after periods of little or no rainfall. Mineral concentrations (P, Ca, and Mg) of grass in this research were significantly (P < 0.05) influenced by the rainfall making it imperative that mineral supplementation be given to animals in the dry periods.
Assuntos
Ração Animal/análise , Cálcio/análise , Magnésio/análise , Fósforo/análise , Poaceae/química , Ciências da Nutrição Animal , Animais , Peso Corporal , Cálcio da Dieta/análise , Bovinos , Feminino , Minerais , Fósforo na Dieta/análise , África do Sul/epidemiologiaRESUMO
Dietary phosphorus concentration greatly affects pig's growth performance, environmental impact and diet cost. A total of 1080 pigs (initially 5.9 ± 1.08 kg) from three commercial research rooms were used to determine the effects of increasing standardized total tract digestible (STTD) P concentrations in diets without and with phytase on growth performance and percentage bone ash. Pens (10 pigs/pen, 9 pens/treatment) were balanced for equal weights and randomly allotted to 12 treatments. Treatments were arranged in two dose titrations (without or with 2000 units of phytase) with six levels of STTD P each. The STTD P levels were expressed as a percentage of NRC (2012) requirement estimates (% of NRC; 0.45 and 0.40% for phases 1 and 2, respectively) and were: 80%, 90%, 100%, 110%, 125% and 140% of NRC in diets without phytase and 100%, 110%, 125%, 140%, 155% and 170% of NRC in diets with phytase. Diets were provided in three phases, with experimental diets fed during phases 1 (days 0 to 11) and 2 (days 11 to 25), followed by a common diet from days 25 to 46. On day 25, radius samples from one median-weight gilt per pen were collected for analysis of bone ash. During the treatment period, increasing STTD P from 80% to 140% of NRC in diets without phytase improved average daily gain (ADG; quadratic, P < 0.01), average daily feed intake (ADFI; quadratic, P < 0.05) and gain-feed ratio (G : F; linear, P < 0.01). Estimated STTD P requirement in diets without phytase was 117% and 91% of NRC for maximum ADG according to quadratic polynomial (QP) and broken-line linear (BLL) models, respectively, and was 102%, 119% and >140% of NRC for maximum G : F using BLL, broken-line quadratic and linear models, respectively. When diets contained phytase, increasing STTD P from 100% to 170% of NRC improved ADG (quadratic, P < 0.05) and G : F (linear, P < 0.01). Estimated STTD P requirement in diets containing phytase was 138% for maximum ADG (QP), and 147% (QP) and 116% (BLL) of NRC for maximum G : F. Increasing STTD P increased (linear, P < 0.01) the percentage bone ash regardless of phytase addition. When comparing diets containing the same STTD P levels, phytase increased (P < 0.01) ADG, ADFI and G : F. In summary, estimated STTD P requirements varied depending on the response criteria and statistical models and ranged from 91% to >140% of NRC (0.41% to >0.63% of phase 1 diet and 0.36% to >0.56% of phase 2 diet) in diets without phytase, and from 116% to >170% of NRC (0.52% to >0.77% of phase 1 diet and 0.46% to >0.68% of phase 2 diet) for diets containing phytase. Phytase exerted an extra-phosphoric effect on promoting pig's growth and improved the P dose-responses for ADG and G : F.
Assuntos
6-Fitase/administração & dosagem , Fósforo na Dieta/análise , Suínos/fisiologia , Ração Animal/análise , Animais , Peso Corporal , Dieta/veterinária , Feminino , Trato Gastrointestinal/fisiologia , Minerais , Distribuição AleatóriaRESUMO
The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of increasing doses of bacterial phytase (RONOZYME HiPhos) on performance and carcass characteristics of growing and finishing pigs. The study included 120 castrated males with initial weight of 23.21 ± 1.91 kg and 68 days of age, distributed in a randomized block design with five treatments and eight replicates with three animals each. The pigs were fed five corn-soybean meal-based diets: positive control (PC), supplemented with inorganic phosphorus and calcium; negative control (NC), with 0.13% reduction in available phosphorus and 0.11% in calcium; and three NC diets supplemented with 1,000, 2,000, and 3,000 phytase units (FYT)/kg in the feed. Compared with the NC diets without phytase, diets with 1,000, 2,000, and 3,000 FYT/kg inclusion increased the daily weight gain by +12% (quadratic, p<0.05) during the growing I period; +2.9, +2.9, and +10.5% (linear, p<0.01), respectively, during the growing II period; and +4.1, +5.1, and +8.2% (linear, p<0.001), respectively, over the entire experimental period. The daily feed intake increased by 0, +2.8, and +4.3% (linear, p<0.05), respectively, considering the entire experimental period; and the final live weight increased by +3.2, +4.2, and +6.1% (linear, p<0.001), respectively. The phytase treatments did not influence feed conversion ratio, carcass weight and yield, backfat thickness, loin depth and carcass lean meat. According to the European Carcass Classification (SEUROP), however, the animals fed the PC diet and the three phytase levels had more carcasses classified as E (between 55-60% lean meat) when compared to carcasses of pigs fed the NC. Supplementing increasing levels of phytase to a corn- and soybean meal-based diet with inorganic P and Ca reduction improved daily weight gain and feed intake of growing pigs, and such effects were maintained until slaughter age.
Assuntos
6-Fitase/metabolismo , Ração Animal , Cálcio da Dieta/metabolismo , Citrobacter/enzimologia , Fósforo na Dieta/metabolismo , Suínos/crescimento & desenvolvimento , 6-Fitase/administração & dosagem , Ração Animal/análise , Criação de Animais Domésticos , Fenômenos Fisiológicos da Nutrição Animal , Animais , Cálcio da Dieta/análise , Dieta , Masculino , Carne/análise , Fósforo na Dieta/análise , Suínos/fisiologiaRESUMO
This study was conducted to determine the effects of residual superdoses of phytase on growth performance, tibia mineralization, and relative organ weight in ducks fed phosphorus-deficient diets. In Exp. 1, 4 kinds of commercial phytase were used to determine retention rate of phyatse with the phytase C being the highest via both high water-bath temperature (90%) and pelleting (50%), followed by phytase A, B, and D. In Exp. 2, a total of 560 male ducks were blocked based on body weight, and then allocated randomly to 7 treatments (5 replicates with 16 birds per replicate). Treatments included a maize-soybean meal-based diet with recommended calcium and 4.0 g non-phytate phosphorus (nPP)/kg starter diet or 3.8 g nPP/kg grower diet (positive control; PC), an nPP-deficient diet with 1.3 g nPP/kg starter diet or 1.1 g nPP/kg grower diet (negative control; NC), NC diets with increasing levels of residual phytase C (500, 1,000, 2,000, 3,000, and 4,000 units/kg feed) after pelleting. Birds fed NC diets had lower (P < 0.05) average daily gain (ADG) and average daily feed intake (ADFI) throughout the experiment compared with those fed PC diet. Supplementing NC diet with increasing residual superdoses of phytase improved (P < 0.05) ADG and ADFI quadratically in the entire experiment, while reduced feed-to-gain ratio (P < 0.05) quadratically during day 0 to 14. On day 14 and 35, birds fed NC diet had lower (P < 0.05) tibia length, weight, ash, calcium, phosphorus, and manganese contents than those fed PC diet. Increasing residual superdoses of phytase in NC diet increased (P < 0.05) tibia weight and ash, calcium, phosphorus contents quadratically on day 14 and 35. NC treatment increased (P < 0.05) the duodenum, jejunum, ileum, and cecum index compared with other treatments on day 14 and 35. Taken together, feeding increasing residual superdoses of phytase could counteract or exceed the negative effects of NC diet on growth performance, tibia mineralization, and relative organ weight in ducks.
Assuntos
6-Fitase/metabolismo , Calcificação Fisiológica/efeitos dos fármacos , Patos/fisiologia , Fósforo na Dieta/análise , Tíbia/efeitos dos fármacos , 6-Fitase/administração & dosagem , Ração Animal/análise , Fenômenos Fisiológicos da Nutrição Animal/efeitos dos fármacos , Animais , Dieta/veterinária , Suplementos Nutricionais/análise , Patos/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Masculino , Tamanho do Órgão/efeitos dos fármacos , Distribuição Aleatória , Tíbia/fisiologiaRESUMO
Phosphorus is an essential macro-mineral nutrient for poultry, needed for the body growth, development of bones, genomic function, good quality flesh, and eggs production. The imbalance of organic phosphorus sources in the diet mostly affect the phosphorus digestibility, reduces the poultry performance and health, and increases the environmental pollution burden. A study was reviewed to estimate the low phytate phosphorus digestibility of ingredients in poultry diet and their impacts on environmental ecosystem and opportunity of phytase supplementation. Plant ingredients mostly used in poultry diets are rich in phytate phosphorus. The phytate phosphorus digestibility and utilization is low in the gut of birds which leads to decrease other nutrients digestibility and increase excessive excretion of phosphorus with additional nutrients in the manure. When that manure applied to the lands containing excessive residual phosphorus and additional nutrients which pollute soil, groundwater disturbed the entire ecosystem. This issue is developed by poultry due to lack of digestive enzyme phytase which promotes the phytate phosphorus during digestion and reduces the excessive losses of phosphorus in excreta. To overcome this matter, the addition of mostly exogenous phospho-hydrolytic phytase enzymes in the diet, i.e. Escherichia coli, Peniophora lycii, Aspergillus niger, and Ficum, are the possible ways to increase the digestibility and utilization of phytate phosphorus and promote the stepwise release of phosphorus from phytate and significantly decrease phosphorus excretion. The aim of this review is to highlight the role of phytase supplementation in the poultry feeding, improvement of phytate phosphorus digestibility with performance, and reduction of phosphorus pollution from the environment.
Assuntos
6-Fitase/análise , Criação de Animais Domésticos/métodos , Suplementos Nutricionais , Fósforo na Dieta/análise , Aves Domésticas , Ração Animal/análise , Criação de Animais Domésticos/estatística & dados numéricos , Animais , Dieta/veterinária , Digestão , Esterco , Minerais , Fósforo , Ácido FíticoRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Phosphorus (P) supply is essential for bone mineralisation. Reduced P may result in osteopenia, whereas excessive P may result in environmental impacts. The objective was to study the long-term effect of three dietary P levels on net bone mineralisation in growing-finishing pigs. Eighteen female pigs were fed low P (LP (4.1)), medium P (MP (6.2)) or high P (HP (8.9 g P kg-1 DM)) from 39.7 until 110 kg. Trabecular, cortical and overall bone mineral density (BMD), ash, calcium (Ca) and P were determined after slaughter. RESULTS: The LP diet generally reduced the BMD, ash, Ca and P in all bones, though all measures were markedly lowered in femur compared with humerus. The trabecular BMD in LP pigs was only different in the distal section compared to the MP-fed pigs (P < 0.05). In addition, ash, Ca and P were lower in the proximal and distal sections. No significant effect of HP was seen. Conclusively, LP caused lower net bone mineralisation, mainly of femur. The trabecular tissue of the distal bones seems to be most metabolically active. CONCLUSIONS: The MP level was sufficient for net bone mineralisation. Femur is recommended for studying bone fragility whereas humerus seems useful to study increased P retention. © 2019 The Authors. Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Society of Chemical Industry.
Assuntos
Osso e Ossos/metabolismo , Fósforo na Dieta/metabolismo , Suínos/metabolismo , Ração Animal/análise , Animais , Densidade Óssea , Desenvolvimento Ósseo , Cálcio da Dieta/análise , Cálcio da Dieta/metabolismo , Feminino , Fósforo na Dieta/análise , Suínos/crescimento & desenvolvimentoRESUMO
OBJECTIVE: It has been observed that the consumption of legumes within a varied and Mediterranean diet has beneficial effects in prevention and control of many diseases, including chronic kidney disease (CKD). Recently, legumes have also been considered a good source of protein for CKD patients. However, despite their benefits, guidelines still recommend a limit to their consumption by these patients because of legumes' high potassium and phosphorus content, which are minerals whose intake must be controlled. The aim of this work is to analyze and compare the effect of different cooking methods in the reduction and final content of minerals in legumes to evaluate a possible increase in the frequency of their consumption by CKD patients. METHODS: Dried and canned chickpeas and lentils were cooked using different cooking techniques: (1) soaking, (2) pressure cooking, and (3) normal cooking. Initial and final potassium and phosphorus content and the percentage of humidity in each cooking technique were determined in both legumes. Mineral content was analyzed using flame photometry and nitro-vanado-molybdate colorimetry. RESULTS: The results showed potassium content reductions of up to 80% after soaking and cooking with final values under 120 mg/100 g edible portion. The initial potassium content in canned legumes was low enough, 100 mg/100 g edible portion, but with the application of a subsequent culinary treatment, it was possible to leach up to 95% of the potassium to almost negligible values. Reductions in phosphorus content were not as marked as those of potassium, but culinary treatments reach a phosphorus/protein ratio,11. CONCLUSIONS: These results show that culinary processing of legumes is a very useful tool to reduce potassium and phosphorus content to acceptable levels for their consumption by renal patients, allowing an increase in intake frequency. But, this also reveals the need to update CKD dietary guidelines.
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Culinária/métodos , Fabaceae , Insuficiência Renal Crônica/dietoterapia , Dieta Mediterrânea , Fabaceae/química , Alimentos em Conserva/análise , Humanos , Fósforo na Dieta/efeitos adversos , Fósforo na Dieta/análise , Proteínas de Vegetais Comestíveis/administração & dosagem , Potássio na Dieta/efeitos adversos , Potássio na Dieta/análise , Pressão , ÁguaRESUMO
This study used a rumen simulation technique to evaluate the effects of soaking of by-product-rich concentrate (BPC) in 5% lactic acid (LAC; vol/vol) on the rumen microbiota, predicted metagenome, fermentation characteristics, and nutrient degradation without or with supplemented P. The diet was supplemented with 1.6 g of P in the form of monocalcium phosphate per kilogram of dry matter in addition to 284 mg of inorganic P/d per fermentor via artificial saliva. Fermentor fluid was collected for analyses of short-chain fatty acids, fermentation gases, redox potential, and microbiota and feed residues for calculation of nutrient degradation. The microbiota composition was assessed using paired-end Illumina (Illumina Inc., San Diego, CA) MiSeq sequencing of the V3 to V5 region of the 16S rRNA gene. Soaking in LAC reduced the contents of crude protein, neutral and acid detergent fibers, and organic matter fractions as well as ash and P content of the BPC. Both the LAC treatment of BPC and the inorganic P modified the relative bacterial abundances mainly within the predominant orders Bacteroidales and Clostridiales. Supervised DIABLO N-integration networking supported that operational taxonomic units related to BS11, Ruminococcaceae, Christensenellaceae, Eubacterium, and Selenomonas were the most discriminant for the LAC-treated BPC, whereas other operational taxonomic units related to BS11, RFN20, Ruminococcus, and Succiniclasticum were best correlated with the inorganic P supplementation. Integration networking also showed that carbohydrate and pyruvate metabolism, biosynthesis of unsaturated fatty acids, and degradation of several xenobiotics were stimulated by the LAC treatment of BPC. Those data supported the enhanced fermentation activity as indicated by increased total short-chain fatty acid concentration, especially propionate and butyrate, and methane, but decreased ruminal crude protein degradation, with the LAC-treated compared with control-treated BPC. In contrast, despite an increased abundance of imputed functions, such as inositol phosphate metabolism, phosphatidylinositol signaling, and fructose and mannose metabolism, the reduced abundance of the imputed Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes pathway "transcription machinery" as well as the decrease in total short-chain fatty acids and nutrient degradation indicated reduced bacterial metabolic activity with the inorganic P supplementation. In conclusion, soaking of BPC in LAC may favor the proliferation of certain fibrolytic bacterial taxa and stimulate their metabolic activity, whereas the supplemented P to a diet already meeting ruminal P needs may impair ruminal nutrient utilization.
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Suplementos Nutricionais , Microbioma Gastrointestinal/efeitos dos fármacos , Ácido Láctico/farmacologia , Metagenoma/efeitos dos fármacos , Fósforo na Dieta/análise , Fósforo/análise , Animais , Bactérias/efeitos dos fármacos , Bactérias/genética , Butiratos/análise , Dieta/veterinária , Ácidos Graxos Voláteis/análise , Feminino , Fermentação , Metano/análise , RNA Ribossômico 16S/genética , Rúmen/efeitos dos fármacos , Rúmen/microbiologia , ResíduosRESUMO
Diet is a key determinant of several common and serious disease complications in hemodialysis (HD) patients. The recommended balance and variety of foods in the HD diet is designed to limit high potassium and phosphorus foods while maintaining protein adequacy. In this report, we examine the potassium, phosphorus, and protein content of foods, and identify critical challenges, and potential pitfalls when translating nutrient prescriptions into dietary guidelines. Our findings highlight the importance of individualized counseling based on a comprehensive dietary assessment by trained diet professionals, namely renal dietitians, for managing diet-related complications in HD patients.
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Proteínas Alimentares/análise , Fósforo na Dieta/análise , Potássio na Dieta/análise , Diálise Renal/efeitos adversos , Humanos , Avaliação Nutricional , Necessidades Nutricionais , Guias de Prática Clínica como AssuntoRESUMO
Two studies were conducted to evaluate the growth performance and percentage bone ash of nursery pigs fed various combinations of Ca and P provided by inorganic sources or phytase. In Exp. 1, pens of pigs (n = 720, initially 6.1 ± 0.98 kg) were blocked by initial BW. Within blocks, pens were randomly assigned to one of six treatments (12 pens per treatment) in a three-phase diet regimen. Treatments were arranged in a 2 × 3 factorial with main effects of Ca (0.58% vs. 1.03%) and standardized total tract digestible (STTD) P (0.33% and 0.45% without phytase, and 0.45% with 0.12% of the P released by phytase). During treatment period, Ca × P interactions were observed for all growth criteria (P < 0.05). When diets had low Ca, pigs fed 0.45% STTD P with phytase had greater (P < 0.01) ADG and ADFI than those fed 0.33% or 0.45% STTD P without phytase. When high Ca was fed, ADG and ADFI were similar among pigs fed 0.45% STTD P with or without phytase and were greater than those fed 0.33% STTD P. Gain:feed was reduced (P < 0.01) when high Ca and low STTD P were fed relative to other treatments. On d 21, radiuses were collected from 1 pig per pen for bone ash analysis. Pigs fed 0.33% STTD P had decreased (P < 0.05) percentage bone ash than those fed 0.45% STTD P with or without phytase when high Ca was fed, but this P effect was not observed for low Ca diets (Ca × P interaction, P = 0.007). In Exp. 2, 36 pens (10 pigs per pen, initially 6.0 ± 1.08 kg) were used in a completely randomized design. Treatments were arranged in a 2 × 3 factorial with the main effects of STTD P (at or above NRC [NRC. 2012. Nutrient Requirements of Swine. 11th rev. ed. Washington (DC): National Academic Press.] requirement estimates) and total Ca (0.65, 0.90, and 1.20%). Experimental diets were fed during phases 1 and 2, followed by a common phase 3 diet. Diets at NRC (2012) P level contained 0.45% and 0.40% STTD P, compared with 0.56% and 0.52% for diets greater than the NRC (2012) estimates, in phase 1 and 2, respectively. During treatment period, increasing Ca decreased (linear, P = 0.006) ADG, but increasing STTD P marginally increased (P = 0.084) ADG, with no Ca × P interaction. When diets contained NRC (2012) P levels, pigs fed 1.20% Ca had decreased (P < 0.05) G:F than those fed 0.65% or 0.90% Ca; however, when high STTD P were fed, G:F was not affected by Ca (Ca × P interaction, P = 0.018). In conclusion, excess Ca decreased pig growth and percentage bone ash when diets were at or below NRC (2012) requirement for STTD P, but these negative effects were alleviated by adding monocalcium P or phytase to the diet.