Enucleação subconjuntival em um gavião / Subconjuntival enucleation in a Hawk

O gavião-asa-de-telha (Parabuteo unicinctus) é uma ave de rapina que possui ampla distribuição em todo o território nacional. As aves de rapina desenvolveram uma visão tão eficiente que as puseram num patamar diferenciado em relação às outras espécies. No entanto, isso as tornou extremamente sensíveis às afecções oftálmicas, como malformações, inflamações, infecções, degenerações, neoplasias, distúrbios nutricionais e lesões traumáticas. Diante disso, este trabalho apresenta um relato de caso que descreve um gavião-asa-de-telha (Parabuteo unicinctus) adulto, fêmea, pesando 0,800kg, cujo a principal queixa é o olho esquerdo buftálmico e com coloração acinzentada. Este quadro clínico suscitou na remoção do olho pela técnica de enucleação subconjuntival lateral, sendo essa manobra a única forma de interromper o estímulo doloroso e a infecção. Por conseguinte, o trabalho demonstrou a importância e a exequibilidade da técnica correta de enucleação em aves de rapina, de modo a permitir a manutenção da espécie e minimizar os riscos de extinção.

The Harris' hawk (Parabuteo unicinctus) is a bird of prey that has a wide distribution throughout the national territory. Birds of prey have developed such an efficient vision that they are on a different level compared to other species. However, it made them extremely sensitive to ophthalmic conditions, such as malformations, inflammations, infections, degenerations, neoplasms, nutritional disorders, and traumatic injuries. Thus, this work presents a case report that describes an adult female Harris' hawk (Parabuteo unicinctus), weighing 0.800kg, whose main complaint is the left eye buphthalmic and with a grayish color. This clinical condition led to the removal of the eye by the lateral subconjunctival enucleation technique, which was the only way to interrupt the painful stimulus and the infection. Therefore, the work demonstrated the importance and feasibility of the correct technique of enucleation in birds of prey to allow the maintenance of the species and minimize the risks of extinction.

Trans-sinus fixation for correction of deviation of the gnathotheca in a hawk (Caracara plancus).

INTRODUCTION: For birds of prey, the integrity of the beak is extremely important for defence, hygiene, socialization and especially, feeding. This paper describes successful trans-sinus fixation of a lateral deviation of the mandible in a hawk (Caracara plancus). CASE REPORT: The patient was presented with malnutrition and dehydration due to severe left lateral deviation of gnathotheca, with significant malocclusion. Fixation was performed with a 1.0-mm pin and 0.4-mm cerclage, applying contralateral traction to the deviation. The placement of the cerclage enabled full opening of the beak to allow feeding in the postoperative period. At 21 days after surgery, occlusion was perfect and the patient had recovered normal beak function. When clinical follow-up indicated that the bird would be able to survive in the wild, it was released. CONCLUSION: Trans-sinus fixation was effective in correcting lateral deviation of the gnathotheca in a hawk (C. plancus).

Avifauna of the Serra de Itabaiana National Park revisited: additions and deletions in a period of 15 years

The Serra de Itabaiana National Park (PARNASI) is known as an important conservation area in the ecotone between the Atlantic Forest and Caatinga in Northeast Brazil and is one of the main areas of fauna and flora studies in Sergipe. For this reason, there are some studies on its avifauna, which date back to its creation in 2005. However, after 15 years of establishment of PARNASI, an update of the inventory of birds is necessary due to adjustments in the management of the park. The present study aimed to update the bird inventory of the Serra de Itabaiana National Park, chronologically comparing the new ornithological records obtained, aiming to contribute to the knowledge and conservation of Sergipe's avifauna. The data were compiled from scientific publications, personal files and from documented records on a specialized website. The resulting list includes 227 bird species belonging to 49 families, including Thraupidae (28 species; 12.4%), Tyrannidae (25 species; 11.1%) and Accipitridae (17 species; 7.5%) as the most representative. The most representative guilds were insectivorous (87 species; 38.3%) and omnivorous (60 species; 26.4%), and by species independent of the forest environment (87 species; 38.3%). Fourteen bird species are threatened with extinction. Nine species are endemic to the Caatinga biome, eight to the Atlantic Forest and one to the Cerrado. We added 104 species to the first checklist produced for the PARNASI created in 2005, including Nyctibius grandis (Nyctibiidae), a new record for the state of Sergipe. PARNASI's updated list of bird species allows for a better assessment of its effectiveness in the conservation of the local avifauna, facilitating management actions that allow the coexistence and perpetuation of species over time.(AU)

Harris' hawk (Parabuteo unicinctus) as a source of pathogenic human yeasts: a potential risk to human health.

Aim: Invasive human fungal infections have been a serious public health problem among immunocompromised patients. Wild bird species are related to the eco-epidemiology of some infectious diseases, mainly Cryptococcosis, Histoplasmosis, Aspergillosis, Chlamydiosis, Salmonellosis and allergic diseases. Falconry is the art of training predators for hunting. Nowadays, birds of prey are used as pets, which brings new sources of infections to humans. Materials & methods: We identified fungal pathogenic yeasts, Candida parapsilosis, Debaryomyces hansenii and Rhodotorula mucilaginosa. Conclusion: Study new environmental niches of human pathogens is vitally important to establish preventive actions with the purpose of minimizing the risks of human contamination. Our work describes yeast microbiota from the excreta of Parabuteo unicinctus as a potential hazard for human disease.

Helminth and ectoparasitic faunas of the Harris's hawk, Parabuteo unicinctus (Accipitriformes: Accipitridae), in Chile: new data on host-parasite associations for Neotropical raptors / Helmintos e ectoparasitas do gavião-asa-de-telha (Accipitriformes: Parabuteo unicinctus) no Chile: novas associações parasita-hospedeiro para os rapinantes neotropicais

Abstract Birds of prey harbor a wide spectrum of various parasites, mostly with a heteroxenous life cycle. However, most reports on their parasites come from Europe. Although the Harris's hawk (Parabuteo unicinctus) is a widespread species in America, parasitological surveys on this hawk are mostly focused on coprological findings and ectoparasites, with poor attention paid to helminths. The aim of this study was to gather new and additional data on host-parasite associations for the Harris's hawk. Twenty-nine birds from central and southern Chile were necropsied. Further, nine birds from a rehabilitation center and 22 museum specimens were inspected for ectoparasites. Sixty-eight percent of birds hosted at least one parasite species. Four lice species, one mite species and eight helminth species (five nematodes, two platyhelminthes and one acanthocephalan) were recorded. Parasitic lice Colpocephalum nanum and Nosopon chanabense, and a nematode Cyathostoma (Hovorkonema) americana were recorded for the first time in raptors from the Neotropics. A feather mite, Pseudalloptinus sp., nematodes, Physaloptera alata and Microtetrameres sp., and a trematode Neodiplostomim travassosi, were recorded for the first time in Chile. The presence of diverse heteroxenous helminths reported here in the Harris's hawk could be explained by the generalist diet of this raptor.

Resumo As aves de rapina representam uma fonte importante de parasitas heteroxenos. Porém, a maioria dos relatos são da Europa. O gavião-asa-de-telha (Parabuteo unicinctus) é uma espécie amplamente distribuída no continente Americano, porém estudos parasitológicos nessas aves têm documentado achados coprológicos e ectoparasitas, com poucos relatos sobre endoparasitas como helmintos. Por essa razão, o objetivo deste estudo foi descrever novas associações parasita-hospedeiro para o gavião-asa-de-telha e rapinantes neotropicais. Vinte nove aves provenientes do centro e sul do Chile foram submetidas à necropsia. Por outro lado, nove aves de um centro de reabilitação e 22 espécimes de museu foram inspecionados em busca de ectoparasitas. Do total de aves, 68,3% foram identificadas como portadoras de pelo menos uma espécie de parasita. Quatro espécies de piolhos, um ácaro e oito helmintos (cinco nematoides, dois platelmintos e um acantocéfalo) foram registrados. Os piolhos Colpocephalum nanum, Nosopon chanabense e o nematóide Cyathostoma (Hovorkonema) americana são reportados pela primeira vez em rapinantes neotropicais. Colpocephalum nanum, N. chanabense, Pseudalloptinus sp., Physaloptera alata, Microtetrameres sp., C. (H.) americana e Neodiplostomim travassosi, são reportados pela primeira vez no Chile. A diversidade de helmintos heteróxenos, identificados neste trabalho, poderia ser explicada devido à dieta geralista do gavião-asa-de-telha.

The glycoproteomics of hawk and caiman tears.

BACKGROUND: Glycoproteins are important tear components that participate in the stability of the ocular surface. However, the glycopeptides that are present in the tears of wild animals have not yet been described. This work aimed to describe the glycoproteomic profile of roadside hawk (Rupornis magnirostris) and caiman (Caiman latirostris) tears. METHODS: Tears collected from 10 hawks and 70 caimans using Schirmer tear test strips were used in this study. The samples were submitted to trypsin digestion and separated using a reverse-phase column coupled to a mass spectrometer associated to a nanospray ionization source. The glycoproteins were categorized as: cellular components, biological processes and molecular function, according to the UniProt Knowledgebase. RESULTS: As shown by the liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry, all glycopeptides found were classified as N-type. Of the 51 glycoproteins that were identified in the hawk tear film, the most abundant were ovotransferrin, globulins and complement system proteins. In the caiman tear film, 29 glycoproteins were identified. The most abundant caiman glycoproteins were uncharacterized proteins, ATPases, globulins and proteasome components. Ontological characterization revealed that the glycoproteins were extracellular, and the most identified molecular function was endopeptidase activity for both species. CONCLUSION: Glycoproteins are abundant in the tear film of the bird and reptile species studied herein, and all these molecules were shown to have N-type modifications. Location at the extracellular space and an endopeptidase inhibitor activity were the main cell component and molecular function for both species, respectively. These profiles showed differences when compared to human tears, are possibly linked to adaptive processes and can be the basis for further studies on the search of disease biomarkers.

Origin and insertion of the nerves constituting the braquial plexus of the roadside hawk.

The roadside hawk (Rupornis magnirostris) is a free-living bird that commonly has wing injuries caused by man-made obstacles when flying. Studies that describe the topographic anatomy of the wings of this species are necessary to assist in the treatment of possible wing lesions. For this reason, the present work aimed to describe the origin and insertion of the nerves that constitute the brachial plexus in roadside hawks. Five roadside hawk carcasses donated to the Animal Anatomy Laboratory of the São Judas University Center, UNIMONTE campus, by CEPTAS (Center for Research and Screening of Wild Animals) were used for the study. The brachial plexus of the roadside hawk was formed by the union of the ventral branches of the spinal nerves located between C9-C10-T1-T2-T3. The ventral branches joined together and formed four short trunks which later united again by exchanging nerve fibers and constituting a big caliber branch. This is divided into two nerve cords (dorsal and ventral) which are destined to specific muscular groupings. The dorsal cord originates the axillary, anconeal and radial nerves, and is responsible for innervating the extensor muscles. The ventral cord originates the pectoral, bicipital, median-ulnar, median and ulnar nerves, and is responsible for innervating the flexor muscles.

Birds of prey pellet analysis: morphometry and consumption interval of captive Accipitridae species / Análise de pelotas de aves de rapina: morfometria e intervalo de consumoem espécies da família Accipitridae em cativeiro

Pellet production is a typical characteristic of the digestive physiology of birds of prey. Alimentary pellets consist of non-digested parts of prey, such as fur, feathers, bones, and parts of insects, that are regurgitated. Obtained dietary samples, such as regurgitated pellets, can noninvasively contribute to the knowledge of the anatomical alimentary channel and the digestive efficiency of birds of prey. The aim of this study was to evaluate the pellet morphometry and meal-to-pellet interval (MPI) of the Accipitridae family subjected to two experimental diets. Heterospizias meridionalis, Rupornis magnirostris, and Geranoaetus albicaudatus were subjected to (1) mice and (2) quail pre-treating diets. Both diets were individually weighed and provided by removing excess feathers, skin, and some viscera. After consumption, the MPI was noted and, immediately after collection, the pellets were carefully weighed on a precision balance and morphometric measurements were taken using a caliper. Pellet weight, length, width, height, and volume were higher when raptors consumed mice. Differences in morphometric characteristics were found between species. Heterospizias meridionalis presented the highest values for the morphometric parameters evaluated. Consumption of mice increased the frequency of regurgitation and the number and weight of pellets egested, indicating that by providing this type of food, we can underestimate the consumption by birds if we do not consider nutritional losses by the pellets when calculating diets. Pellet assessment and MPI are important tools for monitoring the health and nutritional aspects of birds of prey.(AU)

A produção de pelotas é uma característica típica da fisiologia digestiva de aves de rapina. As pelotas alimentares consistem em partes não digestíveis de presas como peles, penas, ossos e partes de insetos que são expelidos. A obtenção de amostras como as pelotas podem colaborar de forma não invasiva com o conhecimento da anatomia do canal alimentar e eficiência digestiva de rapinantes. O objetivo desse estudo foi avaliar a morfometria e o intervalo entre consumo e egestão de pelotas (ICP) em indivíduos da família Accipitridae. Heterospizias meridionalis, Rupornis magnirostris e Geranoaetus albicaudatus foram submetidos a dietas pré processadas com(1) camundongos e (2) codornas. Ambas as dietas foram individualmente pesadas e fornecidas após a remoção do excesso de penas, pele e algumas vísceras. Após o consumo, o ICP foi calculado e imediatamente após a coleta as pelotas foram pesadas e avaliadas quanto a medidas morfométricas com a ajuda de um paquímetro. O peso, comprimento, largura, altura e volume das pelotas foram maiores quando as aves consumiram ratos. Diferenças morfométricas foram encontradas entre as espécies. Heterospizias meridionalis apresentaram os valores mais altos para os parâmetros morfométricos avaliados. O consumo de camundongos aumentou a frequência de egestão, o número e o peso das pelotas, indicando que, ao fornecer este tipo de alimento, podemos subestimar o consumo pelas aves se não considerarmos as perdas nutricionais pelas pelotas ao calcular as dietas. A avaliação de pelotas e ICP são ferramentas importantes para monitorar os aspectos sanitários e nutricionais em rapinantes.(AU)

Birds of prey pellet analysis: morphometry and consumption interval of captive Accipitridae species / Análise de pelotas de aves de rapina: morfometria e intervalo de consumoem espécies da família Accipitridae em cativeiro

Pellet production is a typical characteristic of the digestive physiology of birds of prey. Alimentary pellets consist of non-digested parts of prey, such as fur, feathers, bones, and parts of insects, that are regurgitated. Obtained dietary samples, such as regurgitated pellets, can noninvasively contribute to the knowledge of the anatomical alimentary channel and the digestive efficiency of birds of prey. The aim of this study was to evaluate the pellet morphometry and meal-to-pellet interval (MPI) of the Accipitridae family subjected to two experimental diets. Heterospizias meridionalis, Rupornis magnirostris, and Geranoaetus albicaudatus were subjected to (1) mice and (2) quail pre-treating diets. Both diets were individually weighed and provided by removing excess feathers, skin, and some viscera. After consumption, the MPI was noted and, immediately after collection, the pellets were carefully weighed on a precision balance and morphometric measurements were taken using a caliper. Pellet weight, length, width, height, and volume were higher when raptors consumed mice. Differences in morphometric characteristics were found between species. Heterospizias meridionalis presented the highest values for the morphometric parameters evaluated. Consumption of mice increased the frequency of regurgitation and the number and weight of pellets egested, indicating that by providing this type of food, we can underestimate the consumption by birds if we do not consider nutritional losses by the pellets when calculating diets. Pellet assessment and MPI are important tools for monitoring the health and nutritional aspects of birds of prey.

A produção de pelotas é uma característica típica da fisiologia digestiva de aves de rapina. As pelotas alimentares consistem em partes não digestíveis de presas como peles, penas, ossos e partes de insetos que são expelidos. A obtenção de amostras como as pelotas podem colaborar de forma não invasiva com o conhecimento da anatomia do canal alimentar e eficiência digestiva de rapinantes. O objetivo desse estudo foi avaliar a morfometria e o intervalo entre consumo e egestão de pelotas (ICP) em indivíduos da família Accipitridae. Heterospizias meridionalis, Rupornis magnirostris e Geranoaetus albicaudatus foram submetidos a dietas pré processadas com(1) camundongos e (2) codornas. Ambas as dietas foram individualmente pesadas e fornecidas após a remoção do excesso de penas, pele e algumas vísceras. Após o consumo, o ICP foi calculado e imediatamente após a coleta as pelotas foram pesadas e avaliadas quanto a medidas morfométricas com a ajuda de um paquímetro. O peso, comprimento, largura, altura e volume das pelotas foram maiores quando as aves consumiram ratos. Diferenças morfométricas foram encontradas entre as espécies. Heterospizias meridionalis apresentaram os valores mais altos para os parâmetros morfométricos avaliados. O consumo de camundongos aumentou a frequência de egestão, o número e o peso das pelotas, indicando que, ao fornecer este tipo de alimento, podemos subestimar o consumo pelas aves se não considerarmos as perdas nutricionais pelas pelotas ao calcular as dietas. A avaliação de pelotas e ICP são ferramentas importantes para monitorar os aspectos sanitários e nutricionais em rapinantes.

Distribution and identification of the White-collared Kite Leptodon forbesi and the juvenile plumages of the Gray-headed Kite Leptodon cayanensis

The genus Leptodon encompasses two Neotropical raptor species. The more widely-distributed Gray-headed Kite (Leptodon cayanensis) occurs in a vast area of Neotropical region, while the White-collared Kite (Leptodon forbesi) is endemic of the Atlantic Forest of northeastern Brazil, but there are some questions about the extent of its geographic distribution and about its sympatry with its congener. Here we present a review of the geographic distribution and the diagnoses of L. forbesi, correcting recent records based on misidentifications. We also clarify the main features of juvenile and subadult plumage of Leptodon raptors and describe new phases of juvenile plumage.(AU)

The proteomics of roadside hawk (Rupornis magnirostris), broad-snouted caiman (Caiman latirostris) and loggerhead sea turtle (Caretta caretta) tears.

BACKGROUND: Tears play an important role in ocular surface protection, and help wild animals maintain visual acuity in the face of air and water friction. The proteomics of tears has only been described for mammals. The knowledge of the proteomics of wild animal tears can aid not only in the setting of normal standards for ocular disease studies in these animals, but also to base the search for new molecules to be used in ophthalmology therapeutics. We therefore set out to describe the proteomic profile of roadside hawk (Rupornis magnirostris), broad-snouted caiman (Caiman latirostris) and loggerhead sea turtle (Caretta caretta) tears. Tears were collected from healthy animals, their spectral profiles were obtained with an LTQ Orbitrap XL mass spectrometer, and the dataset was analyzed against reference taxa. RESULTS: For roadside hawk, 446 proteins were identified, the most abundant being albumin, transferrin, globulin and actin. For broad-snouted caiman and loggerhead sea turtle, 1358 and 163 proteins were identified, respectively. Uncharacterized proteins and transferrin were highly abundant in both species. The roadside hawk tear components and their properties were similar to those described for humans, but with a higher albumin concentration. Broad-snouted caiman tears presented a wide diversity of ontological functions, with an abundant presence of enzymatic compounds. In loggerhead sea turtle tears, the predominance of proteins with ion-transport functions was consistent with possible osmolality-maintenance mechanisms. CONCLUSION: These data enhance our understanding of birds and reptiles' tears microcomposition and may be used to base the discovery of new molecules with high biotechnological potential.

Distribution and identification of the White-collared Kite Leptodon forbesi and the juvenile plumages of the Gray-headed Kite Leptodon cayanensis

The genus Leptodon encompasses two Neotropical raptor species. The more widely-distributed Gray-headed Kite (Leptodon cayanensis) occurs in a vast area of Neotropical region, while the White-collared Kite (Leptodon forbesi) is endemic of the Atlantic Forest of northeastern Brazil, but there are some questions about the extent of its geographic distribution and about its sympatry with its congener. Here we present a review of the geographic distribution and the diagnoses of L. forbesi, correcting recent records based on misidentifications. We also clarify the main features of juvenile and subadult plumage of Leptodon raptors and describe new phases of juvenile plumage.

Selective consumption of rodents by the Variable hawk Geranoaetus polyosoma (Accipitriformes: Accipitridae) in the Atacama Desert, northern Chile

Geranoaetus polyosoma (Quoy & Gaimard, 1824) is a diurnal raptor widely distributed in South America. Although the trophic ecology of this bird has been more studied in the southern extreme of its range, little information is available on its dietary response to prey supply in desert environments. In the present study, we report on the trophic ecology of G. polyosoma in a sub-urban desert zone in northern Chile, with the following objectives: (1) to quantitatively describe its diet and (2) to determine its dietary selectivity in response to prey supply in the study area. The diet of G. polyosoma consisted mainly of rodents (97.2%). A greater preference (p 0.05) was observed for the following large prey items (> 19.5 g): two native rodent species, Phyllotis xanthopygus (Waterhouse, 1837) and Eligmodontia puerulus (Philippi, 1896); and two introduced rodent species: Rattus rattus (Linnaeus, 1769) and R. norvegicus (Berkenhout, 1769).

Selective consumption of rodents by the Variable hawk Geranoaetus polyosoma (Accipitriformes: Accipitridae) in the Atacama Desert, northern Chile

Geranoaetus polyosoma (Quoy & Gaimard, 1824) is a diurnal raptor widely distributed in South America. Although the trophic ecology of this bird has been more studied in the southern extreme of its range, little information is available on its dietary response to prey supply in desert environments. In the present study, we report on the trophic ecology of G. polyosoma in a sub-urban desert zone in northern Chile, with the following objectives: (1) to quantitatively describe its diet and (2) to determine its dietary selectivity in response to prey supply in the study area. The diet of G. polyosoma consisted mainly of rodents (97.2%). A greater preference (p 0.05) was observed for the following large prey items (> 19.5 g): two native rodent species, Phyllotis xanthopygus (Waterhouse, 1837) and Eligmodontia puerulus (Philippi, 1896); and two introduced rodent species: Rattus rattus (Linnaeus, 1769) and R. norvegicus (Berkenhout, 1769).(AU)

First record of Procyrnea sp. (Nematoda: Habronematidae) in Buteogallus schistaceus (Sundevall) (Accipitriformes: Accipitridae) in Brazilian Amazon / Primeiro registro de Procyrnea sp. (Nematoda: Habronematidae) em Buteogallus schistaceus (Sundevall) (Accipitriformes: Accipitridae) na Amazônia Brasileira

Buteogallus schistaceus (Sundevall) is an endemic bird of prey from the Amazon region, with a declining population according to international conservation agencies. The objective of this study was to report the occurrence of a parasitic nematodes in an individual treated at the Ambulatório de Animais Silvestres of Universidade Federal Rural da Amazônia, Belém campus. The animal was captured on campus and showed no resistance to capture. Fluid therapy and deworming were made, later the bird regurgited ten nematodes identified as belonging to the genus Procyrnea Chabaud (1958). Reviewing the scientific literature, it was found that so far there are no records on the helminth fauna of this bird species, which is therefore the first report of a nematode in B. schistaceus.(AU)

Buteogallus schistaceus (Sundevall) é uma ave de rapina endêmica da região amazônica, com população em diminuição, segundo órgãos de conservação internacional. Logo, o objetivo deste trabalho foi relatar a ocorrência de nematódeos parasitos em um indivíduo atendido no Ambulatório de Animais Silvestres, da Universidade Federal Rural da Amazônia, campus Belém. O animal foi capturado nas dependências do campus e não apresentou resistência à captura. Foram então instituídos fluidoterapia e vermifugação, após os quais o animal regurgitou dez nematódeos identificados como pertencentes ao gênero Procyrnea Chabaud (1958). Ao revisar a literatura científica, verificou-se que, até o momento, não existem quaisquer registros sobre a helmintofauna dessa espécie de ave, sendo, portanto, o primeiro relato de um nematódeo em B. schistaceus.(AU)

Schirmers Test I and determination of intraocular pressure in healthy common buzzards (Buteo buteo)

Background: The structure of the eye in wild birds is 45% larger than that in humans, which provides excellent visualcapacity but also makes them vulnerable to eye trauma. Trauma, neoplasia, infectious diseases of the ocular surface, uveitis,glaucoma, and corneal diseases in wild birds, but mainly trauma, can cause a reduction in their tear production; therefore,determining the amount of tear production in the wild birds is very important. Studies have shown that the results of theSchirmers tear test (STT) and intraocular pressure (IOP) values differ among wild bird species, and that both anesthesiaand sedation affects these parameters. The main objective of the present study was to determined IOP and STT I values inhealthy common buzzards (Buteo buteo).Materials, Methods & Results: Thirty healthy common buzzards were selected for the study following clinical and ophthalmic examinations. Following physical and clinical examinations of all subjects, routine ophthalmologic examinationswere conducted, including reflex examinations (pupillary, palpebral, menace, dazzle) and direct ophthalmoscopy for theeyelids, conjunctiva, cornea, iris, lens, and fundus. All examinations were conducted without anesthesia or sedation whilethe birds were in the dorsal recumbent position, and the results of STT I and IOP were recorded. Both tests were repeatedfor the right and left eyes. The mean ± SE STT I values for the right and left eyes were 12.63 ± 0.51 and 12.43 ± 0.54mm/min, respectively. A comparison between STT I values of the right and left eyes revealed no statistically significantdifferences (P > 0.620). The means and ranges of the TonoVet® IOP results for the right and left eyes were 32.06 ± 1.58and 32.60 ± 1.51 mmHg, respectively. There was no statistically significant...(AU)

Gastrointestinal and external parasites of the Variable hawk Geranoaetus polyosoma (Accipitriformes: Accipitridae) in Chile.

Information about parasites associated with diurnal raptors from Chile is scarce. Between 2006 and 2017, a total of 15 specimens of the Variable hawk, Geranoaetus polyosoma (Quoy & Gaimard, 1824) were collected, 14 of them from different localities in the Biobío region and one specimen from the Valparaíso region. An external examination of the plumage was made to collect ectoparasites, and necropsies were performed, focusing primarily on the gastrointestinal tract. Chewing lice (Phthiraptera) were found on five (33.3%) of the birds corresponding to three species: 97 specimens of Degeeriella fulva (Giebel, 1874), six specimens of Colpocephalum turbinatum Denny, 1842 and nine belonging to an unidentified species of the genus Craspedorrhynchus Kéler, 1938. Endoparasites found in three (20%) of the birds included round worms (Nematoda) of the genus Procyrnea Chabaud, 1958, and spiny-headed worms (Acanthocephala) of the genus Centrorhynchus Lühe, 1911. The species Colpocephalum turbinatum and the genera: Craspedorrhynchus sp., Procyrnea sp. and Centrorhynchus sp. are new records for the Variable hawk.

Gastrointestinal and external parasites of the Variable hawk Geranoaetus polyosoma (Accipitriformes: Accipitridae) in Chile / Parasitas gastrointestinais e externos do Falcão Variável Geranoaetus polyosoma (Accipitriformes: Accipitridae) de Chile

Abstract Information about parasites associated with diurnal raptors from Chile is scarce. Between 2006 and 2017, a total of 15 specimens of the Variable hawk, Geranoaetus polyosoma (Quoy & Gaimard, 1824) were collected, 14 of them from different localities in the Biobío region and one specimen from the Valparaíso region. An external examination of the plumage was made to collect ectoparasites, and necropsies were performed, focusing primarily on the gastrointestinal tract. Chewing lice (Phthiraptera) were found on five (33.3%) of the birds corresponding to three species: 97 specimens of Degeeriella fulva (Giebel, 1874), six specimens of Colpocephalum turbinatum Denny, 1842 and nine belonging to an unidentified species of the genus Craspedorrhynchus Kéler, 1938. Endoparasites found in three (20%) of the birds included round worms (Nematoda) of the genus Procyrnea Chabaud, 1958, and spiny-headed worms (Acanthocephala) of the genus Centrorhynchus Lühe, 1911. The species Colpocephalum turbinatum and the genera: Craspedorrhynchus sp., Procyrnea sp. and Centrorhynchus sp. are new records for the Variable hawk.

Resumo No Chile, informações sobre parasitas associados a aves de rapina diurnas são escassas. Entre os anos 2006 e 2017, um total de 15 espécimes do Falcão Variável Geranoaetus polyosoma (Quoy & Gaimard, 1824) mortos, foram examinados, 14 deles provenientes de diferentes localidades da região do Biobío e um espécime na região de Valparaíso. Um exame externo da plumagem foi feito para coletar os ectoparasitas e necropsias do tracto gastrointestinal para coleta de endoparasitas. Cinco aves (33,3%) foram positivas para três espécies de piolhos (Phthiraptera): 97 espécimes de Degeeriella fulva (Giebel, 1874), seis espécimes de Colpocephalum turbinatum Denny, 1842 e nove espécimes não identificados do gênero Craspedorrhynchus Keler, 1938. Endoparasitas foram encontrados em três aves (20%), incluindo vermes redondos (Nematoda) do gênero Procyrnea Chabaud, 1958, e vermes achatados (Acanthocephala) do gênero Centrorhynchus Lühe, 1911. As espécies Colpocephalum turbinatum e os dos gêneros Craspedorrhynchus, Centrorhynchus e Procyrnea corresponderam a novos registros para o Falcão Variável.

Distribution, threats and conservation of the White-collared Kite (Leptodon forbesi, Accipitridae), the most threatened raptor in the Neotropics

The White-collared Kite (Leptodon forbesi) is an endemic and threatened raptor of the Brazilian Atlantic Forest. Here we present the known records of the species, describe the vegetation types where it was found and show Ecological Niche Models generated using Maxent algorithm. Most of the presence data were recorded in open ombrophilous forest and seasonal semideciduous forest in the states of Alagoas and Pernambuco. Maxent model had a good performance (AUC = 0.982 ± 0.004 SD), showing higher suitability for the species from Paraíba to Alagoas states. Maxent average model revealed a distribution range of 20,344 km² and an area of occupancy of 1,636.89 km². The most suitable areas for the species are those near watercourses and streams. We suggest the creation of protected areas, including private ones, and possible restoration actions to connect the most suitable forest fragments, along with the captive breeding, as the most appropriate strategies for the conservation of the White-collared Kite.(AU)

Insights into the development of a juvenile harpy eagle's hunting skills / Considerações sobre o desenvolvimento da habilidade de caça de um gavião-real juvenil

The post-fledging period is of paramount importance for raptors, since this is when a juvenile develops its hunting skills and gains the abilities required in adulthood and independence through dispersal. Little is known however, about this stage in the lives of raptors such as harpy eagles, Harpia harpyja. Between March 2016 and July 2017, we recorded three predation attempts on groups of primates by a wild juvenile harpy eagle in southwestern Brazilian Amazonia, including the first predation of an adult squirrel monkey, Saimiri ustus. These sequential records give insights into the gradual development of hunting skills during the post-fledging period, similar to what has been reported for other birds of prey. We hypothesize that a link between developing flight skills, decreasing parental food provisioning and increasingly successful captures triggers adulthood and independence in harpy eagles. (AU)

O período pós-emplumagem é de suma importância para os rapinantes, pois é quando um jovem desenvolve a habilidade de caça necessária na idade adulta e a independência por meio da dispersão. Entretanto, pouco se sabe sobre esse estágio na vida de rapinantes como o gavião-real, Harpia harpyja. Entre março 2016 e julho 2017, três tentativas de predação sobre grupos de primatas por um gavião-real juvenil foram registradas no sudoeste da Amazônia brasileira, incluindo a primeira predação de um macaco-de-cheiro adulto, Saimiri ustus. Estes registros sequenciais indicam um desenvolvimento gradual da habilidade de caça ao longo do período de pós-emplumagem, de forma similar ao relatado para outros rapinantes. Hipotetizamos que a associação entre o desenvolvimento da habilidade de voo, diminuição do provisionamento pelos pais e aumento da taxa de capturas bem-sucedidas promove a maturidade e independência no gavião-real.(AU)