Feminism and Capitalism under the Nuclear Cloud & Barbie.

The Warner Brothers/Mattel movie Barbie is meant to be about feminism and capitalism in complicated, comical, and nuanced ways. It mostly succeeds in its dual purpose of comedy and inspiration. The doll's origin in 1959 places her and her consort, Ken, squarely in the context of the Cold War, although neither the movie nor the doll's long and successful marketing history acknowledges anything outside the sunny world of Barbie Land. The nuclear shadow does affect the movie's reception, however, in the form of international protests over the dashed lines scrawled on a supposed "World Map" in one scene. For nations in and around the South China Sea, the dashed lines evoke the specter of war in a nuclear age over claims to territorial sovereignty. Yet director Greta Gerwig's film is a runaway success, the first film solo directed by a woman to gross more than a billion dollars and counting.

[Gabriela Mistral and motherhood]. / Gabriela Mistral y la maternidad.

Gabriela Mistral, an active promoter of women's emancipation since her adolescence, wrote that the essence of femininity was found in motherhood. This would make our Nobel Prize winner an influential exponent of a feminism that vindicates women's rights based on equality with men, but also on the intrinsic and unique capacity that it has to capture life. However, our poet claimed that being a woman was not limited to biological motherhood and that this, at the same time, went beyond its biological nature, expanding to cultural creation. To demonstrate the above, the author delves into Gabriela Mistral's prose, poetry, private correspondence, and personal diaries, to argue that she lived an ideal life as a material (adoptive) mother and an independent and spiritual woman (poet, political, and mystique), who tried to reconcile all these roles, achieving an astoundingly full life.

Saberes intactos, saberes en contacto. Una revisión feminista del significado del contacto en los debates contemporáneos sobre las relaciones clínicas / From “intact knowledge” to “knowledge in contact”. A feminist review of the meaning of “contact” in contemporary debates about clinical relationships

En la última década, profesionales de la biomedicina han propuesto varios modelos que parecen plantear un papel renovado y esperanzador para las y los pacientes en las relaciones clínicas. Se trata del modelo de paciente inteligente (“smart patient”) y de otras propuestas procedentes de corrientes humanizadoras de la medicina. En este artículo analizo críticamente el modelo del “smart patient” como un ensamblaje histórico contemporáneo que refleja una tendencia aparentemente positiva en la biomedicina: la revalorización del “contacto” entre profesionales y pacientes, y el fomento de la participación y educación de estas últimas para estar mejor informadas y digitalizadas. Sin embargo, ¿implica esta puesta en valor del contacto una transformación de los saberes expertos? Tomando como guía esta pregunta, en este artículo analizo los límites de los modelos emergentes, y aporto una relectura basada en la perspectiva del contacto. Para ello contrasto dichos modelos, que mantienen los saberes profesionales epistémicamente intactos, con el enfoque de dos trabajos clásicos de la antropología feminista, publicados hace dos décadas, y que abordan críticamente la llamada “Evidence-Based Obstetrics” (Obstetricia Basada en la Evidencia), poniéndolos en diálogo con lecturas fenomenológicas que trascienden una visión del cuerpo basada en el binomio generizado cuerpo / mente. El objetivo es abordar la clínica como una zona de contacto que hay que entender en contextos (g)locales específicos. Este análisis presenta un valor crítico para el presente pues permite argumentar a favor de encuentros ‒entre profesionales, pacientes y organizaciones‒ asentados sobre reequilibrios epistémicos; yendo más allá de modelos de relación que excluyen los conocimientos y experiencias de quienes padecen y con la finalidad de preservar intacto el papel único de los saberes biomédicos.(AU)

In the last decade, medical professionals have proposed an apparently renewed and hopeful role for patients in their relationship with professionals, namely the “smart patient” model and other proposals coming from humanizing medical trends. In this article, I critically analyze the “smart patient” model as a contemporary historical assemblage that reflects an apparent trend in biomedicine: the revaluation of “contact”, between professionals and patients, and the promotion of patient participation and education to be better informed. However, does this enhancement of contact implies, within the relationship, a transformation of the consideration of biomedical expert knowledge? To answer this question, I analyze the limits of emerging models, and I provide a rereading of the contact perspective. I contrast this perspective with the approach of two classic works of feminist anthropology, published two decades ago, and which critically address the so-called “Evidence-Based Obstetrics”. I will put these works into dialogue with phenomenological readings that transcend a vision of the body based on the gendered binary body / mind. These dialogues will allow me to delve into the proposal to analyze the clinic as a space for the creation of “contact zones” in specific (g)local contexts. This analysis has a critical value for the present. It will also allow me to argue in favor of encounters ‒between transdisciplinary professional teams, patients and organizations- that look for an epistemic rebalancing that embraces the experiential knowledge of those who suffer. These encounters I am proposing do not leave medical knowledge intact.(AU)

Negative Impacts of Taegyo: Feminist and Disability Perspectives.

This study examines the origin and religious roots of taegyo, Korean traditional prenatal education, and raises concerns about potential negative impacts of contemporary taegyo practice from feminist and disability perspectives. Taegyo has been accepted without much criticism due to its deep integration into prenatal care culture, and most existing literature focuses on taegyo's positive impacts on fetal health and development from scientific or nursing perspectives. This article analyzes a 19th-century taegyo manual, Taegyo Singi, and Seon and Won Buddhist literatures on taegyo in order to understand the religio-cultural concepts and contexts of taegyo. The article then discusses the potential downsides of taegyo practice today, considering its patriarchal, mother-blaming, ablest roots in Korean history and culture. The author raises concerns about social oppression, the control of women's bodily autonomy, and the disproportionate responsibility burden that taegyo places on Korean women. The article concludes with suggestions for future research and for well-balanced taegyo practice.

Feminismo, cuidado infantil y derechos de la infancia. Las feministas en los primeros congresos nacionales de Pediatría / Feminism, childcare and children's rights. Feminists in the first national paediatrics congresses

Analizando la participación de las mujeres en los primeros congresos de Pediatría, llama la atención que una buena parte de ellas pertenecían a organizaciones feministas y que, además de su militancia, tenían una preocupación por los y las menores, por sus aspectos educativos y legales.Se han revisado las actas y publicaciones relacionadas con los cinco primeros congresos nacionales de Pediatría (CNP) (1914-1933), biografías de las participantes y publicaciones sobre el feminismo en los años 20 y 30 del pasado siglo.En los cinco primeros CNP participaron 14 mujeres: un 15% eran del ámbito sanitario, un 65%, del educativo y un 29%, del derecho. Siete de ellas pertenecían a organizaciones feministas (50%). Hay dos generaciones de feministas que participaron en los CNP. La primera militó en la Asociación Nacional de Mujeres Españolas, donde la mayoría de ellas ostentaba cargos orgánicos y su labor profesional fue la educación. La segunda, en torno a Juventud Universitaria Femenina, y su dedicación laboral fue el derecho. Su participación en los CNP fue sobre esos temas, educación y derechos de la infancia. Así mismo, impulsaron otras actividades en defensa de la infancia a nivel social, como las 'cantinas escolares', los 'desayunos escolares' o el 'club infantil' de tiempo libre para las clases más desfavorecidas.Las mujeres que se han estudiado, desde su concepción feminista de la vida, no solo trabajaron por los derechos de la mujer, sino que se esforzaron por mejorar la vida de la infancia y el reconocimiento de sus derechos. (AU)

Analysing the participation of women in the first paediatric congresses, it stands out that many of them belonged to feminist organisations and that, in addition to the pursuit of their cause, they were concerned about children, including educational and legal aspects.We reviewed the minutes and publications related to the first five National Paediatric Congresses (NCPs) (1914-1933), biographies of the participants and publications on feminism in the 1920s and 1930s.Fourteen women participated in the first 5 NPCs, 15% from the health care field, 65% from the field of education and 29% from the field of law. Seven of them belonged to feminist organisations (50%). Two generations of feminists participated in the NPCs. Women from the first generation were actively involved in the National Association of Spanish Women, most of who held positions in administration and worked in the education field. Women from the second generation were organised around the Juventud Universitaria Femenina (University Young Women’s Organization) and worked in law. Their participation in the NPCs had to do with these issues, education and children’s rights. They also promoted other activities to advocate for children at a social level, such as the “school canteens”, “school breakfasts” or the “Children’s Club”, which provided leisure activities for disadvantaged groups.The women whose activity we reviewed, through their feminist perspective of life, not only worked for women’s rights, but also strove to improve the lives of children and to achieve the recognition of their rights. (AU)

Psychologization in and through the women's movement: A transnational history of the psychologization of consciousness-raising in the German-speaking countries and the United States.

This study explores the psychologization of the women's movement by examining the activist practice of consciousness-raising in a transnational perspective. We follow the lines along which P/psychological concepts that were appropriated and developed by North American feminist activists during the late 1960s and early 1970s traveled to the German-speaking countries and were translated, adopted, and transformed by feminist activists in Germany and Austria. We explore both the process of psychologization as the practice traveled from the United States to German-speaking countries and the various dimensions of psychologization: diffusion of Psy-expert discourse beyond the borders of the psy-disciplines, academization, individualization, and meta-psychologization. With the latter term, we aim to capture the relationship between (feminist) P/psychology and its critique.

Cartografía y epistemologías feministas: una investigación con/en familias y parentalidades / Cartografia e epistemologias feministas: uma pesquisa com/sobre famílias e parentalidades / Cartography and feminist epistemologies: a research with/about families and parenting

RESUMEN. En este manuscrito se presentan aportes y reflexiones acerca de cómo la cartografía y las epistemologías feministas, en articulación, son potentes y resultan pertinentes para la investigación con familias y parentalidades. Se puntualizan algunas decisiones y abordajes metodológicos realizados en la tesis doctoral Ficciones de familias, adolescentes entre cuidados y tránsitos, realizada durante los años 2015 a 2019, en Uruguay. En primer lugar se deja planteado el entramado teórico y epistemológico que da soporte al posicionamiento ético y político de las investigadoras y a las prácticas de investigación-intervención realizadas. A continuación, se marcan algunos puntos donde las conexiones epistémico-teóricas entre cartografía y epistemologías feministas fueron emergiendo en la práctica de investigación. A saber, en la reconstrucción del problema-objeto de investigación, en la elección del punto de vista de los participantes y en el proceso de análisis donde el énfasis se ubica en la experiencia de encuentro con los adolescentes y la emergencia de analizadores que desestabilizan y catalizan los procesos de investigación en familias y parentalidades.

RESUMO. Neste texto discutimos acerca de como a cartografia e as epistemologias feministas, articuladas, são potentes e apropriadas para pesquisas com famílias e parentalidades. Pontuamos algumas decisões e abordagens metodológicas realizadas na tese de doutorado Ficciones de familias, adolescentes entre cuidados y tránsitos, realizada durante os anos 2015 a 2019, no Uruguai. Em primeiro lugar, apresenta-se a trama teórica e epistemológica que dá suporte ao posicionamento ético e político das investigadoras e as práticas de pesquisa-intervenção realizadas. Na sequência, marcamos alguns pontos de conexão epistemológicos e teóricos entre a cartografia e as epistemologias feministas que foram emergindo durante a pesquisa. Quais sejam, a reconstrução do problema de pesquisa, a eleição do ponto de vista dos e das participantes e o processo de análise, cuja ênfase está na experiência de encontro com os e as adolescentes e a emergência de analisadores que desestabilizam e catalisam os processos de pesquisa sobre famílias e parentalidades.

ABSTRACT. In this manuscript, contributions and reflections are presented about how articulations of cartography and feminist epistemologies are powerful and relevant for research with families and parenting. Some decisions and methodological approaches made in the doctoral thesis Family fictions, adolescents between care and transits, carried out during the years 2015 to 2019 in Uruguay, are specified. First, the theoretical and epistemological framework that supports the ethical and political positioning of the researchers and the research-intervention practices carried out is raised. Next, some points are shown where the epistemic-theoretical connections between cartography and feminist epistemologies were emerging in research practice. Namely, in the reconstruction of the problem-object of research, in the choice of the participants' point of view and in the analysis process that focuses on the experience of encountering adolescents and the emergence of analyzers that destabilize and catalyze the research processes in families and parenting.

Temperance, Feminism, and Phrenology in Lydia Fowler's Nora: The Lost and Redeemed.

In both the U.S. and Britain, Dr. Lydia Fowler was a leader in women's political and health reform organizations and temperance associations. Her publications, which targeted a popular audience of women and children, included self-help medical lectures and guides, a book of poetry, and the temperance novel Nora: The Lost and Redeemed (1853). Nora represents the broader political fight surrounding temperance, but also the medical arguments about alcohol abuse itself. Fowler's phrenological writings, including Nora, served as a bridge between the nineteenth-century construction of "intemperance" as a moral failing and the disease model of "alcoholism" that came to dominate medicine in the early twentieth century. With Nora, Fowler employs the power and reach of Victorian fiction to dramatize the dangers of alcohol and the hopeful remedies of feminist-driven reform.

Why femme stories matter: Constructing femme theory through historical femme life writing.

We argue that historical femme life writing forms a rich resource for femme theory that contributes to, challenges, and extends contemporary academic femme literature. We focus on the experiences of femmes during the second-wave feminist movement, specifically within the context of 1970s and 1980s U.S. lesbian feminism. The texts we examine include My Dangerous Desires by Amber Hollibaugh (2000), A Restricted Country by Joan Nestle (1987), Minnie Bruce Pratt's (1995) S/he, and selections from The Persistent Desire: A Femme-Butch Reader, edited by Nestle (1992). Informed by Clare Hemmings' (2011) and Victoria Hesford's (2013) critiques that past feminisms are often retold using reductive narratives, we (re)read this femme life writing to foreground the ways in which femmes have historically troubled and resisted monolithic accounts of lesbian feminism, lesbian identities, femininity, and sexuality. By centering queer feminine voices from this period to highlight major themes of this life writing, and drawing on Andi Schwartz's (2018) positioning of femme cultural production as a basis for theory, we argue that earlier iterations of queer femininities are relevant to and important for contemporary femme theory. Ultimately, we analyze what historical femme life writing reveals about the place of femininity within the lesbian and feminist communities of their time, how these dynamics inform current perceptions of queer and femme politics, and how femmes resist their cultural and critical marginalization.

Lactancia materna y feminismo: recorrido social y cultural en España / Breastfeeding and feminism: social and cultural journey in Spain / Breastfeeding and feminism: social and cultural journey in Spain

RESUMEN OBJETIVO Analizar la influencia de cambios socio-políticos, educativos y feministas de España en el mantenimiento de lactancia materna. MÉTODO Revisión histórico-descriptiva de documentación en bases de datos, Boletines Oficiales del Estado, del Ministerio de Sanidad y Consumo y Bienestar Social. RESULTADOS La lactancia materna es un fenómeno complejo influenciado por factores demográficos, biológicos, sociales y psicológicos. Ha cambiado a lo largo de la historia y, evolucionado con los movimientos feministas. La incorporación de la mujer al mercado laboral (s.XIX), produjo una modificación en el rol familiar y pareja. La sociedad del siglo XXI reclama a los poderes públicos la conciliación personal y laboral para la crianza de sus hijos. CONCLUSIONES E IMPLICACIÓN PARA LA PRÁCTICA Han sido múltiples los factores y procesos evolutivos para la situación socio-cultural de la mujer en la lactancia materna. Actualmente sigue siendo complicado compaginar gestación y crianza con el empleo, las redes formales e informales permiten avances en políticas sanitarias.

RESUMO OBJETIVO Analisar a influência das mudanças sócio-políticas, educativas e feministas em Espanha na manutenção do aleitamento materno. MÉTODO Revisão histórico-descritiva da documentação em bases de dados, Boletins Oficiais do Estado, do Ministério da Saúde e do Consumo e da Previdência Social. RESULTADOS O aleitamento materno é um fenómeno complexo influenciado por factores demográficos, biológicos, sociais e psicológicos. Ela mudou ao longo da história e evoluiu com os movimentos feministas. A incorporação das mulheres ao mercado de trabalho (século XIX), produziu uma modificação no papel da família e do casal. A sociedade do século XXI exige do poder público a conciliação pessoal e laboral para a educação dos seus filhos. CONCLUSÕES E IMPLICAÇÕES PARA A PRÁTICA Tem havido múltiplos factores e processos evolutivos para a situação sociocultural das mulheres em aleitamento materno. Hoje em dia, ainda é complicado combinar gravidez e educação com emprego, e as redes formais e informais permitem avanços nas políticas de saúde.

ABSTRACT OBJECTIVE To analyze the influence of socio-political, educational and feminist changes in Spain on the maintenance of breastfeeding. METHOD Historical-descriptive review of documentation in databases, Official State Bulletins, of the Ministry of Health and Consumer Affairs and Social Welfare. RESULTS Breastfeeding is a complex phenomenon influenced by demographic, biological, social and psychological factors. It has changed throughout history and evolved with the feminist movements. The incorporation of women to the labor market (19th century), produced a modification in the family and couple role. The society of the 21st century demands from the public authorities the personal and labor conciliation for the upbringing of their children. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATION FOR PRACTICE There have been multiple factors and evolutionary processes for the socio-cultural situation of women in breastfeeding. Nowadays, it is still complicated to combine pregnancy and upbringing with employment, and formal and informal networks allow advances in health policies.

[May '68 revolution and gender post-feminism]. / La revolución de mayo del 68 y el postfeminismo de género.

Gender was an important component in the May '68 revolution. However, what was originally proposed as an effort for equality and the defense of the legitimate prerogatives of women, evolved into a movement, gender post-feminism, which it set aside their real interests and needs, pursuing other, even contradictory, goals. This article tries to justify the previous statement, starting from some of the main currents of thought what were at the base of the revolution.

La revolución de mayo del 68 y el postfeminismo de género / May '68 revolution and gender post-feminism

La cuestión del género fue un componente importante en la revolución de mayo del 68. No obstante, lo que originariamente se planteó como una lucha por la igualdad y la defensa de las legítimas prerrogativas de las mujeres, evolucionó hacia un movimiento, el postfeminismo de género, que dejó de lado los intereses y necesidades reales de éstas, persiguiendo otros objetivos, incluso contradictorios. El presente trabajo intenta justificar la anterior afirmación, partiendo de algunas de las principales corrientes de pensamiento que estuvieron en la base de la revolución

Gender was an important component in the May '68 revolution. However, what was originally pro-posed as an effort for equality and the defense of the legitimate prerogatives of women, evolved into a movement, gender post-feminism, which it set aside their real interests and needs, pursuing other, even contradictory, goals. This article tries to justify the previous statement, starting from some of the main currents of thought what were at the base of the revolution

Da relevância do materialismo histórico dialético para uma análise feminista / The historical dialectical materialism relevance for a feminist analysis

Este artigo tem por objetivo dar uma contribuição ao debate teórico-metodológico do feminismo, tomado por uma perspectiva política e científica.Trata-se de uma pesquisa qualitativa e bibliográfica, cuja base teórica se encontra em livros e artigos científicos, clássicos e contemporâneos. A argumentação se desenvolve no sentido de uma crítica a apropriações do método de Karl Marx que desviam seus fundamentos e recaem, por um lado, no economicismo, e, por outro lado, no politicismo. Feitas as críticas, avançamos para a relevância do uso do materialismo histórico dialético para uma leitura da realidade concreta que,da ótica feminista, avance no sentido de uma luta unificada contra o capitalismo e pela derrocada do patriarcado e do racismo

This article aims to contribute to the theoretical and methodological debate of feminism, taken from a political and scientific perspective. It is a qualitative and bibliographic research, whose theoretical basis is found in scientific, classic and contemporary books and articles. The argument develops in the sense of a critique of Karl Marx's method appropriations that deviate from its foundations and fall, on the one hand, to economism, and, on the other, to politicism. Having made the critiques, we move on to the relevance of historical dialectical materialism for a reading of the concrete reality from a feminist perspective to advance towards a unified struggle against capitalism and the overthrow of patriarchy and racism

Building Community and Transforming Knowledge: Histories of Women's Health Practitioners and Community-Based Health Services in 20th-Century Alberta, Canada.

As new government health policy was created and implemented in the late 1910s and the late 1960s, women patients and health practitioners recognized gaps in the new health services and worked together to create better programs. This article brings the histories of the district nursing program (1919-43) and local birth control centres (1970-79) together to recognize women's health provision (as trained nurses or lay practitioners) as community-based and collaborative endeavours in the province of Alberta. The district nursing and birth control centre programs operated under different health policies, were influenced by different feminisms, and were situated in different Indigenous-settler relations. But the two programs, occurring half a century apart, provided space for health workers and their patients to implement change at a community level. Health practitioners in the early and late twentieth century took women's experiential knowledge seriously, and, therefore, these communities formed a new field of women's health expertise.

The Contraceptive Pill in Ireland c.1964-79: Activism, Women and Patient-Doctor Relationships.

The twentieth-century history of men and women's attempts to gain access to reproductive health services in the Republic of Ireland has been significantly shaped by Ireland's social and religious context. Although contraception was illegal in Ireland from 1935 to 1979, declining family sizes in this period suggest that many Irish men and women were practising fertility control measures. From the mid-1960s, the contraceptive pill was marketed in Ireland as a 'cycle regulator'. In order to obtain a prescription for the pill, Irish women would therefore complain to their doctors that they had heavy periods or irregular cycles. However, doing so could mean going against one's faith, and also depended on finding a sympathetic doctor. The contraceptive pill was heavily prescribed in Ireland during the 1960s and 1970s as it was the only contraceptive available legally, albeit prescribed through 'coded language'. The pill was critiqued by men and women on both sides of the debate over the legalisation of contraception. Anti-contraception activists argued that the contraceptive pill was an abortifacient, while both anti-contraception activists and feminist campaigners alike drew attention to its perceived health risks. As well as outlining these discussions, the paper also illustrates the importance of medical authority in the era prior to legalisation, and the significance of doctors' voices in relation to debates around the contraceptive pill. However, in spite of medical authority, it is clear that Irish women exercised significant agency in gaining access to the pill.

Gender, women and scientific research. / Género, mujeres e investigación científica.

Gender is a psychosocial construct referring to the socially built roles, behaviors, expressions and identities of girls, women, boys, men and people with gender diversity, while sex is related to the biological attributes of a woman or a man. Even though the terms sex and gender are often used in a binary way, there is considerable diversity in the way individuals and groups understand, experiment and express them. This narrative review describes some relevant aspects of the subjective difference that exists and favors men over women in the fields of sciences and research, starting from a historical perspective in the light of feminist movements. In particular, women are described as researchers - crea-tors of scientific knowledge, as well as the subjects of analysis. Some conflicts arising from sex bias, applied to biomedical research, are also analyzed, and cases are delivered that exemplify the disarray that has historically accompanied the female gender in this area, its ignorance and little cultural recognition. This review is the last article in a methodological series on general concepts in biostatistics and clinical epidemiology developed by the Chair of Methodology of Scientific Research of the School of Medicine of the Universidad de Valparaiso, Chile, which aims to address a contingent and cross-cutting theme to all scientific research.

El género es una construcción psicosocial referida a los roles, comportamientos, expresiones e identidades socialmente construidos de niñas, mujeres, niños, hombres y personas con diversidad de género, mientras que el sexo se relaciona con los atributos biológicos de una mujer o un hombre. Aun cuando los términos “sexo” y “género” suelen utilizarse de forma binaria, existe una diversidad considerable en la forma en que los individuos y los grupos los entienden, experimentan y expresan. En esta revisión narrativa se describen algunos aspectos relevantes acerca de la diferencia subjetiva que existe y favorece a los hombres frente a las mujeres en el ámbito de las ciencias e investigación, iniciando desde una perspectiva histórica a la luz de los movimientos feministas. En particular, se describe a la mujer en cuanto investigadora y creadora de conocimiento científico, como también en su calidad de sujeto de análisis. Se analizan además algunos conflictos derivados del sesgo de sexo aplicados a la investigación biomédica, y se entregan casos que ejemplifican el desmedro que ha acompañado históricamente al género femenino en este ámbito, su desconocimiento y poco reconocimiento cultural. Esta revisión es la última entrega de una serie metodológica sobre conceptos generales en bioestadística y epidemiología clínica desarrollada por la Cátedra de Metodología de la Investigación Científica de la Escuela de Medicina de la Universidad de Valparaíso, Chile, que pretende abordar una temática contingente y transversal a toda la investigación científica.