Effect of ethyl gallate and propyl gallate on dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)-induced ulcerative colitis in C57BL/6 J mice: preventive and protective.

OBJECTIVE AND DESIGN: Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is an idiopathic inflammatory condition of the digestive system marked by oxidative stress, leukocyte infiltration, and elevation of inflammatory mediators. In this study, we demonstrate the protective effect of ethyl gallate (EG), a phytochemical, and propyl gallate (PG), an anti-oxidant, given through normal drinking water (DW) and copper water (CW) in various combinations, which had a positive effect on the amelioration of DSS-induced ulcerative colitis in C57BL/6 J mice. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We successfully determined the levels of proinflammatory cytokines and anti-oxidant enzymes by ELISA, tracked oxidative/nitrosative stress (RO/NS) by in vivo imaging (IVIS) using L-012 chemiluminescent probe, disease activity index (DAI), and histopathological and morphometric analysis of colon in DSS-induced colitis in a model. RESULTS: The results revealed that oral administration of ethyl gallate and propyl gallate at a dose of 50 mg/kg considerably reduced the severity of colitis and improved both macroscopic and microscopic clinical symptoms. The level of proinflammatory cytokines (TNF-α, IL-6, IL-1ß, and IFN-γ) in colonic tissue was considerably reduced in the DSS + EG-treated and DSS + PG-treated groups, compared to the DSS alone-treated group. IVIS imaging of animals from the DSS + EG and DSS + PG-treated groups showed a highly significant decrease in RO/NS species relative to the DSS control group, with the exception of the DSS + PG/CW and DSS + EG + PG/CW-treated groups. We also observed lower levels of myeloperoxidase (MPO), nitric oxide (NO), and lipid peroxidation (LPO), and restored levels of GST and superoxide dismutase (SOD) in DSS + EG-DW/CW, DSS + PG/DW, and DSS + EG + PG/DW groups compared to DSS alone-treated group. In addition, we showed that the EG, PG, and EG + PG treatment significantly reduced the DAI score, and counteracted the body weight loss and colon shortening in mice compared to DSS alone-treated group. In this 21-day study, mice were treated daily with test substances and were challenged to DSS from day-8 to 14. CONCLUSION: Our study highlights the protective effect of ethyl gallate and propyl gallate in various combinations which, in pre-clinical animals, serve as an anti-inflammatory drug against the severe form of colitis, indicating its potential for the treatment of IBD in humans. In addition, propyl gallate was investigated for the first time in this study for its anti-colitogenic effect with normal drinking water and reduced effect with copper water.

Gallate Contact Dermatitis: Product Update and Systematic Review.

Allergic contact dermatitis related to cosmetic use can result from allergens not routinely evaluated by standard patch test protocols. Propyl, octyl, and dodecyl gallates are commonly used antioxidant preservatives with reports of associated allergic contact dermatitis in the literature. The objectives of this review were to investigate the role of gallates in allergic contact dermatitis and to explore products containing these preservatives. A systematic review of the literature through April 2016 was performed to explore cases of reported gallate allergy. Food and cosmetic product databases were searched for products containing gallates. Seventy-four cases of gallate contact allergy have been reported. In addition, a variety of commercially available cosmetic products and foods contain gallate chemicals. Propyl gallate is the most commonly reported gallate contact allergen and often causes facial and/or hand dermatitis.

Allergic contact stomatitis to dodecyl gallate? A review of the relevance of positive patch test results to gallates.

Gallic acid esters or gallates are antioxidants used as preservatives in food and cosmetics. Few cases of gallates causing allergic contact dermatitis (ACD) have been reported in the literature. We present a case report of a 42-year-old beauty therapist who presented with a swollen tongue. Patch testing was positive to dodecyl gallate, commonly reported as being present in edible oil and oily foods such as margarine. Our patient avoided foods presumed to contain gallates and at the 6-week review reported a substantial improvement in her tongue symptoms. We reviewed our database and found 16 (7%) definitely or possibly relevant reactions to dodecyl gallate, seven (15%) definitely or possibly relevant reactions to propyl gallate and six (3%) definitely or possibly relevant reactions to octyl gallate. Most reactions were attributed to margarine, moisturising cream and lipstick. These products are often mentioned in the literature as containing gallates; however, ingredient labelling and discussions with manufacturers made it difficult to establish whether they are currently present in foods. Ascertaining relevance for these reactions is not always possible.

Contact depigmentation induced by propyl gallate.

We report a 41-year-old woman who developed contact depigmentation at several body sites after using lipstick, liquid kumkum (a colouring usually made from turmeric or saffron used for social/religious markings), and plastic or rubber slippers (flip-flops). Propyl gallate, a common ingredient to all and a previously undocumented depigmenting agent, was incriminated on patch testing with the Indian standard series.

Allergic contact dermatitis to propyl gallate and pentylene glycol in an emollient cream.

A 62-year-old man, with a 20-year history of seborrhoeic dermatitis, presented with a worsening of his dermatitis. He had previously been demonstrated to be allergic to various topical corticosteroids, so he had been using an emollient cream (Sebclair), containing piroctone olamine and various anti-inflammatory substances, for 6 months, with good effect. Patch testing to the cream and its ingredients revealed positive reactions to both propyl gallate and pentylene glycol. A positive reaction to propylene glycol was also detected, whereas patch testing to butylene glycol was negative. Complete remission followed avoidance of the offending substances.

Positive rates to propyl gallate on patch testing: a change in trend.

Propyl gallate (E310) has, until recently, been used as a major antioxidant in fatty food and, in the cosmetic industry, in the manufacture of lipsticks. Propyl gallate has a high sensitizing potential; however, the frequency of allergic contact dermatitis from antioxidants of the gallate type was previously thought to be surprisingly low. Previous exposure and orally induced tolerance, as suggested by Khan and colleagues, may have explained the low rates of allergic contact dermatitis to propyl gallate in the past. The objectives were to assess the prevalence of allergic contact dermatitis to propyl gallate in our centre from 1988 to 2005. From 1988 to 2005, 9529 patients were patch tested to the face series, 6973 were females and 2556 were males. Patch tests were read at 2 D and 4 D. Positive reactions were scored as per International Contact Dermatitis Research Group recommendations as negative, +, ++, and +++ reactions. Propyl gallate was used at a 1% petrolatum (pet.). A total of 55 patients had positive reactions to propyl gallate 1% pet. (0.57%), 46 were female (0.65%) and 9 were male (0.33%). Using chi-square, there was a significant difference (P < 0.05) in the positivity rates between the 1988-96 period (0.45%) and the 1997-2005 period (0.77%). A review of our face series performed in the last 18 years has shown a statistically significant increase in propyl gallate-positive rates on patch testing over the last decade. An increase in its use in the cosmetic industry may well be the explanation for this. Nevertheless, a concomitant reduction of propyl gallate as an antioxidant in food, with oral tolerance being less likely to develop, may also be a contributing factor in the increasing trend of allergic contact dermatitis caused by propyl gallate.

Sensibilización por galatos. Revisión de 46 casos / Sensitization to gallates: review of 46 cases

Introducción. Los galatos son antioxidantes empleados en la industria cosmética, farmacéutica y alimentaria desde 1947, con la finalidad de evitar la oxidación de los ácidos grasos insaturados que contienen estos productos. El objetivo de este trabajo es revisar los casos de sensibilización por galatos diagnosticados en nuestro Servicio entre 1985 y 2006. Métodos. Se han extraído de la base de datos de la Sección de Alergia de nuestro Servicio todos los casos investigados por sospecha de dermatitis alérgica de contacto, que presentaron pruebas epicutáneas positivas al propil galato, octil galato y/o dodecil galato. Resultados. Cuarenta y seis pacientes presentaron uno o más parches positivos a los galatos (36 mujeres y 10 varones, con una edad media de 42,8 años). El motivo de consulta más frecuente fue la queilitis (63 % de los casos) seguido de la dermatitis de las manos (28,26 % de los casos). El origen más frecuente de la sensibilización fue el uso de barras labiales (54,3 % de los casos), seguido de la manipulación de productos de panadería (15,2 % de los casos). La relevancia de los resultados se consideró presente en el 73,9 % de los casos y desconocida en el 23,9 % de los pacientes. Conclusiones. En nuestra serie la mayoría de los pacientes sensibilizados a los galatos consultaron por queilitis, el principal alérgeno responsable fue el propil galato, y el mecanismo más frecuente de sensibilización fue el uso de barras labiales. El galato más frecuente en los panaderos fue el octil galato, con relevancia presente en todos los casos estudiados

Background. Since 1947, the cosmetics, pharmaceutical, and food industries have used gallates as antioxidants to prevent the oxidation of unsaturated fats in their products. The aim of this study was to review the cases of sensitization to gallates diagnosed in our department between 1985 and 2006. Methods. All suspected cases of allergic contact dermatitis with patch tests positive for propyl gallate, octyl gallate, and/or dodecyl gallate were retrieved from the database of the allergy section of our dermatology department. Results. Forty-six patients had positive patch tests for 1 or more gallates (36 women and 10 men, with a mean age of 42.8 years). The most common presenting complaint was cheilitis (63 % of the cases) followed by dermatitis of the hands (28.26 %). The most common sensitizing agent was lipstick (54.3 %) followed by bakery products (15.2 %). The test result was considered clinically relevant in 73.9 % of the cases whereas the relevance was unknown in 23.9 %. Conclusions. In our case series, most patients sensitized to gallates attended the clinic due to cheilitis. The main allergen was propyl gallate and the most common mechanism of sensitization was use of lipstick. The most common gallate among bakers was octyl gallate. This agent was considered to be clinically relevant in all cases studied

[Sensitization to gallates: review of 46 cases]. / Sensibilización por galatos. Revisión de 46 casos.

BACKGROUND: Since 1947, the cosmetics, pharmaceutical, and food industries have used gallates as antioxidants to prevent the oxidation of unsaturated fats in their products. The aim of this study was to review the cases of sensitization to gallates diagnosed in our department between 1985 and 2006. METHODS: All suspected cases of allergic contact dermatitis with patch tests positive for propyl gallate, octyl gallate, and/or dodecyl gallate were retrieved from the database of the allergy section of our dermatology department. RESULTS: Forty-six patients had positive patch tests for 1 or more gallates (36 women and 10 men, with a mean age of 42.8 years). The most common presenting complaint was cheilitis (63% of the cases) followed by dermatitis of the hands (28.26%). The most common sensitizing agent was lipstick (54.3%) followed by bakery products (15.2%). The test result was considered clinically relevant in 73.9% of the cases whereas the relevance was unknown in 23.9 %. CONCLUSIONS: In our case series, most patients sensitized to gallates attended the clinic due to cheilitis. The main allergen was propyl gallate and the most common mechanism of sensitization was use of lipstick. The most common gallate among bakers was octyl gallate. This agent was considered to be clinically relevant in all cases studied.

Dermatitis de contacto por galatos / Contact dermatitis due to gallates

Los galatos son sustancias antioxidantes que se emplean en la industria de alimentos, cosméticos y medicamentos. Pese a que se comportan como antígenos potentes en experimentación animal, se ha descrito sólo un número limitado de dermatitis de contacto por galatos, lo que se ha atribuido a la tolerancia inmunológica de estas sustancias inducida por vía digestiva, tal como ocurre en modelos de experimentación animal. La clínica más habitual es la queilitis, aunque pueden ser causa de eczema en otras localizaciones, incluso de dermatitis generalizada. Se destaca la variabilidad de concentraciones y vehículos para las pruebas epicutáneas en los casos publicados. En cuanto al tratamiento de las dermatitis de contacto por galatos y dado que en la actualidad apenas tienen importancia en la composición de medicamentos, las medidas de prevención se limitarán al uso de cosméticos y a la manipulación de ciertos alimentos en la industria (AU)