¿Influye la pandemia del COVID-19 en las redes sociales de eventos no competitivos en edad escolar y adulta? Estudio de caso / Influence of COVID-19 on Social Networks of Non-competitive Events in School and Adult Ages? A Case Study

Resumen Las redes sociales son herramientas para mejorar los eventos deportivos. Por ello, el objetivo principal del presente estudio fue analizar los datos estadísticos de participación e impacto de los medios sociales (Facebook, Twitter e Instagram), del evento deportivo ''Gimnastrada de Extremadura'', y conocer la influencia de la situación de emergencia y confinamiento provocada por la crisis de la COVID-19 en los mismos para la edición prevista del año 2020. Se analizaron los datos de participación e interacción en las redes sociales, entre los periodos 2016-2017, 2017-2018, 2018-2019 y 2019-2020. Siempre se utilizó la misma estrategia de marketing en todos los medios por internet. Se realizó un análisis descriptivo y exploratorio de los datos. Los resultados mostraron que el número de participantes ha aumentado significativamente, así como los seguidores desde la utilización de las redes sociales, siendo las mujeres las principales participantes y seguidoras. La red social Facebook es el medio utilizado principalmente por los usuarios para conocer y difundir la Gimnastrada de Extremadura en edad escolar y adulta. Por tanto, los resultados evidencian la importancia de conocer las interacciones de seguidores en los medios sociales, con la finalidad de planificar nuevas estrategias de marketing online. Además, a pesar de aplazarse el evento previsto para marzo de 2020, como consecuencia de la pandemia COVID-19, los datos estadísticos de las redes sociales del evento van aumentando cada año. Siendo, el momento de publicación del cartel o suspensión del evento, los instantes que reciben el mayor número de interacciones en las redes sociales.

Abstract Social networks are useful and effective as a tool for improving sporting events. Therefore, this study aimed to analyze the statistical data of participation and the impact of social media (Facebook, Twitter, and Instagram) of ''Gimnastrada de Extremadura'' (Gymnastics of Extremadura). It also sought to know the influence of the Covid-19 pandemic on this sporting event. The study analyzed the participation and interaction data on social networks in the periods 2016-2017, 2017-2018, 2018-2019, and 2019-2020. The same marketing strategy was always used in all online media. Therefore, a descriptive and exploratory analysis of the data was performed. The results showed that the number of participants in the event had increased significantly since the use of social networks, with women being the main followers. Facebook was the social medium mainly used by users to know the Gymnastics of Extremadura in school and adult ages. The results also demonstrated the importance of understanding the followers' interactions on social media to plan new online marketing strategies. Besides, even though the event was suspended due to the Covid-19 pandemic, the statistical data of the event's social networks increased every year, and the publication of the poster of the event or its suspension were the moments that received the greatest number of actions on social networks such as Like or Share / Retweet the news.

Resumo As redes sociais são ferramentas para melhorar os eventos esportivos. Portanto, o objetivo principal deste estudo é analisar os dados estatísticos de participação e impacto das mídias sociais (Facebook, Twitter e Instagram), do evento esportivo "Gimnastrada de Extremadura", e conhecer a influência da situação de emergência e confinamento causada pela crise da COVID-19 sobre elas para a edição de 2020. Os dados de participação e interação em redes sociais foram analisados, entre os períodos 2016-2017, 2017-2018, 2018-2019 e 2019-2020. A mesma estratégia de marketing foi usada em todos os meios de comunicação on-line. Foi feita uma análise descritiva e exploratória dos dados. Os resultados mostraram que o número de participantes aumentou significativamente, assim como os seguidores desde o uso de redes sociais, sendo as mulheres as principais participantes e seguidoras. A rede social Facebook é o meio utilizado principalmente pelos usuários para conhecer e divulgar a ''Gimnastrada de Extremadura'' na idade escolar e adulta. Portanto, os resultados mostram a importância de conhecer as interações dos seguidores nas mídias sociais, a fim de planejar novas estratégias de marketing on-line. Além disso, apesar do adiamento do evento, previsto para março de 2020, causado pela pandemia da COVID-19, as estatísticas da mídia social do evento estão aumentando a cada ano. O momento da publicação do cartaz ou da suspensão do evento são os momentos que recebem o maior número de interações nas redes sociais.

Training Load and Recovery During a Pre-Olympic Season in Professional Rhythmic Gymnasts.

CONTEXT: Rhythmic gymnastics requires a high level of complexity and perfection of technical gestures, associated with well-developed physical and artistic capacities. The training-load and recovery profiles of rhythmic gymnasts across a season are unknown. OBJECTIVE: To analyze the training load and recovery of professional rhythmic gymnasts during 1 season. DESIGN: Cohort study. SETTING: Brazilian National Training Center of Rhythmic Gymnastics and competition facilities. PATIENTS OR OTHER PARTICIPANTS: Eight gymnasts from the Brazilian national senior rhythmic gymnastics group. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE(S): Session rating of perceived exertion (session-RPE) and total quality recovery (TQR) scores were collected daily for 43 weeks. We obtained the session-RPE after each session and TQR score before the first session of the day. Performances during 5 competitions were also recorded. The season was divided into 8 periods. Total weekly internal training load (wITL), training intensity, frequency, duration, recovery, and acute : chronic workload ratio were calculated for analysis. RESULTS: The season mean wITL was 10 381 ± 4894 arbitrary units, mean session-RPE score was 5.0 ± 1.6, and mean TQR score was 12.8 ± 1.3. The gymnasts trained an average of 8.7 ± 2.9 sessions per week, with a mean duration of 219 ± 36 minutes. Each competitive period showed increased wITL compared with the previous period. Training-load variables (wITL and session-RPE) and recovery were inversely correlated. Gymnasts were poorly recovered (TQR < 13) during 50.9% of the season (n = 167 times), especially during competitive weeks. Spikes in load (acute : chronic workload ratio ≥ 1.5) occurred across 18.1% of the season (n = 55 times). CONCLUSIONS: The training-load variables and recovery changed throughout a professional rhythmic gymnastics group season, mainly during competitive periods. The correct distribution of training load is critical to ensure that gymnasts are entering competitions in a recovered state.

"Despite being an athlete, I am also a human-being": Male elite gymnasts' reflections on food and body image.

Our aim was to investigate the prevalence of symptoms related to eating disorders, disordered eating and body image perception, and attitudes toward eating in a group of elite male artistic gymnastics. Seventeen athletes took part in this quali-quantitative, cross-sectional study. Presence of eating disorders symptoms, and body image perception and satisfaction were assessed using validated questionnaires. Focus groups were held to discuss their attitudes toward eating and body image perception in more detail. Little to no evidence of symptoms consistent with eating disorders was observed, and this was supported by the qualitative data. However, some concerning practices and attitudes were described. Negative emotional eating cycles appeared prevalent (e.g. feelings of anger, stress and anxiety creating a desire to eat "junk foods", followed by guilt and regret). Body image perception and attitudes toward body weight's influence on performance varied widely. Some athletes expressed a desire to lose weight and believed that this would positively impact their performance, while others believed weight to be irrelevant and focused on feeling strong and vital. Athletes believed their female counterparts experienced far greater pressure to maintain low body weight and described some very concerning practices. We conclude that eating disorders and disordered eating did not appear to be prevalent among these elite male artistic gymnastics. However, some concerning attitudes and practices were observed and should be addressed with nutritional support programmes encompassing psychological and behavioural aspects of eating. These programmes should be extended to support staff and significant others, in addition to athletes.

As fontes de conhecimento de treinadores de ginástica artística / The sources of knowledge by gymnastics coaches / Las fuentes de conocimiento de entrenadores de gimnasia artística

O objetivo deste estudo foi identificar as fontes de conhecimento de treinadores de Ginástica Artística (GA) que atuam no estado de Santa Catarina. Os dados foram obtidos por meio de entrevistas, com oito (8) treinadores experientes, e avaliados por meio de procedimentos de análise de conteúdo. Os resultados indicaram a valorização de diferentes fontes de conheci-mento, com destaque para as experiências como atleta, o compartilhamento de informações e a observação de outros treinadores. Conclui-se que os treinadores de GA buscam diferentes tipos de conhecimento em situações distintas, o que indica o caráter complexo e dinâmico de seu processo de aprendizagem (AU).

The aim of this study was to identify the sources of knowledge by Gymnastics coaches (AG) from Santa Catarina state (Brazil). The data were obtained through semistructured interview with 8 experienced coaches and analyzed through content analysis procedures. The results indicated the recognition of different sources of knowledge high lighting the athlete experi-ences, sharing information and observation of other coaches. Concluded that the AG coaches

El objetivo del presente estudio fue identificar las fuentes de conocimiento de entrenadores de Gimnasia Artística (GA) que actúan en la ciudad de Santa Catarina. Los datos fueron obteni-dos a través de entrevistas con 8 entrenadores especialistas en el área y examinados por medio del análisis de contenido. Los resultados indicaron la valoración dediferentes fuentes de co-nocimiento, sobre todo en las prácticas de atletismo, el intercambio de información y la ob-servación de otros entrenadores. Se concluyó que los entrenadores de GA buscan diferentes tipos de conocimiento en diferentes situaciones deaprendizaje, indicando el carácter complejo y dinámico de su proceso de aprendizaje (AU).

Salivary steroids hormones, well-being, and physical performance during an intensification training period followed by a tapering period in youth rhythmic gymnasts.

This study examined the effect of an intensification period (IT; 4weeks; after a habitual training period; HT) followed by a tapering period (TP; 2weeks) on salivary hormones (testosterone - T and cortisol - C), well-being (WB), and physical performance in 23 rhythmic gymnasts (RG; Under-11 group [G1], Under-13 group [G2], and >13 group [G3]). The session-rating of perceived exertion was used to quantify the daily internal training load (ITL). The WB questionnaire was completed daily. Physical performance tests and saliva sampling were carried out at the beginning of the IT (T1), after IT (T2), and after TP (T3). A higher ITL was observed for IT compared to HT (2310±327 vs 2940±334, 2449±237 vs 3902±273, 2278±436 vs 3954±866 arbitrary units [UA], for G1, G2, and G3, respectively) and TP (vs 1781±260, 2305±298, 2415±522AU). No significant change was detected for T concentration (206±39, 221±35, 216±51 ρmol/L, for T1, T2, and T3, respectively [whole group]; p=0.16), C concentration (5.7±1.0, 5.8±0.8, 5.0±0.7nmol/L; p=0.07), and WB (19±3, 19±2, 19±2; p=0.44). A significant lower WB score was observed for the G3. Physical performance increased for sit-ups from T2 to T3 (ES=0.80), and T1 to T3 (ES=0.78) and for push-ups (T2-T3; ES=0.61; T1-T3; ES=0.55). In summary, a period of IT followed by TP, seems to be a useful approach to improve physical performance of youth RG, while maintaining the perception of WB and the hormonal milieu.

Body dissatisfaction in women's artistic gymnastics: A longitudinal study of psychosocial indicators.

Body dissatisfaction is prevalent in women's artistic gymnastics (WAG). Cross-sectional research points to social and individual risk factors, however it does not account for potential changes in body dissatisfaction during an athletic season. This study aimed to determine how gymnasts' body dissatisfaction, risk factors for eating disorders, media internalisation, perfectionism and mood state change during pre-competition, competition and post-competition seasons and to identify how these psychosocial indicators impact on body dissatisfaction during the athletic year. The sample consisted of 20 Brazilian elite women's artistic gymnasts aged 10-16 years. Data were obtained from a 9-month study using: Body Shape Questionnaire (BSQ); Eating Attitude Test-26; Sociocultural Attitudes Towards Appearance Questionnaire-3 (SATAQ-3); Multidimensional Perfectionism Scale (MPS); Brunel Mood Scale (BRUMS) and triceps and subscapular skinfolds. Body dissatisfaction was higher during the competition season and disordered eating, perfectionism and vigour values were higher in the pre-competition season. Disordered eating has been found as the strongest predictor of body dissatisfaction during all seasons, and mood state partly contributed to body dissatisfaction in the competitive season. Stakeholders should understand that body dissatisfaction and the prevalence of disordered eating may change over time.

Flexibilidade em idosas praticantes de ginástica funcional / flexibility in elderly females practittioners of functional exercise

Objetivou-se analisar a flexibilidade em idosas praticantes de ginástica funcional. O estudo causal comparativo, com uma amostra de 50 idosas, coletou os dados pelo protocolo de Rikli e Jones. Foram comparados os valores médios intragrupos, entre o pré e pós-teste, entre os grupos etários e os percentuais em cada categoria. Os testes estatísticos realizados foram respectivamente: teste “t” de Student pareado e não pareado, ANOVA e qui-quadrado de Pearson (p˜0,05). O resultado foi significativo na flexibilidade dos membros inferiores e membros superiores entre os grupos. Portanto, um programa de intervenção de ginástica funcional colabora na melhoria e manutenção da flexibilidade em idosas. (AU)

We analyzed the flexibility in elderly practicing functional exercise. It was a causal comparative study within a sample of 50 elderly women.The range of tests was taken from the Rikli and Jones Methods. The average intragroups, between pre and posttest, age groups and the percentage of each category were compared. The statistical tests used were respectively: Student test “t” for independent sample, paired Student test “t”, ANOVA and Qui square (p˜0.05). Significant results were found in lower limbs flexibility, and, between age groups in upper limbs flexibility. An intervention program of functional exercise contributes in improving and maintaining flexibility in elderly women. (AU)

Flexibilidade em idosas praticantes de ginástica funcional / Flexibility in elderly females practittioners of functional exercise

Objetivou-se analisar a flexibilidade em idosas praticantes de ginástica funcional. O estudo causal comparativo, com uma amostra de 50 idosas, coletou os dados pelo protocolo de Rikli e Jones. Foram comparados os valores médios intragrupos, entre o pré e pós-teste, entre os grupos etários e os percentuais em cada categoria. Os testes estatísticos realizados foram respectivamente: teste “t” de Student pareado e não pareado, ANOVA e qui-quadrado de Pearson (p˜0,05). O resultado foi significativo na flexibilidade dos membros inferiores e membros superiores entre os grupos. Portanto, um programa de intervenção de ginástica funcional colabora na melhoria e manutenção da flexibilidade em idosas.

We analyzed the flexibility in elderly practicing functional exercise. It was a causal comparative study within a sample of 50 elderly women.The range of tests was taken from the Rikli and Jones Methods. The average intragroups, between pre and posttest, age groups and the percentage of each category were compared. The statistical tests used were respectively: Student test “t” for independent sample, paired Student test “t”, ANOVA and Qui square (p˜0.05). Significant results were found in lower limbs flexibility, and, between age groups in upper limbs flexibility. An intervention program of functional exercise contributes in improving and maintaining flexibility in elderly women.

Ensino da ginástica na escola pública: as três dimensões do conteúdo e o desenvolvimento do pensamento crítico / Gymnastics Teaching in Public Schools: the three dimensions of content and the development of critical thinking / Gimnasia de Enseñanza en las Escuelas Públicas: las tres dimensiones de contenido y el desarrollo del pensamiento crítico

Esse estudo descreve a experiência de um projeto nas aulas de Educação Física onde os autores tematizaram as ginásticas. Realizado durante o 2° semestre de 2014 para alunos do 8º ano do ensino fundamental, de uma escola municipal localizada na zona leste do município de São Paulo, a pesquisa teve como enfoque as três dimensões do conteúdo. Na dimensão procedimental os alunos vivenciaram algumas ginásticas (rítmica, artística e acrobática) de acordo com as possibilidades de material, infraestrutura e habilidade motora no contexto escolar. Na dimensão conceitual foram realizadas aulas expositivas, análise de filmes e debates para que os alunos compreendessem o contexto histórico, as principais provas e as capacidades físicas utilizadas nessas práticas corporais. Na dimensão atitudinal foram realizadas discussões envolvendo as relações de gênero e de preconceito racial.

This study describes the experience of a project in Physical Education where the authors directly emphasized the gymnastics. Held during the 2nd half of 2014 for 8th graders of elementary school, a public school located on the east side of São Paulo, the research was focus the three dimensions of content. In procedural dimension students experienced some gymnastics (rhythmic, artistic and acrobatic) according to the possibilities of material, infrastructure and motor skills in the school context. In the conceptual dimension were held lectures, film analysis and debates for students to understand the historical context, the main evidence and physical abilities used in these body practices. In attitudinal dimension discussions were held involving gender relations and racial prejudice.

Este estudio describe la experiencia de un proyecto en Educación Física donde los autores enfatizaron directamente la gimnasia. Celebrada durante el segundo semestre de 2014 para estudiantes de 8º grado de la escuela primaria, una escuela pública ubicada en el lado este de São Paulo, la investigación fue enfocar las tres dimensiones del contenido. En la dimensión procedimental de los estudiantes experimentaron un poco de gimnasia (rítmica, artística y acrobática) de acuerdo a las posibilidades de materiales, de infraestructura y habilidades motoras en el contexto escolar. En la dimensión conceptual se celebraron conferencias, análisis de películas y debates para que los estudiantes comprendan el contexto histórico, la prueba principal y habilidades físicas utilizadas en estas prácticas corporales. En las discusiones dimensión actitudinal se celebraron implica relaciones de género y los prejuicios raciales.

Ginástica artística e especialização precoce: cedo demais para especializar, tarde demais para ser campeão / Artistic gymnastics and early specialization: too young to specialize, too old to be a champion

Na ginástica artística é comum observarmos ginastas em tenra idade treinando, competindo e obtendo resultados expressivos no âmbito internacional. Assim, frequentemente, a modalidade recebe críticas severas sobre as suas práticas e a necessidade dos ginastas iniciarem o treinamento tão jovens. Mas, no Brasil, ainda há poucos dados sobre a realidade da iniciação e da especialização esportiva na ginástica artística. O objetivo do presente estudo foi investigar, entre os técnicos da modalidade, sobre a idade que eles consideram a ideal para o início da prática e a especialização e os respectivos argumentos. Foram entrevistados 46 técnicos do Brasil que trabalham em todas as categorias de formação que visam ao alto nível. Utilizamos a técnica de análise de conteúdo proposta por BARDIN (2001) para o tratamento de dados. Os dados revelam que a prática e a especialização iniciam em tenra idade em ambos os gêneros. Os técnicos do setor masculino e do feminino citam que a especialização precoce ocorre devido à própria natureza da modalidade, à idade de participação em eventos oficiais e ao tempo de preparação necessário para que os ginastas apresentem condições para competir. No setor masculino, em particular, a necessidade dos ginastas de ingressar no mercado de trabalho pressiona os técnicos a obterem resultados antes que eles comecem a abandonar o esporte.

In Artistic Gymnastics we usually observe very young gymnasts committed to training and competition, and getting outstanding results in the international context. Therefore, this discipline has BEEn frequently targeted for the doubtfulness of its practices and the actual need to start systematic training at earlier ages. However, in Brazil, we could not find any data regarding initiation and specialization in Artistic Gymnastics so far. The purpose of this study was to investigate and to analyse the point of view of coaches regarding the ideal age to initiate and specialize in Artistic Gymnastics and their concerns. We interviewed 46 Brazilian coaches, who are coaching developing young competitive gymnasts at all levels of skills. The content analysis technique proposed by BARDIN (2001) was used for data treatment. The results showed that both boys and girls start to practice at early age. The women and men gymnasts' coaches revealed that the early specialization occurs due to the inherent nature of the Artistic Gymnastics, the age of participation in the official competition, and the required time to develop a gymnast until his/her readiness to compete. Particularly, regarding the male gymnasts, some of them need to start working, and coaches feel pressured to pursuit results before the period when dropout begins.

Mecanismo que explicam o efeito da atividade fisica na prevençao de acidente vascular encefalico / Mechanism that explain the effect of physical activity in preventing encephalic stroke

O sedentarismo vem sendo apontado como fator de risco para doenças cardiovasculares, como hipertensao arterial e acidente vascular encefalico(AVE). Adicionalmente estudos epidemiologicos mostram que atividade fisica moderada pode modular os niveis pressoricos. Entretanto o mecanismo de açao ainda nao está bem elucidado. Assim, o objetivo deste trabalho foi investigar os possiveis mecanismos que explicam a influencia da atividade fisica na prevençao do AVE. Foi encontrada uma forte associaçao entre atividade fisica e AVE por propaveis mecanismos tais como desaceleraçao do processo aterosclerotico, modificaçao na estrutura das arterias, melhora do perfil lipidico, diminuiçao dos niveis de fibrinogenio e diminuiçao da agregaçao plaquetaria. Estudos relatam que a atividade fisica aerobica de intensidade moderada, como por exemplo, a caminhada, por no minimo cinco vezes por semana, pode aumentar valores de HDL colesterol, regular atividade fibrinolitica, reduzir indice de massa corporal, reduzir pressao arterial sistolica, reduzir frequencia cardiaca e aumentar a captaçao de oxigenio e, mesmo no caso da ocorrencia de AVE, ha uma reduçao da incidencia e severidade de sequelas relacionadas.