[The kidney, its anatomy and main functions]. / Le rein, son anatomie et ses grandes fonctions.

The kidney performs several major functions: it eliminates toxins produced by cellular or xenobiotic metabolism, regulates the homeostasis of the internal environment and plays a hormonal role, producing erythropoietin, calcitriol and renin. Maintaining the body's homeostasis (hydric, ionic [sodium, potassium, calcium, phosphorus, etc.] or acid-base balance) requires the successive action of plasma filtration, followed by reabsorption/secretion mechanisms, which take place in the various portions of the kidney's functional unit known as the nephron. The initial part of the nephron, the glomerulus, is the site of filtration, while the tubule, which collects the glomerular filtrate, is the site of reabsorption/secretion, leading to the composition of the final urine. It's important to understand how these different structures work, before tackling the various disorders that can affect the kidney.

Morphometry: assessing direct and indirect methods of measuring the diameters of tubular structures / Morfometría: evaluación de métodos directos e indirectos para medir los diámetros de las estructuras tubulares

SUMMARY: Knowledge of the diameter of a structure or particle is required for stereological calculations. However, there is no consensus on the methodology for its measurement. This study aims to assess the differences between direct and indirect methods of measuring diameter. It is hypothesised that kidneys were removed, fixed, processed, sectioned, and stained. The stained slides were imaged using a digital microscope. The images were processed using the ImageJ software. The diameters of the renal glomeruli and collecting tubules were measured using direct and indirect methods. The measured diameters were analysed using the SPSS software v20. The differences between the measurements were assessed using a Z-test and test of association, and P < 0.05 was considered significant. No significant differences were observed between the diameters of the glomeruli (P = 0.82) and proximal (P = 0.86) and distal (P = 0.55) convoluted tubules as measured via direct and indirect methods. There was a strong positive correlation between the diameters of glomeruli (P = 0.97) and proximal (P = 0.82) and distal (P = 0.93) convoluted tubules measured using the two methods, both of which are convenient, accurate and suitable. The P-values based on these measurements were more than 0.05. Therefore, the study hypothesis was rejected. There was no significant difference between the direct and indirect methods of measuring diameter, and the null hypothesis was rejected; thus, both methods can be applied either independently or jointly.

RESUMEN: Se requiere el conocimiento del diámetro de una estructura o partícula para los cálculos estereológicos. Sin embargo, no existe consenso sobre la metodología para su medición. Este estudio tuvo como objetivo evaluar las diferencias entre los métodos directos e indirectos de medición del diámetro de una estructura. Riñones de ratas Wistar fueron extirpados, fijados, procesados y seccionados, y luego se tiñeron con HE. Se tomaron imágenes de las muestras teñidas usando un microscopio digital. Las imágenes fueron procesadas utilizando el software ImageJ. Los diámetros de los glomérulos renales y túbulos colectores se midieron por métodos directos e indirectos. Los diámetros medidos se analizaron utilizando el software SPSS v20. Las diferencias entre las medidas se evaluaron mediante una prueba Z y una prueba de asociación, y se consideró significativa P < 0,05. No se observaron diferencias significativas entre los diámetros de los glomérulos (P = 0,82) y túbulos contorneados proximales (P = 0,86) y distales (P = 0,55) medidos mediante métodos directos e indirectos. Hubo una fuerte correlación positiva entre los diámetros de los glomérulos (P = 0,97) y los túbulos contorneados proximales (P = 0,82) y distales (P = 0,93) medidos con los dos métodos, ambos convenientes, precisos y adecuados. Los valores P basados en estas mediciones fueron superiores a 0,05. Por lo tanto, se rechazó la hipótesis del estudio. No hubo diferencia significativa entre los métodos directo e indirecto de medición del diámetro, y se rechazó la hipótesis nula; por lo tanto, ambos métodos se pueden aplicar de forma independiente o conjunta.

A practical guide to the stereological assessment of glomerular number, size, and cellular composition.

The evaluation of a range of measures in the kidneys, such as developmental stage, rate and success, injury, and disease processes, relies on obtaining information on the three-dimensional structure of the renal corpuscles, and in particular the glomerular capillary tufts. To do this in the most accurate, comprehensive, and unbiased manner depends on a knowledge of stereological methods. In this article, we provide a practical guide for researchers on how to quantitate a number of structures in the kidneys, including the estimation of total glomerular number, glomerular capillary length and filtration surface area, and the cellular composition of individual glomeruli. Guidance is also provided on how to apply these methods to kidneys at different sizes and levels of maturity.

Distribution and microstructure of intrarenal arteries in Bactrian camels (Camelus Bactrianus).

Studies and reports focusing on the Bactrian camels' kidney structure from an anatomical perspective are scanty, therefore, this work aims to systemically investigate the anatomical structure of the kidney and examine the distribution and microstructure of intrarenal arteries. Ten pairs of healthy adult kidneys from male and female Bactrian camels were used in the study. The kidney of Bactrian camel appeared like a broad bean with a smooth surface. Using artery casting, we observed that the renal artery divided into dorsal and ventral branches; the dorsal branch continuously divided into a shorter anterior branch and a longer posterior branch, while the ventral branch directly divided into interlobar arteries. The number of interlobar arteries in the left and right kidneys were slightly different, 14 to 16 in left while 16 in the right kidney. No anastomosis was found between the dorsal and ventral branches or their sub-branches. To further study the microscopic structure, microanatomy and scanning microscope were used. Surprisingly, we observed two other ways afferent arteriole arose apart from the interlobular artery. They were the arcuate artery and conjoint afferent arteriole. Two afferent arterioles supplied one glomerulus and occasionally the absence of glomerulus was also observed, where the arteriole kept extending, and no typical glomerulus formed. Since branching of arteries and urologic function of kidneys are physiologically integrated, these features of Bactrian camel may help to further investigate their adaptations to desert climate.

A simple and highly purified method for isolation of glomeruli from the mouse kidney.

Highly purified mouse glomeruli are of great value for studying glomerulus-associated kidney diseases. Here, we developed a simple and rapid procedure for mouse glomerular isolation with large quantity and high purity based on the combination of size-selective sieving and differential adhesion techniques, which we termed the "differential adhesion method." In this method, mouse renal cortices were minced and digested with collagenase. Glomeruli were disassociated from tubules by successive sieving through 105-, 75-, and 40-µm cell strainers. The retained glomeruli-rich preparation on the 40-µm strainer was rinsed into a cell culture dish to allow tubules to adhere quickly to the dish while leaving most glomeruli floating (termed "differential adhesion"). The floating glomerular fraction was then subjected to another wash through the 40-µm strainer followed by an additional differential adhesion step to obtain highly purified glomeruli with yields of 8,357 ± 575 and purity of 96.1 ± 1.8% from one adult C57BL/6 mouse. The purity of the isolated glomeruli was further confirmed by high expression of the podocyte marker nephrin without detectable tubular marker cadherin-16. Importantly, we also found that although both the quantity and purity of the isolated glomeruli by this and the established Dynabeads method were comparable, glomeruli isolated by the current method showed much less inflammatory stress in terms of proinflammatory cytokine expression than the Dynabeads method. In conclusion, we established a newly mouse glomerular isolation method that is simple, rapid, cost effective, and productive. It provides an advanced methodology for research into glomerulus-related kidney diseases in the mouse.

Glomerular Function and Structural Integrity Depend on Hyaluronan Synthesis by Glomerular Endothelium.

BACKGROUND: A glycocalyx envelope consisting of proteoglycans and adhering proteins covers endothelial cells, both the luminal and abluminal surface. We previously demonstrated that short-term loss of integrity of the luminal glycocalyx layer resulted in perturbed glomerular filtration barrier function. METHODS: To explore the role of the glycocalyx layer of the endothelial extracellular matrix in renal function, we generated mice with an endothelium-specific and inducible deletion of hyaluronan synthase 2 (Has2), the enzyme that produces hyaluronan, the main structural component of the endothelial glycocalyx layer. We also investigated the presence of endothelial hyaluronan in human kidney tissue from patients with varying degrees of diabetic nephropathy. RESULTS: Endothelial deletion of Has2 in adult mice led to substantial loss of the glycocalyx structure, and analysis of their kidneys and kidney function showed vascular destabilization, characterized by mesangiolysis, capillary ballooning, and albuminuria. This process develops over time into glomerular capillary rarefaction and glomerulosclerosis, recapitulating the phenotype of progressive human diabetic nephropathy. Using a hyaluronan-specific probe, we found loss of glomerular endothelial hyaluronan in association with lesion formation in tissue from patients with diabetic nephropathy. We also demonstrated that loss of hyaluronan, which harbors a specific binding site for angiopoietin and a key regulator of endothelial quiescence and maintenance of EC barrier function results in disturbed angiopoietin 1 Tie2. CONCLUSIONS: Endothelial loss of hyaluronan results in disturbed glomerular endothelial stabilization. Glomerular endothelial hyaluronan is a previously unrecognized key component of the extracelluar matrix that is required for glomerular structure and function and lost in diabetic nephropathy.

Cat Kidney Glomeruli and Tubules Evaluated by Design-Based Stereology.

Renal function is related to its structure and three-dimensional structural parameters correlate better with the kidney function than two-dimensional structural parameters. Stereology is the current gold-standard technique for the morphometrical evaluation of kidney structures. This study describes morphometric features of the kidney of the cat using design-based stereological techniques aimed to introduce the cat as a translational model in nephrology and provide basic findings for diagnosis and treatment of kidney diseases in this species. Left kidneys of four cats were included in the present study. The kidney volume, volume fraction of cortex and medulla, glomerular volume, glomerular mean volume, glomerular number, and proximal convoluted tubule (PCT) and distal convoluted tubule (DCT) length were estimated. The kidney volume was estimated to 11.4 ± 1.3 cm3 . The volume fraction of cortex and medulla was 65.6 ± 2% and 34.2 ± 2%, respectively. The total number of glomeruli was estimated to be 186 ± 11 × 103 using the physical disector/fractionator method. The mean glomerular volume was estimated to be 1.54 ± 0.06 × 106 µm3 and the glomerular volume was covering 2.13 ± 0.34% of the whole kidney. The total length of PCT and DCT was estimated to be 2.26 ± 0.48 km and 505 ± 43 m, respectively. Our data might contribute to the knowledge of kidneys in mammals and provide a comparison with available data on human and other mammals. Anat Rec, 302:1846-1854, 2019. © 2019 American Association for Anatomy.

Three Dimensional Glomerular Reconstruction: A Novel Approach to Evaluate Renal Microanatomy in Diabetic Kidney Disease.

Mesangial metrics reflect glomerular filtration surface area in diabetes. The point-sampled intercept (PSI) method is the conventional method to calculate these parameters. However, this is time consuming and subject to underestimation. We introduce a novel three-dimensional (3D) reconstruction method applicable to light microscopy to measure mesangial metrics. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM), PSI and our new 3D imaging methods were used to quantify mesangial metrics from 22 patients with type 2 diabetes, normo-, micro- and macroalbuminuria and an estimated glomerular filtration rate of <60 mL/min/1.73 m2. Repeated-measures ANOVA test was used to test the equality of the measurement means from the three methods and the degree of inter method variability. Repeated-measures and post-estimation ANOVA tests together with correlation coefficient measurements were used to compare the methods with TEM as reference. There was a statistically significant difference in mesangial volume measurements (F(2, 16) = 15.53, p = 0.0002). The PSI method underestimated measurements compared to TEM and 3D methods by 30% (p = 0.001) and 15%, respectively (p < 0.001). 3D and TEM measurements did not differ significantly. 3D reconstruction is a reliable and time efficient method for calculating mesangial metrics. It may prove to be a useful tool in clinical and experimental diabetic kidney disease.

Minimal change disease: A case report.

Although minimal change disease (MCD) is a major cause of nephrotic syndrome in children, it's less common in adults. It develops from damage to the glomeruli with a loss of large amounts of protein in the urine. Early recognition and treatment is the key to a good outcome. This article describes the diagnosis, treatment, and nursing care of an adult with MCD.

Development of urinary organs in domestic cat during the embryonic and fetal periods.

The embryonic origin of the urogenital system came from the intermediate mesoderm. Kidney development involves three successive renal systems with a fast chronological overlap: the pronephro, the mesonephro, and the metanephro. Due to the lack of specific knowledge about this system in cats the present work aimed to describe their urinary organs development, focusing on the structures seen in pronephro, mesonephro, and metanephro during the embryonic and fetal stages of development. The techniques used in this study were: light microscopy, immunohistochemistry, scanning electron microscopy, and transmission electron microscopy. For that, embryos and fetuses from 12 pregnant mixed-breed domestic cats in different gestational stages were used to describe the proposed organs. The pronephro is present at early stages of embryonary development in embryos from 15 to 19 days with the presence of pronephro's corpuscles, ducts and tubules. The mesonephro is found, in general, between days 17 and 37, and contains mesonephric ducts, mesonephric tubules, and glomeruli. The metanephro is seen since 21 days of pregnancy with the presence of glomeruli, proximal and distal contorted tubules and at day 37, the cortex-medullary region is already differentiated. The evaluation of these structures enhances the knowledge about embryology of the urinary system in cats, aiding a better anatomical understanding of the system in the specie allowing the correlation with other species.

Morphological and histological characterization of sexual segment of the kidney in Notomabuya frenata (Cope, 1862) and Aspronema dorsivittatum (Cope, 1862) (Squamata, Mabuyidae).

The kidneys in two viviparous species of Neotropical lizards, Notomabuya frenata and Aspronema dorsivittatum (Mabuyidae), were investigated by light and scanning electron microscopy in order to determine the presence of the sexual segment of the kidney (SSK) and to study its morphology. The individuals used in this study belong to the Herpetological Collection of the Herpetology Laboratory - Reptiles of the Federal University of Juiz de Fora (CHUFJF-Reptiles) and they were collected between the years 2008 and 2012 from the Cerrado region in the state of Minas Gerais, Brazil. The SSK was present only in sexually mature males (with sperm in the testes / epididymis), whereas it was absent in sexually immature males. The nephron in both species consists of renal corpuscle, proximal convoluted tubule, distal convoluted tubule, collecting duct and sexual segment of the kidney. The SSK of the analyzed species were coated with a simple columnar epithelium, with high cells, basal nucleus and in the apical portion innumerable secretory granules. This study adds to the knowledge on reproductive biology and structures related to reproductive strategies of both lizard species and viviparous Neotropical lizards.

Fourier-based quantification of renal glomeruli size using Hough transform and shape descriptors.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: Analysis of glomeruli geometry is important in histopathological evaluation of renal microscopic images. Due to the shape and size disparity of even glomeruli of same kidney, automatic detection of these renal objects is not an easy task. Although manual measurements are time consuming and at times are not very accurate, it is commonly used in medical centers. In this paper, a new method based on Fourier transform following usage of some shape descriptors is proposed to detect these objects and their geometrical parameters. METHODS: Reaching the goal, a database of 400 regions are selected randomly. 200 regions of which are part of glomeruli and the other 200 regions are not belong to renal corpuscles. ROC curve is used to decide which descriptor could classify two groups better. f_measure, which is a combination of both tpr (true positive rate) and fpr (false positive rate), is also proposed to select optimal threshold for descriptors. Combination of three parameters (solidity, eccentricity, and also mean squared error of fitted ellipse) provided better result in terms of f_measure to distinguish desired regions. Then, Fourier transform of outer edges is calculated to form a complete curve out of separated region(s). RESULTS: The generality of proposed model is verified by use of cross validation method, which resulted tpr of 94%, and fpr of 5%. Calculation of glomerulus' and Bowman's space with use of the algorithm are also compared with a non-automatic measurement done by a renal pathologist, and errors of 5.9%, 5.4%, and 6.26% are resulted in calculation of Capsule area, Bowman space, and glomeruli area, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: Having tested different glomeruli with various shapes, the experimental consequences show robustness and reliability of our method. Therefore, it could be used to illustrate renal diseases and glomerular disorders by measuring the morphological changes accurately and expeditiously.

Estimated Nephron Number of the Donor Kidney: Impact on Allograft Kidney Outcomes.

BACKGROUND: Low birth weights have been associated with a reduction in nephron number with compensatory hypertrophy of existing glomeruli. The impact of donor birth weight as an estimate of nephron number on allograft function, however, has not been examined. METHODS: We collected donor birth weight, kidney weight, and volume from 91 living kidney donor-recipient pairs before nephrectomy and after 12, 36, and 60 months. Nephron number was calculated from donor birth weight and age. RESULTS: Donor birth weight, kidney weight/body surface area (BSA), and kidney volume showed a moderate positive correlation with allograft estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) at 12 months (P < .05). Donor age showed a negative moderate correlation with allograft eGFR at 12 months (P = .015). The strongest correlation with allograft eGFR was observed for calculated donor kidney nephron number at 12, 36, and 60 months (R, 0.340, 0.305, and 0.476, respectively; P < .05). No impact was observed on allograft daily proteinuria of any investigated marker (P > .05). Recipients of donors with birth weight <2.5 kg had need of a significantly greater number of antihypertensive drugs (P < .05). CONCLUSIONS: Calculated nephron number from donor birth weight and age is suggested to be superior to donor kidney weight/BSA and volume regarding allograft function. Calculated nephron number could estimate expected eGFR and guide decision making in cases of impaired allograft function.

Neonatal high protein intake enhances neonatal growth without significant adverse renal effects in spontaneous IUGR piglets.

In humans, early high protein (HP) intake has been recommended to prevent postnatal growth restriction and complications of intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR). However, the impact of such a strategy on the kidneys remains unknown, while significant renal hypertrophy, proteinuria, and glomerular sclerosis have been demonstrated in few experimental studies. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of a neonatal HP formula on renal structure in IUGR piglets. Spontaneous IUGR piglets were randomly allocated to normal protein (NP, n = 10) formula or to HP formula (+50% protein content, n = 10) up to day 28 after birth. Body weight, body composition, renal functions, and structure were assessed at the end of the neonatal period. While birth weights were similar, 28-day-old HP piglets were 18% heavier than NP piglets (P < 0.01). Carcass protein content was 22% higher in HP than in NP offspring (P < 0.01). Despite a HP intake, kidney weight and glomerular fibrosis were unaltered in HP piglets. Only a 20% increase in glomerular volume was noted in HP piglets (P < 0.05) and restricted to the inner cortical area nephrons (P = 0.03). Plasma urea/creatinine ratio and proteinuria were unchanged in HP piglets. In conclusion, neonatal HP feeding in IUGR piglets significantly enhanced neonatal growth and tissue protein deposition but mildly affected glomerular volume. It can be speculated that a sustained tissue protein anabolism in response to HP intake have limited single nephron glomerular hyperfiltration.

Evolutionary morphology of podocytes and primary urine-producing apparatus.

Excretory organs were acquired in the early phase of metazoan evolution, and they play a crucial role in the maintenance of homeostasis of body fluids. In general, these organs consist of two functional components, the primary-urine producing apparatus and the modulating tubule. This basic organization of the excretory organs is conserved among most metazoans. Herein, we present an overview of the morphological evolution of the primary urine-producing apparatus in metazoans and describe the acquisition of the renal glomerulus-a specialized primary urine-producing apparatus-in vertebrates. We also describe the advancement of the glomerular structure and function in higher vertebrates.

Glomerular loss after arteriovenous and arterial clamping for renal warm ischemia in a swine model.

PURPOSE:: To evaluate the glomerular loss after arteriovenous or arterial warm ischemia in a swine model. METHODS:: Twenty four pigs were divided into Group Sham (submitted to all surgical steps except the renal ischemia), Group AV (submitted to 30 minutes of warm ischemia by arteriovenous clamping of left kidney vessels), and Group A (submitted to 30 minutes of ischemia by arterial clamping). Right kidneys were used as controls. Weigh, volume, cortical volume, glomerular volumetric density (Vv[Glom]), volume-weighted glomerular volume (VWGV), and the total number of glomeruli were measured for each organ. RESULTS:: Group AV showed a 24.5% reduction in its left kidney Vv[Glom] and a 25.4% reduction in the VWGV, when compared to the right kidney. Reductions were also observed when compared to kidneys of sham group. There was a reduction of 19.2% in the total number of glomeruli in AV kidneys. No difference was observed in any parameters analyzed on the left kidneys from group A. CONCLUSIONS:: Renal warm ischemia of 30 minutes by arterial clamping did not caused significant glomerular damage, but arteriovenous clamping caused significant glomerular loss in a swine model. Clamping only the renal artery should be considered to minimize renal injury after partial nephrectomies.

Glomerular loss after arteriovenous and arterial clamping for renal warm ischemia in a swine model

ABSTRACT PURPOSE: To evaluate the glomerular loss after arteriovenous or arterial warm ischemia in a swine model. METHODS: Twenty four pigs were divided into Group Sham (submitted to all surgical steps except the renal ischemia), Group AV (submitted to 30 minutes of warm ischemia by arteriovenous clamping of left kidney vessels), and Group A (submitted to 30 minutes of ischemia by arterial clamping). Right kidneys were used as controls. Weigh, volume, cortical volume, glomerular volumetric density (Vv[Glom]), volume-weighted glomerular volume (VWGV), and the total number of glomeruli were measured for each organ. RESULTS: Group AV showed a 24.5% reduction in its left kidney Vv[Glom] and a 25.4% reduction in the VWGV, when compared to the right kidney. Reductions were also observed when compared to kidneys of sham group. There was a reduction of 19.2% in the total number of glomeruli in AV kidneys. No difference was observed in any parameters analyzed on the left kidneys from group A. CONCLUSIONS: Renal warm ischemia of 30 minutes by arterial clamping did not caused significant glomerular damage, but arteriovenous clamping caused significant glomerular loss in a swine model. Clamping only the renal artery should be considered to minimize renal injury after partial nephrectomies.

Estudo morfométrico de rins em felinos domésticos (Felis catus) / Morphometric study on the kidneys of domestic cats (Felis catus)

A saúde renal tem ao longo dos últimos anos chamado atenção dos médicos veterinários, pois o comprometimento deste órgão na insuficiência renal crônica se apresenta como a maior causa de morbidade e mortalidade em felinos. O presente estudo propõe a caracterização biométrica dos rins de gatos, Felis catus, sob os aspectos macroscópicos (comprimento, altura, largura, peso e volume), mesoscópico (altura do córtex e da medula, e a sua inter-relação) e microscópica (volume glomerular), a fim de se estabelecer possíveis diferenças decorrentes de idade, sexo e simetria bilateral. Foram utilizados, rins de 30 animais da espécie Felis catus (gato deméstico), sendo 15 machos e 15 fêmeas com idade variando entre 3 meses a 15 anos, divididos em três grupos: grupo 1 (3-9 meses), grupo 2 (3-5 anos) e grupo 3 (acima de 10 anos)...

Renal health has over the last few years called attention of veterinarians, because the chronic failure of the kidneyu is a major cause of morbidity and mortality in cats. This paper proposes biometric characterization of the kidneys from cats, Felis catus, on the macroscopic aspects (length, height, width, weight and volume), mesoscopic (height of the cortex and medulla, and their inter-relationship) and microscopic (glomerular volume) in order to establish possible differences arising from age, gender and bilateral symmetry. It where used 30 kidneys of animals from specie Felis catus (cat), 15 males and 15 females with ages between 3 months to 15 years, divided into three groups: group 1 (3-9 months), group 2 (3 - 5 years) and group 3 (above 10 years)...

In vivo microscopy.

This article summarizes the past, present, and future promise of multiphoton excitation fluorescence microscopy for intravital kidney imaging. During the past 15years, several high-power visual research approaches have been developed using multiphoton imaging to study the normal functions of the healthy, intact, living kidney, and the various molecular and cellular mechanisms of the development of kidney diseases. In this review, the main focus will be on intravital multiphoton imaging of the glomerulus, the structure and function of the glomerular filtration barrier, especially the podocyte. Examples will be given for the combination of two powerful research tools, in vivo multiphoton imaging and mouse genetics using commercially available whole animal models for the detailed characterization of glomerular cell types, their function and fate, and for the better understanding of the molecular mechanisms of glomerular pathologies. One of the new modalities of multiphoton imaging, serial imaging of the same glomerulus in the same animal over several days will be emphasized for its potential for further advancing the field of nephrology research.

Measurement of glomerulus diameter and Bowman's space width of renal albino rats.

Glomerulus diameter and Bowman's space width in renal microscopic images indicate various diseases. Therefore, the detection of the renal corpuscle and related objects is a key step in histopathological evaluation of renal microscopic images. However, the task of automatic glomeruli detection is challenging due to their wide intensity variation, besides the inconsistency in terms of shape and size of the glomeruli in the renal corpuscle. Here, a novel solution is proposed which includes the Particles Analyzer technique based on median filter for morphological image processing to detect the renal corpuscle objects. Afterwards, the glomerulus diameter and Bowman's space width are measured. The solution was tested with a dataset of 21 rats' renal corpuscle images acquired using light microscope. The experimental results proved that the proposed solution can detect the renal corpuscle and its objects efficiently. As well as, the proposed solution has the ability to manage any input images assuring its robustness to the deformations of the glomeruli even with the glomerular hypertrophy cases. Also, the results reported significant difference between the control and affected (due to ingested additional daily dose (14.6mg) of fructose) groups in terms of glomerulus diameter (97.40±19.02µm and 177.03±54.48µm, respectively).