Geographic Tongue: What a Dermatologist Should Know. / Lengua geográfica: ¿qué es lo que un dermatólogo debería saber?

Geographic tongue, also known as benign migratory glossitis, is a benign chronic inflammatory condition of the tongue. It is characterized by erythematous lesions with filiform papillae atrophy, surrounded by white limited areas in the dorsal and lateral aspects of the tongue, producing a map-like aspect. This lesions change in size and shape with time, and are characterized by periods of exacerbation and remission without scaring. The cause is unknown, but multiple associations have been described, which will be discussed below.

Treatment of symptomatic benign migratory glossitis: a systematic review.

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this systematic review is to summarize the results of all published studies on symptomatic benign migratory glossitis and evaluate the best available treatment. METHODS: We searched the Cochrane Library, EMBASE, LILACS, PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science for articles published up to September 2017, with no time restriction. We considered only articles published in English that evaluated the treatment of symptomatic benign migratory glossitis in children and adults. The protocol for this systematic review was registered at the international prospective register of systematic reviews (PROSPERO) as CRD42017074096. RESULTS: Of the 840 identified studies, 11 were included in our sample. Multiple treatment modalities were described for the treatment of symptomatic benign migratory glossitis. CONCLUSIONS: There is a very low level of evidence for the treatment of symptomatic benign migratory glossitis, with substantial methodological heterogeneity among the evaluated studies. In summary, we could identify no specific treatment for symptomatic benign migratory glossitis. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: In clinical practice, at the outpatient clinic of oral medicine, we attend to many patients diagnosed with benign migratory glossitis, with varying intensity of pain ranging from mild to severe. Treating this disease is a formidable challenge for clinicians. Therefore, we performed a systematic review of benign migratory glossitis to identify the best evidence-based treatment available for this condition. We believe that this article may be useful in guiding clinicians on the choice of treatment.

Geographic tongue and psoriasis: clinical, histopathological, immunohistochemical and genetic correlation - a literature review.

Geographic tongue is a chronic, inflammatory, and immune-mediated oral lesion of unknown etiology. It is characterized by serpiginous white areas around the atrophic mucosa, which alternation between activity, remission and reactivation at various locations gave the names benign migratory glossitis and wandering rash of the tongue. Psoriasis is a chronic inflammatory disease with frequent cutaneous involvement and an immunogenetic basis of great importance in clinical practice. The association between geographic tongue and psoriasis has been demonstrated in various studies, based on observation of its fundamental lesions, microscopic similarity between the two conditions and the presence of a common genetic marker, human leukocyte antigen (HLA) HLA-C*06. The difficulty however in accepting the diagnosis of geographic tongue as oral psoriasis is the fact that not all patients with geographic tongue present psoriasis. Some authors believe that the prevalence of geographic tongue would be much greater if psoriatic patients underwent thorough oral examination. This study aimed to develop a literature review performed between 1980 and 2014, in which consultation of theses, dissertations and selected scientific articles were conducted through search in Scielo and Bireme databases, from Medline and Lilacs sources, relating the common characteristics between geographic tongue and psoriasis. We observed that the frequency of oral lesions is relatively common, but to establish a correct diagnosis of oral psoriasis, immunohistochemical and genetic histopathological analyzes are necessary, thus highlighting the importance of oral examination in psoriatic patients and cutaneous examination in patients with geographic tongue.

Geographic tongue and psoriasis: clinical, histopathological, immunohistochemical and genetic correlation - a literature review

Abstract: Geographic tongue is a chronic, inflammatory, and immune-mediated oral lesion of unknown etiology. It is characterized by serpiginous white areas around the atrophic mucosa, which alternation between activity, remission and reactivation at various locations gave the names benign migratory glossitis and wandering rash of the tongue. Psoriasis is a chronic inflammatory disease with frequent cutaneous involvement and an immunogenetic basis of great importance in clinical practice. The association between geographic tongue and psoriasis has been demonstrated in various studies, based on observation of its fundamental lesions, microscopic similarity between the two conditions and the presence of a common genetic marker, human leukocyte antigen (HLA) HLA-C*06. The difficulty however in accepting the diagnosis of geographic tongue as oral psoriasis is the fact that not all patients with geographic tongue present psoriasis. Some authors believe that the prevalence of geographic tongue would be much greater if psoriatic patients underwent thorough oral examination. This study aimed to develop a literature review performed between 1980 and 2014, in which consultation of theses, dissertations and selected scientific articles were conducted through search in Scielo and Bireme databases, from Medline and Lilacs sources, relating the common characteristics between geographic tongue and psoriasis. We observed that the frequency of oral lesions is relatively common, but to establish a correct diagnosis of oral psoriasis, immunohistochemical and genetic histopathological analyzes are necessary, thus highlighting the importance of oral examination in psoriatic patients and cutaneous examination in patients with geographic tongue.

Oral medicine--update for the dental practitioner: red and pigmented lesions.

This series provides an overview of current thinking in the more relevant areas of oral medicine for primary care practitioners, written by the authors while they were holding the Presidencies of the European Association for Oral Medicine and the British Society for Oral Medicine, respectively. A book containing additional material will be published. The series gives the detail necessary to assist the primary dental clinical team caring for patients with oral complaints that may be seen in general dental practice. Space precludes inclusion of illustrations of uncommon or rare disorders, or discussion of disorders affecting the hard tissues. Approaching the subject mainly by the symptomatic approach--as it largely relates to the presenting complaint--was considered to be a more helpful approach for GDPs rather than taking a diagnostic category approach. The clinical aspects of the relevant disorders are discussed, including a brief overview of the aetiology, detail on the clinical features and how the diagnosis is made. Guidance on management and when to refer is also provided, along with relevant websites which offer further detail.

Benign migratory glossitis or geographic tongue: an enigmatic oral lesion.

Benign migratory glossitis, or geographic tongue, is usually an asymptomatic inflammatory disorder of unknown etiology that affects the epithelium of the tongue. Local loss of filiform papillae leads to ulcer-like lesions that rapidly change the color and size. Histopathologic findings parallel the clinical appearance, and may have a psoriasiform pattern. The disorder is characterized by exacerbations and remissions. In most cases, patients do not require treatment other than reassurance about the benign nature of the disorder.

Psoriasis: pathophysiology and oral manifestations.

Psoriasis is a chronic, remitting and relapsing inflammatory skin disorder with a strong genetic predisposition. Psoriasis affects 1-3% of the world's population in their early lives representing a disabling condition with significant social and economic impact. Despite a great deal of research on the etiology and tissue destruction mechanisms, the disease is not well understood. The purpose of this paper is to provide current information from the literature with a special focus on oral manifestations. The major signs and symptoms presented in the oral environment of a psoriasis patient may include geographic tongue, fissure tongue, gingival and/or mucosal lesions. Inflammatory temporomandibular joint lesions have been reported in less than 5% of psoriasis patients. Multiple treatment strategies, be they topical or systemic, have been applied to these patients for symptom relief but not for cure.

Periodontal and soft-tissue abnormalities.

Young children come to our offices with a variety of periodontal and soft-tissue abnormalities, which require accurate diagnosis, treatment or reassurance, and possible referral to our medical colleagues. Periodic review of soft-tissue lesions can help the dental team to recognize both common and rare abnormalities affecting young children. Recent years have brought new insights into the etiology and treatment of periodontal diseases of children, making it possible to prevent or treat many formerly untreatable conditions.

[Benign migratory glossitis: an enigmatic lesion]. / La glossite bénigne migratoire: une lésion énigmatique.

Although benign migratory glossitis, commonly called "geographic tongue," is frequently observed, we still have not been able to determine its etiology. While the condition is usually asymptomatic, the spectacular appearance of the lesion frequently causes the patient considerable worry. Based on a review of the literature, different theories on the lesion's etiology as well as therapeutic modalities will be discussed.

Língua geográfica: etiologia, característica clínicas e possibilidades de tratamento / Geographic tongue: etiology, clinical appearance and treatment

No presente trabalho, os autores fazem uma breve revista da literatura sobre língua geográfica, com relaçäo à epidemiologia, prováveis agentes etiológicos, características clínicas, diagnóstico diferencial e possibilidade de tratamento

Alteraçöes dos tecidos moles da boca. Parte 2: lesöes brancas e vermelho-azuis / Alterations of bucal soft tissues. Part 2: white and red-blue lesions

Os autores dao continuidade ao desenvolvimento do tema Alteraçoes dos tecidos moles da boca, fornecendo informaçoes sobre as principais lesoes brancas e vermelho-azuis.

Dilemma in treatment of patients suffering from orofacial dysaesthesia.

A retrospective study of 64 patients with orofacial dysaesthesia is presented. Special emphasis is placed on the patients' symptoms and on the manipulative treatments they received before they were referred for psychiatric consultation. The patients had suffered from chronic orofacial pain or feelings of discomfort for periods ranging from 6 months up to 25 years. The patients had visited several specialists and had received numerous manipulative or medical treatments, the most common of which were repeated medication (drug treatment), TMJ dysfunction treatment, endodontic or exodontic treatment, and surgical explorations. However, the success of all these clinical efforts was very limited because of the apparent psychosomatic origin of the complaints. This study clearly shows that psychiatric consultations are still too seldom made in patients with chronic orofacial dysaesthesia, that many patients have a mental disorder, and that most chronic psychosomatic pain disorders are treated as acute specific pain.