Genetic encoding of 2-aryl-5-carboxytetrazole-based protein photo-cross-linkers.

Three γ-heteroatom-substituted N-methylpyrroletetrazole-lysines (mPyTXKs) were synthesized and subsequently incorporated into proteins site-specifically via genetic code expansion. The γ-seleno-substituted derivative, mPyTSeK, showed excellent incorporation efficiency in Escherichia coli and allowed site-selective photo-cross-linking of the GST dimer. Furthermore, the mPyTSeK-cross-linked GST dimer can be cleaved under mild oxidative conditions. The incorporation of mPyTXKs into proteins in mammalian cells was also demonstrated. Lastly, the recombinantly expressed mPyTSeK-encoded Grb2 was shown to covalently capture its interaction partner, EGFR, in mammalian cell lysate, which was subsequently released after treatment with H2O2.

Comparison of the trapping effect and antioxidant enzymatic activities using three different light sources in cockchafers.

Light traps have been widely used for controlling underground pests. However, very little is known regarding the relationship between trapping effect and antioxidant enzymatic activities using light irradiation in underground pests. Thus, we determined the trapping effect of three light sources of the frequoscillation pest-killing lamp on two species of cockchafers, Serica orientalis Motschulsky (Coleoptera: Melolonthidae) and Anomala corpulenta Motschulsky (Coleoptera: Rutelidae), and evaluated the effect of the same three light sources on the activities of their antioxidant enzymes. The catches of S. orientalis were significantly higher compared to A. corpulenta using light source A in peanut fields in China. After irradiation by light source A, the malondialdehyde (MDA) contents and activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione S-transferases (GST) in S. orientalis were significantly and marginally significantly lower compared to A. corpulenta. Taken together, these results indicated a weaker antioxidant enzyme activity response to light stress and a larger quantity of trapping catches using light irradiation in cockchafers. Thus, we proposed a potential negative relationship between trapping effect and antioxidant enzymatic activities in response to light irradiation in cockchafers.

Effect of alpha-tocopherol on pro-oxidant and antioxidant enzyme status in radiation-treated oral squamous cell carcinoma.

OBJECTIVES: The relationships between alpha-tocopherol, pro-oxidant and antioxidant enzyme status, and radiation toxicity were studied in stage II, III, and IVA oral squamous cell carcinoma patients. The low levels of malondialdehyde and increased activities of antioxidant enzymes were correlated with decreased oxidative stress by alpha-tocopherol in oral cancer patients treated with radiotherapy. The objective of the present study was to evaluate the effect of alpha-tocopherol on oxidant-antioxidant enzyme status in oral squamous cell carcinoma patients treated with radiotherapy. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The study included three groups with histologically confirmed oral squamous cell carcinoma patients (untreated), and they were further divided into two groups, viz., one consisting of patients who underwent radiotherapy alone (radiotherapy was given at the dosage of 6000 cGy in five fractions per week for a period of 6 weeks); and the other group treated with radiotherapy plus alpha-tocopherol supplementation (alpha-tocopherol was supplemented at a dosage of 400 IU/day) for the entire period of radiotherapy. RESULTS: A significant decrease ( P < 0.001) in malondialdehyde levels and increase in activities of antioxidant enzymes ( P < 0.001) in hemolysate were noticed in patients treated with radiotherapy and simultaneously supplemented with alpha-tocopherol when compared to radiation-treated patients. CONCLUSION: It was seen that alpha-tocopherol played a role in protecting against the damage caused by irradiation in oral squamous cell carcinoma patients treated with radiotherapy, by enhancing the antioxidant enzyme status and reducing the pro-oxidant status.

Antioxidant defenses and DNA damage induced by UV-A and UV-B radiation in the crab Chasmagnathus granulata (Decapoda, Brachyura).

The photoprotector role of pigment dispersion in the melanophores of the crab, Chasmagnathus granulata, against DNA and oxidative damages caused by UV-A and UV-B was investigated. Intact and eyestalkless crabs were used. In eyestalkless crabs, the dorsal epidermis of the cephalothorax (dispersed melanophores) and the epidermis of pereiopods (aggregated melanophores) were analyzed. Intact crabs showed only dispersed melanophores in the two epidermis. Antioxidant enzymes activity and lipoperoxidation content were analyzed after UV-A (2.5 J/cm2) or UV-B (8.6 J/cm2) irradiation. DNA damage was analyzed by single cell electrophoresis (comet) assay, after exposure to UV-B (8.6 J/cm2). UV-A radiation increased the glutatione-S-transferase activity in the pereiopods epidermis of eyestalkless crabs (P<0.05). UV-B radiation induced DNA damage in the dorsal epidermis of eyestalkless crabs (P<0.05). In pereiopod epidermis of eyestalkless crabs, there was no significant difference between control and UV-B-exposed crabs. In the pereiopods epidermis of eyestalkless, the control group showed higher scores of DNA damage and approximately 50% of cellular viability. Because in eyestalkless and irradiated crabs the cellular viability was approximately 5%, it was not possible to observe nuclei for determination of DNA damage. The findings show that melanophores can play a role in the defense against harmful effects of a momentary exposure to UV radiation.

Radioprotective mechanism of Podophyllum hexandrum during spermatogenesis.

RP-1, a herbal preparation of Podophyllum hexandrum has already been reported to provide protection against whole body lethal gamma irradiation (10 Gy). It has also been reported to render radioprotection to germ cells during spermatogenesis. Present study was undertaken to unravel the cellular and molecular mechanism of action of RP-1 on testicular system in strain 'A' mice. Various antioxidant parameters such as thiol content, glutathione peroxidase (GPx), glutathione reductase (GR), glutathione-S-transferase (GST) enzyme activity, lipid peroxidation (LPO) and total protein levels were investigated. Thiol content was seen to increase significantly (p < 0.05) in both RP-1 alone and RP-1 pretreated irradiated groups over the irradiated groups at 8, 16 and 24 h. Irradiation (10 Gy) significantly decreased GPx, GST and GR activity in comparison to untreated control but RP-1 treatment before irradiation significantly (p < 0.05) countered radiation-induced decrease in the activity of these enzymes. Radiation-induced LPO was also found to be reduced at all time intervals by RP-1 treatment before irradiation. As compared to irradiated group the protein content in testicular tissue was increased in RP-1 pretreated irradiated group at 4 and 16 h significantly (p < 0.05). Comets revealed by single-cell gel electrophoresis were significantly longer (p < 0.001) in irradiated mice than in unirradiated control. RP-1 treatment before irradiation, however, rendered significant increase (p < 0.05) in comet length over the corresponding control and irradiated group initially at 4 h but at later time points, this was reduced significantly (p < 0.01) as compared to the irradiated group. RP-1 treatment alone rendered shorter comets at 8, 16 and 24 h than irradiated groups (p < 0.001). This study implies that RP-1 offers radioprotection at biochemical and cytogenetic level by protecting antioxidant enzymes, reducing LPO and increasing thiol content.

Effects of infrared and low-power laser irradiation on cell viability, glutathione and glutathione-related enzyme activities in primary rat hepatocytes.

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Both infrared and low-power laser have been applied to improve circulation, wound repair, and pain control. Infrared and low-power laser therapies have the potential for stimulating enzyme activities which might contribute to increased glutathione (GSH) concentration and provide protection against oxidative damage. This study investigated cell viability, and GSH and its related enzyme activities in rat hepatocytes after irradiation. METHODS: Hepatocytes were isolated from 8-week-old male Sprague-Dawley rats and the cultures were divided into infrared, laser, and control groups. The cells were treated with infrared and low-power laser at a distance of 35 cm for 20 minutes. The cell morphology, lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) leakage, lipid peroxidation, GSH concentration, GSH peroxidase, GSH reductase (GRd), and GSH S-transferase activities were measured after irradiation. RESULTS: The morphology and LDH leakage of hepatocytes in the irradiation groups did not differ significantly from those of the control group. After infrared irradiation, a significant decrease in thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances and an increase in GSH concentration were found after 48 hours of incubation compared to the control group (p < 0.05). Furthermore, laser irradiation resulted in a significant increase in GRd activity after 48 hours of incubation compared to the control group (p < 0.05). A 48-hour incubation period produced greater GRd activity in all groups compared to a 24-hour period (p < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Irradiation did not damage rat hepatocytes in this study. Infrared was shown to stimulate GSH production, while laser irradiation increased GRd activity.

Antioxidantes y envejecimiento cutáneo / Antioxodants and cutaneous aging

Las formulaciones disponibles actualmente para uso dermatológico, basadas en sustancias antioxidantes tales como vitaminas C y E, entre otras, abundan con promesas de revertir el envejecimiento cutáneo. En el presente trabajo se realiza una revisión de los sistemas antioxidantes cutáneos, de la relación entre envejecimiento y daño oxidativo, así como de la evidencia disponible en cuanto al tratamiento con antioxidantes. La intención de este artículo es que el dermatólogo comprenda las bases fisiológicas de acción de los antioxidantes, para poder juzgar su utilidad con una mirada crítica (AU)

Antioxidantes y envejecimiento cutáneo / Antioxodants and cutaneous aging

Las formulaciones disponibles actualmente para uso dermatológico, basadas en sustancias antioxidantes tales como vitaminas C y E, entre otras, abundan con promesas de revertir el envejecimiento cutáneo. En el presente trabajo se realiza una revisión de los sistemas antioxidantes cutáneos, de la relación entre envejecimiento y daño oxidativo, así como de la evidencia disponible en cuanto al tratamiento con antioxidantes. La intención de este artículo es que el dermatólogo comprenda las bases fisiológicas de acción de los antioxidantes, para poder juzgar su utilidad con una mirada crítica

[The effect of gamma irradiation on the physiological-biochemical properties of strains of Cladosporium cladosporioides (Fres.) de Vries differing by the trait of radiotropism]. / Vliianie gamma-oblucheniia na fiziologo-biokhimicheskie svoistva shtammov Cladosporium cladosporioides (Fres.) de Vries, razlichaiushchikhsia po priznaku radiotropizma.

The influence of the low-intensity gamma-irradiation on the process of lipid peroxidation and the activities of the antioxidant glutathione-dependent system (catalase, glutathione-transferase) has been investigated in a number of Cladosporium cladosporioides (Fres.) de Vries strains. The dark-pigmented strains isolated from the habitats with different degree of radionuclide contamination, and the nonpigmented alb-mutant of the same species have been used in our work. The studied properties have been analyzed with the respect of the radiotropism property and of the presence of melanin pigment in the cell wall of these strains. The lipid perioxidation level under the effect of the low-intensity gamma-irradiation was greatly increased in Cladosporium cladosporioides 396 strain only. This strain was isolated from the radiation-pure soil. Catalase activity in a number of the studies strains correlated neither with their pigmentation, nor with the property of positive radiotropism. The correlation between the strain pigmentation and activity of glutathione transferase has been found.

When an ATPase is not an ATPase: at low temperatures the C-terminal domain of the ABC transporter CvaB is a GTPase.

The ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporters belong to a large superfamily of proteins which share a common function and a common nucleotide-binding domain. The CvaB protein from Escherichia coli is a member of the bacterial ABC exporter subfamily and is essential for the export of the peptide antibiotic colicin V. Here we report that, surprisingly, the CvaB carboxyl-terminal nucleotide-binding domain (BCTD) can be preferentially cross-linked to GTP but not to ATP at low temperatures. The cross-linking is Mg2+ and Mn2+ dependent. However, BCTD possesses similar GTPase and ATPase activities at 37 degrees C, with the same kinetic parameters and with similar responses to inhibitors. Moreover, a point mutation (D654H) in CvaB that completely abolishes colicin V secretion severely impairs both GTPase and ATPase activities in the corresponding BCTD, indicating that the two activities are from the same enzyme. Interestingly, hydrolysis activity of ATP is much more cold sensitive than that of GTP: BCTD possesses mainly GTP hydrolysis activity at 10 degrees C, consistent with the cross-linking results. These findings suggest a novel mechanism for an ABC protein-mediated transport with specificity for GTP hydrolysis.

[Activity of glutathione-S-transferase in the blood plasma, liver and crystalline lens tissues as affected by low doses of ionizing radiation and polychromatic light]. / Aktivnost' glutation-S-transferazy v plazme krovi, tkaniakh pecheni i khrustalika glaz v usloviiakh deistviia nizkikh doz ioniziruiushchego izlucheniia i polikhromnogo sveta.

The developmental dynamics of pathologic changes in the lenses and activity of glutathione-S-transferase in the blood plasma, liver and lens tissues of rabbits under chronic influence (2 months) of small doses of X-ray radiation (total dose 2 Gy) and polychromatic light have been researched. It was shown, that polychromatic light and X-ray irradiation of rabbits significantly affected the lens nativity and increased the developmental frequency and the intensity of lens opacities. It was determined, that activity of glutathione-S-transferase in blood plasma increased for 1 month after the beginning of X-ray effects. The same effect on the enzymatic activity was shown by the summary influence of polychromatic light and X-ray irradiation. Glutathione-S-transferase activity decreased during 2 months as compared with the initial values, before irradiation of the animals. The enzymatic activity was increased in rabbit-liver cytoplasm by X-ray irradiation in 2 months. A decrease of glutathione-S-transferase activity in the liver, cortex and lens nucleus was determined under the influence of both X-ray radiation and polychromatic light.

Enhancement of radiation-inducible hepatic glutathione-S-transferases Ya, Yb1, Yb2, Yc1, and Yc2 gene expression by oltipraz: possible role in radioprotection.

Previous studies have shown that radiation in combination with oltipraz enhances hepatic microsomal epoxide hydrolase expression. The effects of gamma-ray radiation exposure in combination with oltipraz on the expression of hepatic glutathione-S-transferase (GST) subunits Ya, Yb1, Yb2, Yc1, and Yc2 were examined in the rat. Northern RNA blot analyses revealed that GST mRNA levels were altered in response to daily 3- or 0.5-Gy doses of radiation. The hepatic GST mRNA levels were transiently decreased at 3 and 8 hr after a single 3-Gy dose of radiation. The GST Ya, Yb1, Yb2, Yc1, and Yc2 mRNA levels were increased by 2-4-fold at 15 and 24 hr after irradiation with 3 Gy, followed by return to the levels of untreated rats at 48 hr after treatment. The treatment of animals with oltipraz alone resulted in dose-related increases in the GST Ya, Yb1, Yc1, and Yc2 mRNA levels, whereas Yb2 mRNA levels were, minimally increased. Although a single dose of oltipraz (30 mg/kg orally) caused a minimal 2-fold elevation in the hepatic GST Ya mRNA level, exposure of animals to both oltipraz and 3-Gy radiation resulted in a 4-fold relative increase in GST Ya mRNA level, indicating that the Ya mRNA expression was additively enhanced by the combination treatment. The Yb1/2 and Yc1/2 mRNA expressions were also enhanced by oltipraz in combination with radiation. Multiple exposure of rats to daily 0.5-Gy radiation caused time-related increases in GST gene expression. The greatest enhancement in GST expression was observed at 24 hr after a single 0.5-Gy dose of radiation in conjunction with oltipraz (e.g., a 9-fold relative increase in GST Ya), whereas the relative additive increases in GST mRNA were less pronounced at day 3 or 5 after treatment. These increases in the GST mRNA levels were consistent with those in the immunochemically detectable GST protein levels. Histopathological examinations revealed that exposure of rats to radiation (0.5 Gy/day for 3-5 days) caused mild-to-moderate hepatocyte degeneration with sinusoidal congestion, whereas oltipraz (30 mg/kg/day for 3 days) was effective in blocking the radiation-induced liver injury. The enhanced expression of these GST isoforms by oltipraz may be associated in part with its hepatoprotective effect against the injury caused by ionizing radiation.

Change of glutathione S-transferases in the skin by ultraviolet B irradiation.

Glutathione S-transferases (GSTs) may play an important role in protecting skin from ultraviolet radiation (UVR). However, the study on the response of GST to UVR is limited at present. We have examined the effects of a single exposure to ultraviolet B (UVB) radiation on GST in cultured human keratinocytes and the epidermis of SKH/hr-1 hairless mice. We have also investigated the changes of skin GST by chronic irradiation of UVB on the hairless mice. Significant decreases in GST activities in vitro and in vivo were observed at 24 h after 30 and 50 mJ/cm2 UVB irradiation. Chronic UVB exposure also caused decrease in GST activities of the skin tissue. However, any changes in mRNA expression or protein amount of GST have not been observed by Northern blot analysis and Western blot analysis after 30 mJ/cm2 UVB irradiation in cultured human keratinocytes, which suggests that mRNA expression and protein amount of GST are not affected by UVB. These results suggest that UVB irradiation results in inhibitory effect on GST activity in the skin.

[The glutathione content and glutathione-S-transferase activity in the organs and blood of rats following chronic irradiation at low doses]. / Soderzhanie glutationa i aktivnost' glutation-S-transferazy v organakh i krovi krys posle khronicheskogo oblucheniia v malykh dozakh.

The effect of chronic low dose-rate irradiation with X-rays up to total doses of 2.58, 5.16, 6.46, 7.75, 10.32, 12.92 mC/kg on glutathione content and glutathione-S-transferase activity in Wistar rats organs, different by radiosensitivity, was studied 1 h after exposure. It has been shown that level of oxidized and reduced glutathione forms was not changed after exposure to 2.58 mC/kg, was enhanced in kidney and brain tissues after exposure to 5.16 and 6.46 mC/kg and was decreased in brain, lungs, small intestines and blood serum after ray exposures to higher doses. Inhibition of glutathione-S-transferase activity was found in liver, kidneys and spleen.

Development of altered hepatocyte foci by separate and combined treatments with radiation and diethylnitrosamine in neonatal rats.

To establish an in vivo radiation carcinogenesis model using glutathione S-transferase placental form positive (GST-P+) hepatic foci, newborn rats were irradiated once by 0.5 Gy and 2 Gy of gamma ray or 0.15 Gy and 0.6 Gy of neutron with or without 0.05% phenobarbital (PB). When the rats were sacrificed at the 12th or 21st week, the incidence of GST-P+ foci induction by radiation alone was very low. The neutron was more sensitive than the gamma ray at week 12 and the reverse phenomenon was observed in the groups at week 21. PB combination showed an increased incidence of GST-P+ foci in gamma ray irradiated groups. The neutron irradiation combined with PB did not show any significant difference compared with the corresponding PB untreated groups. We also investigated the combined effect of diethylnitrosamine (DEN) and 0.75 Gy of gamma ray irradiation. Intraperitoneal injection of 0.15 mumol/g body weight of DEN at 1 hour after gamma ray irradiation showed significantly increased the number and area of GST-P+ foci compared with those of DEN alone or DEN at 1 hour before gamma radiation (P < 0.001). From these data, after more defined experiments, an in vivo radiation carcinogenesis model will be established by radiation alone or a combination of radiation and carcinogens.

Effect of environmental conditions on radiation target size analyses.

Target size determinations from radiation inactivation of proteins is dependent on the physical and chemical environment of the sample during radiation exposure. Effects of temperature and physical state have already been described. Buffers, the effects of protein concentration, and the addition of small molecules are examined for several enzymes. Phosphate buffer is found to have major effects on the rate of inactivation of certain, but not all, proteins. The amount of protein in irradiated samples is significant for all enzymes studied; the nature of the specific protein used is unimportant. Neither sucrose nor other glycitols could substitute for protein in target size determinations. Certain small molecules, especially cysteamine, were effective in sparing the need for high protein levels in radiation inactivation studies of four enzyme systems.

Effect of subunit interactions on enzymatic activity of glutathione S-transferases: a radiation inactivation study.

The glutathione S-transferases are a family of dimeric enzymes. Three isozymes from the alpha family, termed YaYa, YaYc, and YcYc, and three from the mu family, termed Yb1Yb1, Yb1Yb2, and Yb2Yb2, were purified from rat liver. Binding studies were performed by equilibrium dialysis using a radiolabeled product, S(-)[14C](dinitrophenyl)glutathione. Each isozyme contained two independent binding sites which had equal affinity for the ligand. The presence of two independent active sites per enzyme dimer suggests that each subunit contains a complete active site. This conclusion was examined further using radiation inactivation which also allowed for assessment of the importance of subunit interactions in catalytic activity. The activity target size of YaYa (47 kDa) was significantly larger than the protein monomer target size (31 kDa); similarly the activity target size of YaYc was that of the dimer (54 kDa). In contrast, the activity target sizes of Yb1Yb1 and Yb2Yb2 were the same, being 35 and 29 kDa, respectively, and the protein monomer target size of Yb1Yb1 also was similar, being 32 kDa. These data indicate that interactions between subunits are critical for the maintenance of enzymatic activity of alpha class enzymes whereas each subunit of the two mu class proteins is capable of independent catalytic activity.

[Immunohistochemical detection of glutathione S-transferase (GST) -pi in head and neck carcinoma and its changes by radiotherapy].

It is well known that the "placental form of glutathione S-transferase" (GST-pi) is present in high concentrations in most human carcinomas. However, its expression in head and neck carcinomas have not yet been reported. The author investigated the expression of GST-pi in the tissue of pharyngeal and laryngeal carcinomas by the immunohistochemical procedure, and the following results were obtained: 1) GST-pi was positive in 80% of laryngeal carcinomas (35 cases) and 52.8% of pharyngeal carcinomas (36 cases). As a rule, well differentiated squamous cell carcinomas showed stronger expression of GST-pi than poorly differentiated squamous cell carcinomas. 2) Although normal epithelia of the pharynx and larynx showed negative GST-pi, it should be noticed that 54.6% of precancerous epithelia (11 cases) showed positive GST-pi. 3) Most patients treated with radiotherapy showed the diminution of GST-pi expression after the irradiation. However, co-relation between the strength of initial GST-pi expression and the effectiveness of radiotherapy was not observed (p < 0.01).

Radiation inactivation of microsomal glutathione S-transferase.

Radiation inactivation analysis was used to determine the target size of rat liver microsomal glutathione S-transferase both in situ and following purification. When Tris-HCl-washed microsomes were irradiated, there was a 1.5-2.0-fold increase in enzymatic activity over the first 3-6 megarads followed by a decrease in enzymatic activity. Above 48 megarads the radiation inactivation curve of the Tris-HCl-washed microsomes was described by a monoexponential function which gave a target size of 48 kDa. The enzymatic activity of the microsomal enzyme was selectively increased by treating the Tris-HCl-washed microsomes either with N-ethylmaleimide or washing the microsomes with small unilamellar vesicles made from phosphatidylcholine. The inactivation curves obtained with both types of treated microsomes were simple monoexponential decays in enzymatic activity with target sizes of 46 kDa (N-ethylmaleimide) and 44 kDa (unilamellar vesicles). The microsomal enzyme was detergent solubilized and purified. The Mr value of the purified protein was 15,500 (sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis). These data suggest that the functional unit of the microsomal form of glutathione S-transferase in situ is a trimer. The target size of the purified enzyme solubilized in Triton X-100 was 85 kDa, and no increase in activity was observed at the lower radiation doses. The increase in the target size of the purified enzyme could not be ascribed solely to the presence of the detergent. This result suggests that the microsomal form of this enzyme can exist as catalytically active oligomers of different sizes depending on its environment.

Porphyrin-induced photodynamic cross-linking of hepatic heme-binding proteins.

Three types of hepatic proteins, a heme-binding Z protein, a mixture of the glutathione S-transferases and a cytochrome P450 isozyme, were shown to be susceptible to photodynamic cross-linking and loss in antigenicity by naturally occurring porphyrins. At 50 microM, uroporphyrin caused the most and protoporphyrin the least photodecomposition. Hemopexin, a specific serum heme carrier, was photodecomposed but no cross-linking was detected. Heme and scavengers of singlet oxygen partially prevented protein photodecomposition.