The Repellent Capacity against Sitophilus zeamais (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) and In Vitro Inhibition of the Acetylcholinesterase Enzyme of 11 Essential Oils from Six Plants of the Caribbean Region of Colombia.

The repellent capacity against Sitophilus zeamais and the in vitro inhibition on AChE of 11 essential oils, isolated from six plants of the northern region of Colombia, were assessed using a modified tunnel-type device and the Ellman colorimetric method, respectively. The results were as follows: (i) the degree of repellency (DR) of the EOs against S. zeamais was 20-68% (2 h) and 28-74% (4 h); (ii) the IC50 values on AChE were 5-36 µg/mL; likewise, the %inh. on AChE (1 µg/cm3 per EO) did not show any effect in 91% of the EO tested; (iii) six EOs (Bursera graveolens-bark, B. graveolens-leaves, B. simaruba-bark, Peperomia pellucida-leaves, Piper holtonii (1b*)-leaves, and P. reticulatum-leaves) exhibited a DR (53-74%) ≥ C+ (chlorpyrifos-61%), while all EOs were less active (8-60-fold) on AChE compared to chlorpyrifos (IC50 of 0.59 µg/mL). Based on the ANOVA/linear regression and multivariate analysis of data, some differences/similarities could be established, as well as identifying the most active EOs (five: B. simaruba-bark, Pep. Pellucida-leaves, P. holtonii (1b*)-leaves, B. graveolens-bark, and B. graveolens-leaves). Finally, these EOs were constituted by spathulenol (24%)/ß-selinene (18%)/caryophyllene oxide (10%)-B. simaruba; carotol (44%)/dillapiole (21%)-Pep. pellucida; dillapiole (81% confirmed by 1H-/13C-NMR)-P. holtonii; mint furanone derivative (14%)/mint furanone (14%)-B. graveolens-bark; limonene (17%)/carvone (10%)-B. graveolens-leaves.

Efecto de la extrusión sobre la biodisponibilidad de proteína y almidón en mezclas de harinas de maíz y frijol lima / Effect of extrusion on protein and starch bioavailability in corn and lima bean flour blends

La extrusión se emplea para producir expandidos (botanas o snacks), crujientes y quebradizos. El impacto nutricional de este tipo de proceso no ha sido suficientemente estudiado, por ello se evaluó la biodisponibilidad “in vitro” e “in vivo” de la proteína y el almidón en mezclas de harinas de maíz (Zea mays) (M) y de frijol lima (Phaseolus lunatus) (F), tanto crudas como extrudidas. Las mezclas de harinas 75M/25F y 50M/50F (p/p) y fueron procesadas en un extrusor Brabender a 160°C, 100 rpm, y 15,5% de humedad. La composición proximal indicó un aumento del tenor de proteína y cenizas y una disminución de la grasa en los productos extrudidos. La digestibilidad in vitro de la proteína fue mayor en los extrudidos (82%) que en las harinas crudas (77%). Los contenidos de almidón potencialmente disponible y almidón resistente total disminuyeron con la extrusión. Los ensayos in vitro indican que la extrusión mejora la digestibilidad de la proteína y el almidón en las mezclas estudiadas. La biodisponibilidad in vivo se evaluó utilizando gorgojos de arroz (Sithophilus oryzae) como modelo biológico. Los biomarcadores más descriptivos de los cambios sugeridos por las pruebas in vivo fueron: el contenido de proteínas corporales, que incrementó por efecto de la extrusión, y la actividad de la alfa-amilasa intestinal, que disminuyó a consecuencia del procesamiento. Se concluye que la extrusión mejora apreciablemente la calidad nutricional de mezclas de maíz y frijol de lima.

Effect of extrusion on protein and starch bioavailability in corn and lima bean flour blends. Extrusion is used to produce crunchy expanded foods, such as snacks. The nutritional impact of this process has not been studied sufficiently. In this study, in vitro and in vivo protein and starch bioavailability was evaluated in both raw and extruded corn (Zea mays)(C) and lima bean (Phaseolus lunatus)(B) flour blends, prepared in 75C/25B and 50C/ 50B (p/p) proportions. These were processed with a Brabender extruder at 160°C, 100 rpm and 15.5% moisture content. Proximate composition showed that in the extruded products protein and ash contents increased whereas the fat level decreased. In vitro protein digestibility was higher in the extrudates (82%) than in the raw flours (77%). Potentially available starch and resistant starch contents decreased with extrusion. The in vitro assays indicated that extrusion improved protein and starch availability in the studied blends. In vivo bioavailability was evaluated using the rice weevil (Sithophilus oryzae) as a biological model. The most descriptive biomarkers of the changes suggested by the in vivo tests were body protein content (increased by extrusion) and intestinal alpha-amylase activity (decreased by processing). Overall, results suggest that extrusion notably increases the nutritional quality of corn and lima bean flour blends.

Genetic diversity of Brazilian natural populations of Anthonomus grandis Boheman (Coleoptera: Curculionidae), the major cotton pest in the New World

Twenty-five RAPD loci and 6 isozyme loci were studied to characterize the genetic variability of natural populations of Anthonomus grandis from two agroecosystems of Brazil. The random-amplified polymorphic DNA data disclosed a polymorphism thatvaried from 52 to 84% and a heterozygosity of 0.189 to 0.347. The index of genetic differentiation (GST) among the six populations was 0.258. The analysis of isozymes showed a polymorphism and a heterozygosity ranging from 25 to 100% and 0.174 to 0.277, respectively. The genetic differentiation (FST) among the populations obtained by isozyme data was 0.544. It was possible to observe rare alleles in the populations fromthe Northeast region. The markers examined allowed us to distinguish populations from large-scale, intensive farming region (cotton belts) versus populations from areas of small-scale farming.