Clinical findings, surgical techniques, prognostic factors for short-term survival and long-term outcome in horses with acquired inguinal hernias: Ninety-eight cases (2005-2020).

OBJECTIVE: To report findings, outcome and determine variables associated with survival in horses with acquired inguinal hernia (AIH). STUDY DESIGN: Retrospective study. ANIMALS: A total of 98 cases in 97 horses. METHODS: The medical records (2005-2020) of horses diagnosed with AIH were reviewed. Retrieved data included signalment, history, clinical variables, surgical aspects, postoperative complications, and short- and long-term outcomes. Logistic regression analyses were used to determine factors associated with short-term survival (p < .05). RESULTS: Manual reduction was attempted in a third of the cases (32/98, 33%) and emergency surgery to reduce the hernia was performed in 64 of 98 (65%) cases. Concurrent small intestinal (SI) volvulus was identified in 26 (26/98, 27%) cases. Castration was the most common technique used to prevent recurrence (64/94, 68%). Overall AIH recurrence rate was 11% (11/98). A total of 59 (59/98, 60%) cases survived to hospital discharge and 49 of 52 (94%) cases were still alive after 12 months. Cases admitted within 10 h of colic signs had increased odds of survival (72%) compared to those admitted after 10 h (26%; p < .001). Draft breeds (p = .021), high heart rate on admission (p = .001) and concurrent SI volvulus (p = .048) were associated with reduced survival to hospital discharge. CONCLUSIONS: Horses with AIH had a higher risk of concurrent SI volvulus and lower survival than reported. Draft breeds, high heart rate on admission and concurrent SI volvulus were associated with reduced short-term survival. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE: The results of this study should help in prognostication for horses with AIH.

MINIMALLY INVASIVE SURGICAL REPAIR FOR ABDOMINAL WALL HERNIAS IN NONHUMAN PRIMATES, TWO CASES IN WESTERN LOWLAND GORILLAS (GORILLA GORILLA GORILLA).

A 33-yr-old female Western lowland gorilla (Gorilla gorilla gorilla) was diagnosed with a congenital umbilical hernia that was reducible and asymptomatic; change in the hernia was noted after parturition and concerns regarding increased risk of bowel incarceration developed. The hernia was successfully repaired with robot-assisted laparoscopic surgery. A 5-mon-old male Western lowland gorilla presented with bilateral inguinal hernias that were repaired via elective laparoscopic repair. In both cases, the gorillas did well without complications and never appeared to acknowledge wounds or exhibit signs of pain postoperatively. A literature review and interinstitutional survey was conducted to determine success rate of minimally invasive versus open repair of hernias in nonhuman primates (NHP). Of the cases identified, recurrence and/or wound morbidity was seen in 0% of laparoscopic repairs and 50% of open repairs. NHP may benefit from elective, minimally invasive surgical techniques that may reduce hernia recurrences and wound morbidity.

Development of a laparoscopic technique for inguinal hernioplasty in standing horses.

BACKGROUND: Most previously described techniques for laparoscopic inguinal hernioplasty (IH) in horses require advanced laparoscopic skills. Our objective was to describe a new laparoscopic IH technique using a surgical anchoring system. METHODS: Standing laparoscopic IH was performed unilaterally in eight experimental stallions, using the contralateral inguinal canal (IC) as a control. A polyether ether ketone harpoon was anchored in the craniolateral aspect of the vaginal ring, and an extracorporeal knot was used to fix the device. Clinical evaluation, including testicular palpation and lameness examination, was conducted before and for 4 weeks after surgery. Repeat laparoscopy was performed 28 days later. RESULTS: Standing laparoscopic IH was performed in all horses with a surgical time of 38 ± 12.85 minutes. In two animals, a small peritoneal tear occurred that did not require repair. No other complications were recorded. On repeat laparoscopy, all devices were in place, and the IC remained partially closed in all horses. LIMITATIONS: The procedure was performed on normal experimental horses and has not been employed on horses that have had an inguinal hernia. CONCLUSIONS: This new standing laparoscopic hernioplasty technique provides another potential method for simple partial closure of the IC in stallions at risk of or with history of inguinal herniation.

Surgical repair of indirect inguinal hernia in bonnet macaque (Macaca radiata).

Background: Hernia is a protrusion of an organ from the wall of the cavity bearing it. Omentum, adipose tissue, and intestinal loops are the most frequently involved organs. The present case report is a rare case of indirect inguinal hernia having omentum engaged in scrotum through hernial ring in a bonnet macaque (Macaca radiata) and its surgical management. Case Description: A 19-year-old male bonnet macaque was presented with distension of the right inguinal and scrotal region. Physical examination revealed an inguinal hernia. Surgical intervention was deemed necessary considering the state of the animal. The herniation was surgically corrected by the removal of the protruded fatty mass. The monkey was kept in strict confinement till complete healing. The animal recovered uneventfully in 2 weeks without any post-operative complications. This case report details a successful surgical repair of an indirect inguinal hernia in a bonnet macaque. Conclusion: Based on the present case study, it is concluded that surgery can be an ideal and effective option for the treatment of inguinal hernias in primates.

Vasocutaneous fistula formation and repair following inguinal hernia repair in a rhesus monkey (Macaca mulatta).

A 6-year-old adult male rhesus macaque (Macaca mulatta) developed a vasocutaneous fistula following an anatomic inguinal hernia repair years earlier. The vasocutaneous fistula was surgically repaired, the vas deferens was ligated, and the wound was closed in layers with non-overlapping suture lines with no further adverse sequalae of events.

Laparoscopic inguinal herniorrhaphy with barbed suture in a ram.

A 7-month-old Hampshire ram, with no history of trauma or breeding, was referred for treatment of acute, unilateral scrotal swelling. Physical examination revealed a moderately sized, soft, left-sided, non-reducible swelling of the proximal scrotum and mild swelling of the scrotal neck. Ultrasound evaluation of the scrotum revealed morphologically normal testicles and a mild accumulation of free fluid in the left vaginal tunic. Unilateral, laparoscopic inguinal herniorrhaphy under general anesthesia was performed. The herniated omentum was reduced and barbed suture was used to imbricate the internal inguinal ring and the vaginal ring. No recurrence of herniation was reported 5 months after surgery. Key clinical message: Laparoscopic inguinal herniorrhaphy with barbed suture can be a safe and effective means of scrotal hernia resolution in a ram. When performed by a competent surgeon experienced in laparoscopy, this treatment for inguinal and scrotal herniation may minimize post-operative pain, provide a rapid return to function, and preserve normal testicular and scrotal anatomy.

Herniorraphie inguinale laparoscopique avec suture barbelée chez un bélier. Un bélier Hampshire âgé de 7 mois, sans antécédent de traumatisme ou de reproduction, a été vu pour traitement d'un gonflement unilatéral aigu du scrotum. L'examen physique a révélé une tuméfaction modérée, molle, du côté gauche, non réductible du scrotum proximal et une légère tuméfaction du col scrotal. L'examen échographique du scrotum a révélé des testicules morphologiquement normaux et une légère accumulation de liquide libre dans la tunique vaginale gauche. Une herniorraphie inguinale unilatérale laparoscopique sous anesthésie générale a été réalisée. L'épiploon hernié a été réduit et une suture barbelée a été utilisée pour imbriquer l'anneau inguinal interne et l'anneau vaginal. Aucune récidive de hernie n'a été rapportée 5 mois après la chirurgie.Message clinique clé:La herniorraphie inguinale laparoscopique avec suture barbelée peut être un moyen sûr et efficace de résolution de la hernie scrotale chez un bélier. Lorsqu'il est effectué par un chirurgien compétent et expérimenté en laparoscopie, ce traitement des hernies inguinales et scrotales peut minimiser la douleur postopératoire, permettre un retour rapide à la fonction et préserver l'anatomie testiculaire et scrotale normale.(Traduit par Dr Serge Messier).

Surgical management and outcome of acquired inguinal hernias in mature bulls: 13 cases (2005-2017).

OBJECTIVE: To describe rates of surgical complications, survival, and return to breeding soundness following herniorrhaphy for bulls with inguinal hernias. ANIMALS: 13 sexually mature bulls with acquired inguinal hernias. PROCEDURES: Medical record databases of 3 veterinary teaching hospitals were searched to identify records of bulls that underwent herniorrhaphy for correction of an inguinal hernia from 2005 to 2017. Information extracted from the medical records included breed, age, duration and side of the hernia, surgical procedure details, postoperative complications, and information regarding subsequent fertility. RESULTS: All 13 bulls had a left inguinal hernia and were anesthetized and underwent herniorrhaphy via an inguinal approach. The left testicle was removed during the surgical procedure in 2 bulls. Nylon or polypropylene mesh secured with size-5 polyester suture was used to facilitate inguinal ring closure in 2 bulls. The inguinal ring was closed with size-5 or size-2 polyester suture in the remaining bulls. Postoperative complications included hernia recurrence (n = 4), excessive scrotal swelling (3), and transient radial nerve paralysis (1). Follow-up information was available for 7 bulls. All 7 bulls had impregnated cows or heifers following surgery, including 1 bull that had hernia recurrence and underwent unilateral castration during the second herniorrhaphy. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Inguinal herniorrhaphy with or without mesh was a safe and effective procedure for inguinal hernia repair in bulls and was associated with a good prognosis for subsequent fertility. However, sparing the ipsilateral testicle during the herniorrhaphy procedure might increase the risk for hernia recurrence.

Bilateral intracorporeally sutured inguinal herniorrhaphy using 3-dimensional laparoscopy in a dog.

A 7-month-old, intact male, mixed breed dog with bilateral inguinal hernias underwent general anesthesia for laparoscopic bilateral inguinal herniorrhaphy via a 3-port approach. A 3-dimensional laparoscopic system was used to perform the procedure immediately following prescrotal open castration. Intracorporeal suturing with polypropylene was performed, and 2 cruciate sutures were placed to close each inguinal ring. The caudal aspect of each inguinal ring was left slightly open so as not to disrupt the passage or patency of vessels and nerves. No intra- or post-operative complications occurred. One year after surgery, the dog has no evidence of recurrence of the inguinal hernias. Key clinical message: This case report demonstrates a novel minimally invasive approach to inguinal herniorrhaphy in a dog with no reported complications and a good long-term outcome. Intracorporeally sutured inguinal herniorrhaphy is feasible in dogs with good results, although additional cases are needed to gain experience with this technique in dogs with varying presentations of inguinal hernias.

Herniorraphie inguinale bilatérale suturée intra-corporellement par laparoscopie tridimensionnelle chez un chien. Un chien de race mixte, mâle, intact, âgé de 7 mois, avec une hernie inguinale bilatérale, fut mis sous anesthésie générale pour une herniorraphie inguinale bilatérale laparoscopique via une approche à trois voies. Un système laparoscopique tridimensionnel a été utilisé pour effectuer la procédure immédiatement après la castration préscrotale ouverte. Une suture intracorporelle avec du polypropylène a été réalisée et deux sutures croisées ont été effectuées pour fermer chaque anneau inguinal. L'aspect caudal de chaque anneau inguinal a été laissé légèrement ouvert afin de ne pas perturber le passage ou la fonctionnalité des vaisseaux et des nerfs. Aucune complication per- ou postopératoire n'est survenue. Un an après la chirurgie, le chien ne présente aucun signe de récidive des hernies inguinales.Message clinique clé :Ce rapport de cas démontre une nouvelle approche minimalement invasive de la herniorraphie inguinale chez un chien sans complications signalées et un bon résultat à long terme. Une herniorraphie inguinale suturée de manière intracorporelle est réalisable chez les chiens avec de bons résultats, bien que des cas supplémentaires soient nécessaires pour acquérir de l'expérience avec cette technique chez les chiens présentant des présentations variables de hernies inguinales.(Traduit par Dr Serge Messier).

Evaluation of concurrent perineal hernia in adult male dogs presenting with nontraumatic, acquired inguinal hernias.

A possible association between the development of nontraumatic, acquired inguinal hernias (NAIH) and perineal hernias (PH) has been postulated in adult dogs. The objective of this study was to evaluate the frequency of concurrent diagnosis of PH in dogs presented with NAIH and determine potential risk factors for concurrent PH and NAIH. Medical records of adult male dogs presented for NAIH to 4 hospitals between 2007 and 2017 were retrospectively reviewed. Twenty-one dogs with NAIH were included, 8 of which had concurrent PH. There were no significant differences between dogs with and without PH; however, among dogs with both conditions, intact dogs (8.1 ± 1.4 years) were younger than neutered dogs (11.7 ± 1.0 years; P = 0.007). Thirty-eight percent of male dogs presenting for NAIH had concurrent PH, indicating that these conditions commonly occur together. Dogs presenting for NAIH should be carefully evaluated for concurrent PH before surgical intervention.

Évaluation d'hernie périnéale concomitante chez des chiens mâles adultes présentant des hernies inguinales acquises non traumatiques. Une association possible entre le développement d'hernies inguinales acquises non traumatiques (NAIH) et les hernies périnéales (PH) a été postulée chez les chiens adultes. L'objectif de cette étude était d'évaluer la fréquence des diagnostics simultanés d'HP chez les chiens présentés avec NAIH et de déterminer les facteurs de risque potentiels de PH et NAIH concomitantes. Les dossiers médicaux de chiens mâles adultes présentés pour NAIH à quatre hôpitaux entre 2007 et 2017 ont été revus rétrospectivement. Vingt et un chiens atteints de NAIH ont été inclus, dont huit avaient une PH concomitante. Il n'y avait aucune différence significative entre les chiens avec et sans PH; cependant, parmi les chiens atteints des deux conditions, les chiens intacts (8,1 ± 1,4 ans) étaient plus jeunes que les chiens castrés (11,7 ± 1,0 ans; P = 0,007). Trente-huit pour cent des chiens mâles se présentant pour NAIH avaient une PH concomitante, ce qui indique que ces conditions se produisent généralement ensemble. Les chiens présentant un NAIH doivent être soigneusement évalués pour une PH concomitante avant une intervention chirurgicale.(Traduit par Dr Serge Messier).

Bowel incarceration within the vaginal tunic in a three-and-half-year-old bilaterally cryptorchid Lhasa Apso.

BACKGROUND: Cryptorchidism in dogs is of clinical concern due to its association with development of Sertoli cell tumours, seminomas and spermatic cord torsion. A patent inguinal ring has been found as a risk factor for peritoneal content migration and inguinal hernias. This study reports a case of bowel migration through a patent inguinal ring in a bilaterally cryptorchid dog and incarceration within the vaginal tunic of the left testicle. CASE PRESENTATION: A three-and-a-half-year-old bilaterally cryptorchid Lhasa Apso with a history of anorexia, vomiting, stranguria and inability to defecate was diagnosed with bowel incarceration in the vaginal tunic of a retained left testicle. Surgery performed under epidural anaesthesia with acepromazine/butorphanol premedication revealed a loop of the colon entrapped in the vaginal tunic of the retained left testicle. The incarcerated bowel was thoroughly examined for viability and repositioned into the abdominal cavity. The inguinal ring was repaired and bilateral cryptorchidectomy performed. CONCLUSION: Cryptorchidectomy in dogs is often considered when there is concern for neoplasm or torsion of retained testes. However, this report suggests that cryptorchidectomy should be considered also to preclude the possibility of bowel obstructive emergencies.

Omentum as non-strangled inguino scrotal hernia content in stallion: case report / [Omento como conteúdo de hérnia inguino-escrotal não estrangulada em garanhão: relato de caso]

Non-strangulated acquired hernias in stallions are rare, especially when the herniated content is not intestinal loops. Thus, the aim of the current study is to describe a case of acquired non-strangulated inguinoscrotal hernia in a stallion, whose herniated content was the omentum. The patient was a Criollo stallion with history of rhabdomyolysis, laminitis and bilateral scrotal volume increase observed in the left scrotal region. The animal presented pain in both thoracic limbs, abnormal blood test, especially hypoproteinemia, and mild pain during palpation in the left inguinal ring region. Hydrocele secondary to hypoproteinemia was suspected. After admission, the animal showed signs of acute abdomen, which were clinically reversed. With this, the animal was subjected to ultrasound examination of the scrotal region, whose findings suggested non-strangulated inguinal hernia, although the content could not be identified. Surgical treatment was chosen in order to identify the herniated content and remove the left testicle. Access to the affected scrotum was performed, in which the presence of fluid and a portion of the omentum was observed surrounding the testis and adhering to it. The animal was discharged after he recovered from the surgery and from laminitis. During the breeding season, the stallion remained with a herd of mares for natural mating. After 15 months of surgery, the animal was reassessed and showed no active signs of inflammatory and degenerative processes in the remaining testis. On this occasion, a pregnancy diagnosis was also performed, and all the mares were pregnant. It is concluded that the presence of omentum as a herniated content does not represent a surgical emergency but can make the reproductive prognosis reserved. In addition, removal of the affected testicle can benefit the spermatogenesis of the remaining testicle.(AU)

As hérnias adquiridas não estranguladas em garanhões são raras, principalmente quando o conteúdo herniado não é de alças intestinais. Assim, o objetivo deste trabalho foi descrever um caso de hérnia inguino escrotal adquirida e não estrangulada em garanhão, cujo conteúdo herniado era composto pelo omento. Foi atendido um garanhão da raça Crioula com histórico de rabdomiólise, laminite e aumento de volume escrotal bilateral, evidenciado na região escrotal esquerda. O animal apresentava dor nos membros torácicos, alterações na avaliação sanguínea, destacando-se a hipoproteinemia, e demonstrava dor leve à palpação na região do anel inguinal esquerdo. Suspeitou-se de hidrocele secundária a hipoproteinemia. Após a internação, o animal apresentou sinais de abdômen agudo, revertidos clinicamente. Com isso, realizou-se ultrassonografia da região escrotal, cujos achados sugeriram hérnia inguinal não estrangulada, sem que o conteúdo pudesse ser identificado. Optou-se pelo tratamento cirúrgico, com o intuito de identificação do conteúdo herniado e remoção do testículo esquerdo. Foi realizado acesso à bolsa escrotal afetada, na qual se observou presença de líquido e de uma porção do omento envolvendo o testículo e aderido a ele. O animal recebeu alta após restabelecimento da cirurgia e da laminite. Na propriedade, durante temporada reprodutiva, o garanhão permaneceu com uma manada de éguas para realização de monta natural. Passados 15 meses da cirurgia, o animal foi reavaliado e não demonstrou sinais ativos de processo inflamatório e degenerativos no testículo remanescente. Nessa ocasião, também foi realizado diagnóstico de gestação e todas as éguas encontravam-se prenhes. Conclui-se que a presença de omento como conteúdo herniado não representa uma emergência cirúrgica, mas pode tornar o prognóstico reprodutivo reservado. Ainda, a remoção do testículo afetado pode trazer benefícios à espermatogênese do remanescente.(AU)

A case of inguinal hernia associated with atypical Dirofilaria repens infection in a dog.

BACKGROUND: Dirofilaria repens is a filarioid nematode transmitted by mosquitoes. Adult D. repens are typically localized in the subcutaneous tissue of the host, but other, atypical localizations have also been reported. There have been several reports of clinical cases involving an association of parasites and hernias in both animals and humans. However, it is unclear if parasitic infection can act as a triggering factor in the development of hernias. METHODS: A 12-year-old dog was referred to a private veterinarian clinic in Satu Mare, northwestern Romania due to the presence of a swelling in the lateral side of the penis (inguinal area). The dog underwent hernia repair surgery during which four long nematodes were detected in the peritoneal serosa of the inguinal hernial sac. One female specimen was subjected to genomic DNA extraction to confirm species identification, based on amplification and sequencing of a 670-bp fragment of the cytochrome c oxidase subunit 1 (cox1) gene. Treatment with a single dose of imidacloprid 10% + moxidectin 2.5% (Advocate, Bayer AG) was administered. RESULTS: The nematodes were morphologically identified as adult D. repens, and the BLAST analyses revealed a 100% nucleotide similarity to a D. repens sequence isolated from a human case in Czech Republic. CONCLUSIONS: We report a case of an atypical localization of D. repens in the peritoneal cavity of a naturally infected pet dog with inguinal hernia and discuss the associations between hernia and parasitic infections.

Retrospective Study on Clinical Features and Treatment Outcomes of Nontraumatic Inguinal Hernias in 41 Dogs.

Several factors are suggested to be involved in the development of nontraumatic inguinal hernias (NTIHs) in dogs, but case series studies focusing on the etiology and treatment outcomes are limited. The aim of this study was to retrospectively evaluate the clinical characteristics and treatment outcomes of NTIHs in dogs. Medical records of 42 dogs with surgically treated NTIHs were reviewed. Forty-one dogs were included in the study, all dogs were small breeds weighing <10 kg, and middle to older age (>5 yr old; 33 cases), female sex (34 cases), and miniature dachshunds (26 cases) predominated. Left-sided occurrence was common (30 left, 9 right, 2 bilateral), and organ protrusion was seen in 22 cases (15 uteri, 9 small intestines, 1 colon). Fourteen of 15 uterine herniations (93%) were located left side. Ovariohysterectomy was performed with herniorrhaphy in 27/30 intact bitches, two of whom also underwent resection and anastomosis of a devitalized portion of the small intestine. Recurrence was seen in only one male dog. These results suggest that NTIHs are more likely to occur in small-breed female dogs, and that age may increase the risk of left-sided uterine protrusion; however, the long-term results after herniorrhaphy with ovariohysterectomy are excellent.

Laparoscopic assisted percutaneous herniorrhapy in dogs using PIRS technique.

BACKGROUND: In the literature, no studies describe the use of laparoscopic techniques for inguinal hernia repair in canine clinical patients. The surgical technique-Percutaneous Internal Ring Suturing (PIRS) presented in this article is the world's first minimally invasive laparoscopic surgical technique for inguinal canal closure in dogs. AIM: The aim of the presented study is to evaluate the possibility of employment of the laparoscopic PIRS technique in clinical practice as well as to technically evaluate its usefulness in the treatment of the inguinal hernia in dogs. The presented study describes the procedure and the results of laparoscopic treatment of 11 inguinal hernias in nine dogs (two bilateral). METHODS: The whole procedure is performed under camera control introduced through one umbilical trocar. The very closure of the inner inguinal ring is done with the injection needle by a small puncture over the inguinal canal with the help of which the suture material is inserted, and the canal of the operated inguinal hernia is closed. Each operated dog underwent a thorough clinical examination before surgery which was combined with ultrasound examination of the inguinal canals before, immediately after and three months after surgery. RESULTS: There was no hernia recurrence in the study period in the operated dogs and all individuals returned to full mobility immediately after recovery from anesthesia. CONCLUSIONS: Due to the low invasiveness and simplicity of performance, the PIRS technique described in the study should be taken into account when choosing a treatment method for non-traumatic inguinal hernia in dogs. At the same time, the possibility of using the described technique in other types of inguinal hernia in dogs requires further research.

Hérnia inguinal não encarcerada de ceco em mula - relato de caso / Non-strangulated inguinal hernia of the cecum in a mule - case report

Uma mula hígida, de cinco anos de idade, foi atendida portando um aumento de volume na região abdominal lateral direita, estendendo-se da região inguinal até 25cm cranial à prega pré-crural, de 60 dias de evolução, após trauma com um touro. O volume era redutível e sem dor à palpação, com presença de intestino grosso envolvido por área circular hiperecogênica na imagem ultrasonográfica. O diagnóstico foi hérnia inguinal, e a paciente foi submetida à anestesia geral inalatória para abordagem cirúrgica pela região inguinal, onde se visualizou o ceco emergindo pelo anel inguinal externo, cujo diâmetro era de aproximadamente 10cm. O ceco apresentava coloração e conteúdo normais e parte do corpo e o ápice projetavam-se cranialmente para uma bolsa de tecido subcutâneo, que foi aberta para facilitar o reposicionamento do órgão ao abdômen, bem como para ampliar o anel inguinal externo. A paciente teve alta 18 dias após o internamento. Com base neste relato, é possível concluir que a hérnia inguinal indireta não encarcerada pode se desenvolver em fêmeas equídeas após trauma. De acordo com a literatura consultada, o presente estudo é a primeira descrição desse tipo de hérnia em uma fêmea equídea e a primeira envolvendo o ceco.(AU)

A five-year-old healthy mule was referred with enlarged volume in the ventral right side of the abdomen, with 25cm in length from the inguinal region to precrural fold, developed 60 days previously due to a traumatic confrontation with a bull. The mass had no pain and was reductible on palpation and the ultrasonographic examination revealed large intestine surrounded by a hyperecoic ring. Based on these findings, the diagnosis was non incarcerated inguinal hernia. Under general anesthesia, the patient was submitted to surgery by direct approach on the inguinal region, when the cecum was seen emerging from a 10cm overture of the external inguinal ring and projecting to a subcutaneous fold cranially to the ring. This fold and the external inguinal ring were opened to facilitate the reposition of the cecum back to the abdomen. Eighteen days after the surgery the patient was discharged with a satisfactory recovery. Based on this report, it is possible to conclude that females can develop indirect non incarcerated inguinal hernias with the involvement of the cecum with good prognosis. Based on the consulted literature, this is the first report of this type of hernia in a female equine.(AU)

Urinary bladder herniation through inguinal ring in a female cat.

A 7-month-old spayed female domestic shorthair cat was referred for lethargy, stranguria, and a fluctuant mass of varying size in the right inguinal region. Computed tomographic imaging revealed the urinary bladder partially herniated through the right inguinal canal. Primary herniorrhaphy was performed and re-placement of the urinary bladder was confirmed via laparotomy.

Herniation de la vessie urinaire par le trou inguinal chez une chatte. Une chatte domestique stérilisée âgée de 7 mois a été recommandée pour de l'abattement, de la strangurie et une masse fluctuante de taille variable dans la région inguinale droite. Une imagerie obtenue par tomodensitométrie a révélé une vessie urinaire partiellement herniée dans le canal inguinal droit. Une herniographie primaire a été réalisée et le replacement de la vessie urinaire a été confirmé via laparotomie.(Traduit par Isabelle Vallières).

Nonreducible Inguinal Hernia Containing the Uterus and Bilateral Adnexa in a Rhesus Macaque (Macaca mulatta).

Inguinal herniation of abdominal viscera is a relatively common condition in both humans and domestic animal species. In captive rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta), the highest incidence occurs in overweight, aged males. However, inguinal herniation of the uterus with bilateral adnexa is extremely rare in both human and veterinary medicine. Here we report a previously undescribed uterine inguinal herniation with bilateral adnexa in a 3-y-old female rhesus macaque. Although uterine herniation remains a rare condition in rhesus macaques, it should be considered as a differential diagnosis in animals with unilateral subcutaneous enlargements in the inguinal region.

Inguinal herniation of a mineralized paraprostatic cyst in a dog.

A firm mass was noted in the right inguinal subcutaneous region of an 11-year-old intact male Labrador retriever dog presented for right pelvic limb weakness. Pelvic radiographs showed 2 large ovoid structures with circumferential thin eggshell-like mineralization in the right external inguinal region. The structures were confirmed sonographically, and on magnetic resonance imaging as a large folded herniated mineralized paraprostatic cyst through a defect in the right inguinal wall. To the author's knowledge, this is the first published report of an inguinal herniated mineralized paraprostatic cyst.

Herniation inguinale d'un kyste paraprostatique minéralisé chez un chien. Une masse ferme a été observée dans la région sous-cutanée chez un Labrador retriever mâle intact âgé de 11 ans qui était présenté pour une faiblesse du membre pelvien droit et des radiographies pelviennes ont montré deux grosses structures ovoïdes avec une mince minéralisation circonférencielle semblable à une coquille d'oeuf dans la région inguinale droite. Les structures ont été confirmées par échographie et à l'imagerie par résonance magnétique comme un gros kyste paraprostatique replié minéralisé et hernié via un défaut de la paroi inguinale droite. À la connaissance de l'auteur, il s'agit du premier rapport publié d'un kyste paraprostatique minéralisé hernié inguinal.(Traduit par Isabelle Vallières).