Iatrogenic symptomatic hypoadrenocorticism after treatment with trilostane for hyperadrenocorticism in dogs: eight cases (2008-2019).

OBJECTIVES: Trilostane is the medical treatment of choice for hyperadrenocorticism. Iatrogenic hypoadrenocorticism is thought to be rare, with most cases being transient and only a few cases of permanent hypoadrenocorticism have been reported. This study reports findings from eight cases of iatrogenic hypoadrenocorticism and examines the presence of concurrent diseases at the time of diagnosis. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Medical records of dogs treated for hyperadrenocorticism with trilostane since 2008 were reviewed, and cases of clinical iatrogenic hypoadrenocorticism were extracted. Cases were considered permanent if long-term replacement therapy was required. RESULTS: Eight dogs met the inclusion criteria. The time between the beginning of trilostane treatment and the diagnosis of hypoadrenocorticism ranged from 4 days to 13 months, and the dosage of trilostane ranged between 1 and 8 mg/kg/day. Six dogs had a suspicion of concurrent disease at the time of hypoadrenocorticism diagnosis. The trilostane dose was decreased in two dogs; trilostane was withdrawn in one case without further relapse of hyperadrenocorticism; and glucocorticoids with or without mineralocorticoid supplementation were prescribed in five dogs. Two of these five dogs were lost to follow-up, and the other three had a diagnosis of permanent hypoadrenocorticism. Adrenal gland ultrasonography in these three dogs showed a progressive reduction in gland sizes with heterogeneous echogenicity. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE: Iatrogenic hypoadrenocorticism is a rare but potentially life-threatening complication of trilostane treatment in dogs with hyperadrenocorticism. The occurrence of a concurrent disease might trigger the development of clinical signs of hypoadrenocorticism in previously subclinical dogs.

Resolution of Signs of Epiglottic Retroversion Following Medical Management of Hyperadrenocorticism in a Dog.

A 6 yr old spayed female Chihuahua was referred for a 10 mo history of chronic respiratory compromise. Decreased serum thyroxine and thyroid-stimulating hormone concentrations had been confirmed at a primary clinic, but no treatment was initiated. Serum biochemistries revealed elevated alkaline phosphatase and cholesterol concentrations. An adrenocorticotropic hormone-stimulating test revealed elevated preserum and postserum cortisol concentrations. Fluoroscopy revealed marked epiglottic retroversion (ER) during inhalation. Enlarged bilateral adrenal glands were found on abdominal ultrasonography. Based on these findings, ER and hyperadrenocorticism (HAC) were diagnosed and surgical correction of the ER was planned. Trilostane administration was initiated before surgery to reduce the risk of thrombosis due to HAC. Seven days after the initiation of trilostane therapy, clinical signs of chronic respiratory compromise were resolved. The patient had remained clinically stable without recurrence of respiratory compromise for at least 15 mo at the time of this case report. This case suggests that HAC could contribute to the development of clinical signs of ER, which could potentially be successfully controlled by medical treatment of HAC.

2022 Update of the Consensus on the Rational Use of Antithrombotics and Thrombolytics in Veterinary Critical Care (CURATIVE) Domain 1- Defining populations at risk.

OBJECTIVES: To expand the number of conditions and interventions explored for their associations with thrombosis in the veterinary literature and to provide the basis for prescribing recommendations. DESIGN: A population exposure comparison outcome format was used to represent patient, exposure, comparison, and outcome. Population Exposure Comparison Outcome questions were distributed to worksheet authors who performed comprehensive searches, summarized the evidence, and created guideline recommendations that were reviewed by domain chairs. The revised guidelines then underwent the Delphi survey process to reach consensus on the final guidelines. Diseases evaluated in this iteration included heartworm disease (dogs and cats), immune-mediated hemolytic anemia (cats), protein-losing nephropathy (cats), protein-losing enteropathy (dogs and cats), sepsis (cats), hyperadrenocorticism (cats), liver disease (dogs), congenital portosystemic shunts (dogs and cats) and the following interventions: IV catheters (dogs and cats), arterial catheters (dogs and cats), vascular access ports (dogs and cats), extracorporeal circuits (dogs and cats) and transvenous pacemakers (dogs and cats). RESULTS: Of the diseases evaluated in this iteration, a high risk for thrombosis was defined as heartworm disease or protein-losing enteropathy. Low risk for thrombosis was defined as dogs with liver disease, cats with immune-mediated hemolytic anemia, protein-losing nephropathy, sepsis, or hyperadrenocorticism. CONCLUSIONS: Associations with thrombosis are outlined for various conditions and interventions and provide the basis for management recommendations. Numerous knowledge gaps were identified that represent opportunities for future studies.

Survival of dogs with pituitary-dependent hyperadrenocorticism treated twice daily with low doses of trilostane.

BACKGROUND: Twice daily low trilostane doses have proven to be effective to manage canine Cushing's syndrome. However, survival and prognostic factors in dogs treated with this protocol have not been evaluated. The aim of the study was to evaluate survival and prognostic factors, including systolic blood pressure (SBP) at diagnosis, in dogs with pituitary-dependent hypercortisolism (PDH) treated with low trilostane doses. METHODS: Medical records of 91 dogs newly diagnosed with PDH initially treated with 0.2-1.1 mg/kg of trilostane twice daily were retrospectively included. Survival times were calculated using the Kaplan-Meier estimator. Univariable and multivariable analysis were performed using the Cox proportional hazard regression analysis. RESULTS: Overall, median survival was 998 days (range 26-1832 days, 95% confidence interval = 755-1241 days). In the multivariable analysis, age (hazard ratio [HR] = 1.337, p < 0.001), presence of calcinosis cutis (HR = 5.271, p < 0.001), body condition score (BCS) ≤3/9 (HR = 8.100, p < 0.001) and higher platelet count (HR = 1.002, p = 0.022) were negatively correlated with survival. SBP was not associated with survival. CONCLUSIONS: Low-dose trilostane treatment twice daily provides slightly longer survival than previously reported for dogs with PDH treated once or twice daily at higher doses. Older age, presence of calcinosis cutis, low BCS and higher platelet count, but not systemic hypertension, are predictive of poorer prognosis in dogs with PDH.

Comparison of methods to monitor dogs with hypercortisolism treated with trilostane.

BACKGROUND: The use of adrenocorticotropic hormone stimulation test as method to monitor efficacy of trilostane treatment of hypercortisolism (HC) in dogs has been questioned. OBJECTIVES: To evaluate and compare 12 methods with which to monitor efficacy of trilostane treatment in dogs with HC. ANIMALS: Forty-five client-owned dogs with HC treated with trilostane q12h. METHODS: Prospective cross-sectional observational study. The dogs were categorized as well-controlled, undercontrolled, and unwell through a clinical score obtained from an owner questionnaire. The ability to correctly identify trilostane-treatment control of dogs with HC with the following variables was evaluated: before trilostane serum cortisol (prepill), before-ACTH serum cortisol, post-ACTH serum cortisol, plasma endogenous ACTH concentrations, prepill/eACTH ratio, serum haptoglobin (Hp) concentration, serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT), gamma-glutamyl transferase (γGT) and alkaline phosphatase activity, urine specific gravity, and urinary cortisol : creatinine ratio. RESULTS: Ninety-four re-evaluations of 44 dogs were included; 5 re-evaluations of 5 unwell dogs were excluded. Haptoglobin was significantly associated with the clinical score (P < .001) and in the receiver operating characteristic analysis, Hp cutoff of 151 mg/dL correctly identified 90.0% of well-controlled dogs (specificity) and 65.6% of undercontrolled dogs (sensitivity). Alanine aminotransferase (P = .01) and γGT (P = .009) were significantly higher in undercontrolled dogs. Cutoff of ALT and γGT greater than or equal to 86 U/L and 5.8 U/L, respectively, were significantly associated with poor control of HC by trilostane. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL IMPORTANCE: Of all the 12 variables, Hp, and to a lesser degree ALT and γGT, could be considered additional tools to the clinical picture to identify well-controlled and undercontrolled trilostane-treated dogs.

Evaluation of Iatrogenic Hypocortisolemia Following Trilostane Therapy in 48 Dogs with Pituitary-Dependent Hyperadrenocorticism.

This study aimed to retrospectively describe the clinical progression following diagnosis of iatrogenic hypocortisolemia (iHC) in 48 dogs receiving trilostane for pituitary-dependent hyperadrenocorticism. Cortisol concentrations were ≥1.5 mg/dL within 6 mo following diagnosis of iHC in 76.3% of dogs (95% confidence interval [CI] 59.8-88.6%). At the time of study completion, 25% of dogs (95% CI 13.6-39.6%) were receiving either glucocorticoids or mineralocorticoids or both; 42% of dogs (95% CI 27.6-56.8%) were on no adrenal-related medications; and the remaining 33% of dogs (95% CI 20.4-48.4%) were receiving trilostane. No patient-, clinicopathologic-, or trilostane-associated factors were identified to influence adrenal recovery following diagnosis of iHC, and it remains difficult to predict the clinical progression in this population of dogs.

Association between ACTH stimulation test results and clinical signs in dogs with hyperadrenocorticism treated with trilostane.

Trilostane is the recommended medical treatment for dogs with hyperadrenocorticicm (HAC). The objective of this study was to investigate the association between ACTH stimulation test (ACTHST) results, and relevant clinical signs, in dogs treated with trilostane. A disease-specific questionnaire was developed, which included the owner's assessment of polydipsia, polyuria, polyphagia, panting, and satisfaction with the treatment, based on a 5-response category rating scale. Forty-nine dogs with HAC were prospectively enrolled. Dogs were grouped according to their recheck appointment (first recheck, 710 days after commencement of treatment or change of trilostane dose; second recheck, 4 weeks after the first recheck; third recheck, performed at 3-6 months intervals once the dog was well controlled). At the recheck appointment, the owner's questionnaire responses were recorded, and an ACTHST was performed, along with urine specific gravity measurement. Linear mixed effects models were used to assess differences among the three recheck time points and to test possible associations between ACTHST results and clinical signs. Significant differences between rechecks were present for stimulated cortisol (first to third recheck, P < 0.001; second to third recheck, P < 0.01), polydipsia (first to second recheck, P = 0.001), polyuria (first to second recheck, P < 0.001; first to third recheck, P = 0.001), and owner satisfaction (first to second recheck, P < 0.001; first to third recheck, P < 0.001). Backward stepwise variable elimination did not identify any significant associations between ACTHST results and clinical signs. Therefore, clinical signs of HAC were not predicted based on the ACTHST results.

Evaluation of compounded trilostane packets for dogs with naturally occurring hyperadrenocorticism.

BACKGROUND: Dogs treated for naturally occurring hyperadrenocorticism (NOH) in Korea often appear to require higher doses of trilostane than recommended by authors in the United States, Europe, or the United Kingdom. This phenomenon may be related to compounding trilostane into packets, which is a common practice among veterinary clinics in Korea. OBJECTIVE: Analyze packets filled by hand and others filled using a semi-automatic packing device for accuracy of trilostane strength. ANIMALS: Medication packets prepared for 3 dogs with preexisting prescriptions for NOH were analyzed. METHOD: A trilostane assay was developed for analysis. Trilostane (Vetoryl) capsules were used as clinical controls. Forty-four medication packets containing trilostane (Vetoryl), prepared by 3 clinicians for 3 dogs with NOH were analyzed. RESULTS: Of 44 trilostane-containing packets, only 40.9% (18 packets) had acceptable strength of trilostane. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL IMPORTANCE: Clinicians should be aware that compounding trilostane into packets fails to consistently provide measured amounts of trilostane, potentially interfering with response to treatment for NOH in dogs.

Successful treatment of occult hyperadrenocorticism with mitotane but not trilostane in a dog.

BACKGROUND: Occult (or atypical) hyperadrenocorticism (HAC) shows clinical signs and laboratory abnormalities similar to classic hyperadrenocorticism, but normal signs in routine screening tests such as the corticotropin (ACTH) stimulation test and low-dose dexamethasone suppression test (LDDST). Here, we describe a case of occult HAC in a Yorkshire terrier treated with mitotane. CASE: An 11-year-old spayed female presented to the Veterinary Teaching Hospital of Seoul National University because of respiratory distress symptoms, polyphagia, and polydipsia, suggestive of HAC. In abdominal sonography, enlargement of the caudal pole of the left adrenal gland was found, but the cortisol level of post-ACTH stimulation test was below the cut-off value, and LDDST was negative. To finalise the diagnosis of occult HAC, 17-hydroxyprogesterone (17-OHP) was examined. The concentrations of 17-OHP (pre- and post-ACTH stimulation) were found to be elevated. As occult HAC was highly suspected, we prescribed trilostane for trial therapy. At first, the clinical signs improved, but they later worsened. We changed medication as trilostane to mitotane, and the symptoms were relieved after mitotane administration. CONCLUSION: This is a unique case of occult HAC in which the response to mitotane was better than trilostane.

Changes in systolic blood pressure in dogs with pituitary dependent hyperadrenocorticism during the first year of trilostane treatment.

BACKGROUND: Systemic hypertension (SH) is common in dogs and humans with hypercortisolism and can persist after treatment. OBJECTIVES: To evaluate changes in prevalence of SH and systolic blood pressure (SBP) in dogs with pituitary-dependent hyperadrenocorticism (PDH) during the first year of trilostane treatment, its relationship with disease control and selected laboratory variables, and their response to antihypertensive treatment. ANIMALS: Fifty-one dogs with PDH treated with trilostane Q12h. METHODS: Prospective case series study. Dogs were evaluated at diagnosis (T0) and 1, 3, 6, and 12 months (T12). Dogs were classified as nonhypertensive (SBP < 160 mm Hg) or hypertensive (SBP≥160 mm Hg) and subclassified according to target organ damage (TOD) risk. Hypertensive dogs were treated with benazepril and, if control of SH was not achieved, amlodipine was added. RESULTS: Prevalence of SH decreased from T0 (36/51) to T12 (17/37; P = .01). Changes in SBP during the study were influenced by the risk of TOD at T0. In severely hypertensive (SBP ≥ 180 mm Hg) dogs, the decrease in SBP was more pronounced whereas in normotensive (SBP < 140 mm Hg) dogs SBP increased slightly (P = .00). Blood pressure was not associated with disease control. Antihypertensive treatment was needed in 31/51 dogs, and in 13/31 dogs additional SH control with amlodipine was required. One third of nonhypertensive dogs at T0 required treatment with benazepril because SH developed during follow-up. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL IMPORTANCE: In dogs with PDH, SBP should be measured at every visit, regardless of disease control or SBP at diagnosis. More than 1 drug may be necessary to manage SH in affected dogs.

Combination therapy with azathioprine, cyclosporine and ketoconazole in a dog with concurrent pemphigus foliaceus and hyperadrenocorticism - Case report.

A 10-year-old, spayed female Shih Tzu dog presented with a history of progressive erythema and multiple crusts developing 85 days previously. The dog had been diagnosed with hyperadrenocorticism (HAC) 55 days prior to presentation and was treated with oral trilostane (2.86 mg/kg, once daily) that was discontinued due to a poor response. In addition to generalised alopecia, erythematous plaques and crusts were noted on the trunk, head and footpads. Lesional impression smears revealed numerous acantholytic cells and non-degenerated neutrophils. Histopathological findings demonstrated subcorneal pustules with acantholytic cells and intact neutrophils. On the basis of these findings, we diagnosed pemphigus foliaceus (PF) with concurrent HAC. We wished to avoid glucocorticoids and, therefore, prescribed oral, once-daily azathioprine (2 mg/kg), modified cyclosporine (7 mg/kg) and ketoconazole (5 mg/kg). By day 71 post-treatment, the erythematous crusts had almost disappeared and the alopecia had improved considerably. However, by the subsequent follow-up examination on day 99, the clinical signs had reappeared due to the tapering of cyclosporine. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first case report describing concurrent PF and HAC in a dog. Combination therapy with azathioprine, modified cyclosporine and ketoconazole was effective, and should be considered for dogs diagnosed with concurrent autoimmune diseases and HAC.

Hyperadrenocorticism of calorie restriction contributes to its anti-inflammatory action in mice.

Calorie restriction (CR), which lengthens lifespan in many species, is associated with moderate hyperadrenocorticism and attenuated inflammation. Given the anti-inflammatory action of glucocorticoids, we tested the hypothesis that the hyperadrenocorticism of CR contributes to its attenuated inflammatory response. We used a corticotropin-releasing-hormone knockout (CRHKO) mouse, which is glucocorticoid insufficient. There were four controls groups: CRHKO mice and wild-type (WT) littermates fed either ad libitum (AL) or CR (60% of AL food intake), and three experimental groups: (a) AL-fed CRHKO mice given corticosterone (CORT) in their drinking water titrated to match the integrated 24-hr plasma CORT levels of AL-fed WT mice, (b) CR-fed CRHKO mice given CORT to match the 24-hr CORT levels of AL-fed WT mice, and (c) CR-fed CHRKO mice given CORT to match the 24-hr CORT levels of CR-fed WT mice. Inflammation was measured volumetrically as footpad edema induced by carrageenan injection. As previously observed, CR attenuated footpad edema in WT mice. This attenuation was significantly blocked in CORT-deficient CR-fed CRHKO mice. Replacement of CORT in CR-fed CRHKO mice to the elevated levels observed in CR-fed WT mice, but not to the levels observed in AL-fed WT mice, restored the anti-inflammatory effect of CR. These results indicate that the hyperadrenocorticism of CR contributes to the anti-inflammatory action of CR, which may in turn contribute to its life-extending actions.

An inhibitor of 11-ß hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 (PF915275) alleviates nonylphenol-induced hyperadrenalism and adiposity in rat and human cells.

BACKGROUND: Nonylphenol (NP) is an environmental endocrine-disrupting chemical (EDC) detected in human cord blood and milk. NP exposure in developmental periods results in hyperadrenalism and increasing 11ß-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase I (11ß-HSD1) activity in an adult rat model. Alleviating 11ß-HSD1 activity is therefore a logical and common way to treat hyperadrenalism. PF915275 (PF; 4'-cyano-biphenyl-4-sulfonic acid (6-amino-pyridin-2-yl)-amide) is a selective inhibitor for 11ß-HSD1. This study aimed to determine whether PF915275 could alleviate the hyperadrenalism induced by NP. In addition to a rat model, the effects of NP and PF915275 were measured in human preadipocytes. METHODS: For the in vivo rat model, female adult rats exposed to NP during the developmental period were divided into two treatment groups, with one receiving oral DMSO solution and the other receiving PF915275 once per day for 4 weeks. After the final treatment, the rats from each group were sacrificed for analysis. For the in vitro human model, human preadipocytes received 2 regimens of NP treatment. One treatment regimen occurred before differentiation (to mimic the sensitive developmental period; P exposure), and the other included continuous exposure from preadipocytes to fully differentiated adipocytes (to mimic the growing and adult periods, respectively; C exposure). Protein and RNA were extracted from rat tissues and the preadipocytes for western blot and real-time PCR analysis. RESULTS: In the rat model, PF915275 alleviated NP-induced effects by interfering with adipogenesis pathways, including enhancing PPARα expression, decreasing PPARγ expression, and reducing both 11ß-HSD1 protein and mRNA expression levels. Additionally, PF915275 reduced the effects of the adrenal corticoid synthesis pathway by reducing StAR expression and 11ß-hydroxylase and aldosterone synthase activities. With short-term exposure, NP enhanced PPARγ and FASN mRNA expression levels and reduced PPARα expression, whereas PF915275 alleviated these effects. With C exposure, the NP-induced accumulation of intracellular lipids was reduced by PF915275 treatment, which was mediated by decreased PPARγ mRNA and protein expression levels and increased PPARα protein expression. CONCLUSIONS: The effects of NP and PF915275 treatment in both rat and human cell models are similar. Rats may be an appropriate model to study the effects of NP in humans, especially during the developmental period.

Outcomes of the addition of pasireotide to traditional adrenal-directed treatment for dogs with pituitary-dependent hyperadrenocorticism secondary to macroadenoma: 9 cases (2013-2015).

OBJECTIVE To evaluate clinical signs, endocrine test results, and pituitary tumor size for dogs with medically managed pituitary-dependent hyperadrenocorticism (PDH) and macroadenoma following 6 months of concurrent treatment with pasireotide. DESIGN Prospective case series. ANIMALS 9 client-owned dogs with PDH and macroadenoma in which PDH had been successfully managed with adrenal-directed treatment (trilostane or mitotane). PROCEDURES Dogs were given pasireotide (0.03 mg/kg [0.014 mg/lb], SC, q 12 h) for 6 months, while adrenal-directed treatment was continued. Physical examination, basic clinicopathologic testing, ACTH stimulation testing, and plasma ACTH concentration measurement were performed before (baseline) and 3 and 6 months after treatment began. Measurements of pituitary gland volume and pituitary gland-to-brain ratio were performed via MRI at baseline and 6 months after treatment began. RESULTS No dog developed neurologic abnormalities or signs of adverse effects during the study period. No differences from baseline were identified in clinicopathologic values, ACTH stimulation test results, or plasma ACTH concentration at the 3- or 6-month assessment points. After 6 months of pasireotide treatment, 6 dogs had decreases in MRI-measured values, and 3 had increases. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Pasireotide as administered in this study had no noted adverse effects on dogs with PDH and macroadenoma successfully managed with standard treatment. Placebo-controlled, randomized studies are needed to determine whether pasireotide protects from the development of neurologic signs or improves outcome in dogs with pituitary macroadenomas.

Síndrome de Cushing ectópico: descripción de 9 casos / Ectopic Cushing syndrome: Report of 9 cases

Introducción: El síndrome de Cushing ectópico (SCE) es una entidad rara debida a la secreción de ACTH por tumores extrahipofisarios. Su baja frecuencia dificulta la adquisición de experiencia en su manejo. El objetivo de este trabajo es describir a los pacientes con SCE atendidos en el servicio de Endocrinología en un hospital de tercer nivel en un periodo de 15 años. Métodos: Se trata de un estudio retrospectivo de los datos clínicos, bioquímicos y radiológicos, tratamiento recibido, y evolución de los pacientes con SCE atendidos entre los años 2000 y 2015. Resultados: Se incluyeron 9 pacientes (6 mujeres) con una edad media de 47 años. El síndrome clínico se desarrolló en un tiempo inferior a 3 meses en todos los casos excepto en uno, y la mayoría presentaba edemas, hiperpigmentación y/o hipopotasemia. La media del cortisol libre urinario y de la ACTH fue de 2.840μg/24h y 204pg/ml, respectivamente. El origen ectópico se confirmó por la combinación de pruebas dinámicas no invasivas y estudios radiológicos en la mayoría de los casos. El tumor responsable pudo identificarse en 8 casos y 7 presentaban diseminación metastásica. El tratamiento primario consistió en cirugía en un caso, cirugía más terapia sistémica en 3 y quimioterapia en otros 3. En 4 pacientes fue necesaria la suprarrenalectomía bilateral para controlar el hipercortisolismo. Tras un seguimiento medio de 40 meses, 3 habían fallecido, 5 permanecían vivos y en uno se había perdido el seguimiento. Conclusiones: Se confirma que el SCE abarca un amplio espectro de tumores de diferente agresividad y naturaleza. Habitualmente el origen ectópico del síndrome de Cushing puede sospecharse y confirmarse en la mayoría de los casos sin necesidad de pruebas invasivas. Tanto el control del hipercortisolismo como del tumor requieren múltiples modalidades terapéuticas, siendo recomendable el manejo multidisciplinar

Introduction: Ectopic Cushing's syndrome (ECS) is a rare condition caused by ACTH secretion by extrapituitary tumors. Its low frequency makes it difficult to acquire experience in its management. The aim of this study was to describe patients with ECS seen at the endocrinology department of a tertiary hospital over 15 years. Methods: This was a retrospective study of the clinical, biochemical and radiographic data, treatment, and course of patients with ECS seen from 2000 to 2015. Results: Nine patients (6 of them female) with a mean age of 47 years were included in the study. The clinical syndrome developed in less than 3 months in all cases but one, and most patients also had edema, hyperpigmentation and/or hypokalemia. Mean urinary free cortisol and ACTH levels were 2,840μg/24h and 204pg/mL respectively. The ectopic origin was confirmed by a combination of dynamic non-invasive tests and radiographic studies in most cases. The tumor responsible could be identified in 8 cases, and 7 patients had metastatic dissemination. Primary treatment was surgery in one patient, surgery combined with systemic therapy in 3, and chemotherapy in the other 3 patients. Bilateral adrenalectomy was required in 4 patients to control hypercortisolism. After a mean follow-up of 40 months, 3 patients died, 5 were still alive, and one had been lost to follow-up. Conclusions: Our study confirms that ECS covers a wide spectrum of tumors of different aggressiveness and nature. The ectopic origin of Cushing's syndrome can usually, be suspected and confirmed in most cases without the need for invasive tests. Control of both hypercortisolism and the tumor requires multiple treatment modalities, and multidisciplinary management is recommended

Update on the use of trilostane in dogs.

Many articles published in the past few years have contributed to a better understanding of the use of trilostane in dogs. Trilostane is a competitive inhibitor of 3ß-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase, the enzyme essential for synthesis of cortisol and all other steroids. Trilostane is reported to be safe and effective in the treatment of pituitary-dependent hyperadrenocorticism (HAC), adrenal-dependent HAC, and alopecia X. While trilostane controls most of the clinical signs associated with HAC, abnormalities such as hypertension, hypercoagulability, and proteinuria may persist despite therapy. Because the duration of cortisol suppression after a dose of trilostane is often less than 12 hours, many dogs with HAC could benefit from low dose trilostane treatment every 12 hours. Many controversies regarding trilostane still exist. This review provides a comprehensive commentary on trilostane's indications, mode of action, dose, monitoring, efficacy, and adverse effects.

Mise à jour sur l'utilisation du trilostane chez les chiens. De nombreux articles publiés au cours des dernières années ont contribué à une meilleure compréhension de l'utilisation du trilostane chez les chiens. Le trilostane est un inhibiteur compétitif de la 3ß-hydroxystéroïde déshydrogénase, l'enzyme essentiel pour la synthèse du cortisol et de tous les autres stéroïdes. On signale que le trilostane est sûr et efficace pour le traitement de l'hyperadrénocorticisme pituitaire (HAC), le HAC adrénal et l'alopécie X. Bien que le trilostane maîtrise la plupart des signes cliniques associés au HAC, des anomalies comme l'hypertension, l'hypercoagulabilité et la protéinurie peuvent persister malgré la thérapie. Parce que la durée de la suppression du cortisol après une dose de trilostane est souvent de moins de 12 heures, plusieurs chiens atteints de HAC pourraient bénéficier d'un traitement à faible dose de trilostane toutes les 12 heures. Il subsiste encore beaucoup de controverse concernant le trilostane. Cet examen fournit un commentaire exhaustif sur les indications, le mode d'action, la dose, la surveillance, l'efficacité et les effets secondaires du trilostane.(Traduit par Isabelle Vallières).

Incidence and risk factors for hypoadrenocorticism in dogs treated with trilostane.

The aim of this study was to describe the incidence and permanence of hypoadrenocorticism associated with trilostane treatment and to assess potential risk factors for hypoadrenocorticism. A retrospective cohort study was conducted using case records for 156 dogs treated with trilostane after a diagnosis of hyperadrenocorticism. Occurrences of hypoadrenocorticism were categorised as either transient or permanent. After initiation of treatment with trilostane, the estimated cumulative incidence of hypoadrenocorticism was 15% by 2 years and 26% by 4.3 years, respectively. Occurrences of hypoadrenocorticism were transient in 14/19 (74%) affected study dogs. The risk of hypoadrenocorticism was not significantly associated with trilostane dose rate and other potential risk factors assessed were not significantly associated with subhazard of hypoadrenocorticism, but effect estimates for most were imprecise. In conclusion, approximately 15% of dogs being treated with trilostane developed hypoadrenocorticism within the first 2 years of treatment and about one quarter became affected by 4 years. However, first occurrences of hypoadrenocorticism were mostly transient. Over the range of dose rates studied, each 1mg/kg/day increase in trilostane dose rate resulted in, at most, only a small increase in the risk of developing hypoadrenocorticism.

Stability of compounded trilostane suspension in cod liver oil.

Trilostane is a synthetic steroid analog used to treat canine hyperadrenocorticism. For small dogs, the dose found in commercially available dosage forms of trilostane is sometimes too high. Compounding trilostane in a liquid diluent provides an option for more precise dosing and adjustments, and can be easier to administer, versus a tablet or capsule. Trilostane suspends well in cod liver oil, which is generally palatable to dogs. The stability of a compounded trilostane suspension in cod liver oil stored at room temperature was investigated for 90 days. Compounded trilostane retained stability, defined as maintaining 90-105% labeled value, for 60 days when stored in amber glass bottles. However, drug potency fell >10% below the labeled value when stored in amber plastic bottles after 7 days.

Effects of Oral Prednisone Administration on Serum Cystatin C in Dogs.

BACKGROUND: Oral administration of glucocorticoid alters serum cystatin C (sCysC) concentration in humans. OBJECTIVE: To determine if oral administration of prednisone alters sCysC in dogs without pre-existing renal disease. ANIMALS: Forty six dogs were included: 10 dogs diagnosed with steroid responsive meningitis arteritis (SRMA; group A), 20 dogs diagnosed of pituitary-dependent hyperadrenocorticism (PDH; group B), and 16 healthy control dogs (group C). METHODS: Retrospective observational study. SRMA diagnosed dogs were administered prednisone 4 mg/kg/24 h PO 7 days, reducing the dose to 2 mg/kg/24 h 7 days before medication withdrawal. In group A, sampling was performed at days 0, 7, 14 and a final control at day 21. Blood and urine samples were collected in the 3 groups, and in group A, sampling was performed at all time points (days 1, 7, 14, and 21). RESULTS: In group A, sCysC was significantly higher at day 7 compared to the control group (0.4 ± 0.04 mg/L vs. 0.18 ± 0.03 mg/L mean ± SEM respectively P < 0.01); sCysC values decreased to basal at day 14 when the dose was decreased and after 1 week of withdrawal of prednisone (0.27 ± 0.03 mg/L for group A at day 14 and 0.15 ± 0.02 mg/L at day 21; P > 0.05). Dogs with PDH included in group B did not have significant differences in sCysC (0.22 ± 0.03 mg/L) compared to control (P > 0.05). CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL IMPORTANCE: Oral administration of prednisone unlike altered endogenous glucocorticoid production, increases sCysC in dogs in a dose-dependent fashion.

Comparison of Survival Times for Dogs with Pituitary-Dependent Hyperadrenocorticism in a Primary-Care Hospital: Treated with Trilostane versus Untreated.

BACKGROUND: Although pituitary-dependent hyperadrenocorticism (PDH) is one of the most common endocrinopathies in dogs, the effects of withholding treatment on survival time in dogs with PDH remain unclear. HYPOTHESIS/OBJECTIVES: The purpose of this study was to clarify the effects of treatment in dogs with PDH by comparing survival times between dogs treated with trilostane and untreated dogs. ANIMALS: Forty-three dogs diagnosed with PDH at a primary-care hospital in Japan between June 2009 and January 2014. METHODS: Retrospective cohort study. The medical records of dogs with PDH treated with trilostane (n = 17) or left untreated (n = 26) were reviewed retrospectively. Survival analysis at 2 years after diagnosis of PDH was performed. RESULTS: Median survival time for the trilostane group was not reached (95% confidence interval [CI], 443 days-not applicable) and was significantly longer than the 506 days (95% CI, 292-564 days; P = .016) for the untreated group. Multivariate Cox proportional hazards analysis (including age at diagnosis, basal cortisol concentration at diagnosis, and treatment group) only identified assignment to the untreated group (hazard ratio, 5.01; 95% CI, 1.63-15.44) as associated with increased mortality. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL IMPORTANCE: The results of this retrospective cohort study suggest that withholding treatment for dogs with PDH might be associated with a higher risk of death. This represents the largest study to date to report survival times of untreated dogs with PDH.